Modeling the Digital Al-Quran User Experience as Tahfidzul Quran Media using the Task-Centered System Design

(1)

JURIKOM (Jurnal Riset Komputer), Vol. 9 No. 4, Agustus 2022 e-ISSN 2715-7393 (Media Online), p-ISSN 2407-389X (Media Cetak) DOI 10.30865/jurikom.v9i4.4649

Hal 921−929 http://ejurnal.stmik-budidarma.ac.id/index.php/jurikom

Modeling the Digital Al-Quran User Experience as Tahfidzul Quran Media using the Task-Centered System Design

Adinda Rahma Khumairah^*, Mira Kania Sabariah, Veronikha Effendy

Faculty of Informatics, Information Technology Study Program, Telkom University, Bandung, Indonesia Email: ^1,*[email protected], ²[email protected],

3[email protected]

Coresspondence Author Email: [email protected] Submitted 06-08-2022; Accepted 14-08-2022; Published 30-08-2022

Abstract

The development of technology in the world from time to time continues to progress so rapidly that various kinds of tools in the world are now converted into digital tools that facilitate the activities of human life. However, with the development of this technology, unfortunately, it has not had much impact in the realm of Tahfidz Al-Quran. Media Tahfidz Al-Quran, currently available in the community, is to follow a program that learns under the guidance of a teacher or study together in one place. Based on a survey conducted by interviews using several digital Al-Quran applications available in the android play store as a media for Tahfidz Al- Quran. The usability aspect that has not been fulfilled in using digital Al-Quran as a media for Tahfidzul Quran is efficiency and satisfaction. Therefore, to properly use Tahfidz al-Quran in digital form, it is required to have the appropriate UX modeling in line with the needs of Tahfidz Al-Quran. Because Task-Centered System Design (TCSD) method puts a strong emphasis on user demands and task requirements, this study intends to create a design using TCSD. Furthermore, to ensure that the model developed is within the circumstances and user characteristics, the product model outcomes will be assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS). The findings of this study provide recommendations for the Tahfidz Al-Quran application's user interface design and have an improved usability score at 88.75, which is expected to be a benchmark for the Tahfidz Al-Quran application. Therefore, the TCSD method can also raise the SUS usability value in the application.

Keywords: Task-Centered System Design; Digital Al-Quran; Tahfidz Al-Quran; System Usability Scale; User Experience;

1. INTRODUCTION

The development of technology in the world from time to time continues to progress so rapidly that various kinds of tools in the world are now converted into digital tools that facilitate the activities of human life. These technological advances also impact the development of various digitalization efforts for all kinds of religious affairs, especially Islam. However, with the development of this technology, unfortunately, it has not had much impact in the realm of the Tahfidz Al-Quran.

Media for Tahfidz Al-Quran, currently available in the community, is to follow a program that learns under the guidance of a teacher or study together in one place. Based on various methods spread across multiple programs, Tahfidz Al-Quran has the same core processes, such as improving pronunciation of Al-Quran (tahsin), repeating reading material of Al- Quran until memorized, depositing memorization, and repeating memorization (muraja’ah). Circuits such as correcting reading material of Al-Quran (tahsin), depositing memorization, and repeating memorization (muraja’ah) require supervision by others, so this is not easy for people who do not have much free time in their daily lives.

The presence of a digital Al-Quran application as a form of digitization effort has made it easier for people to interact with the Al-Quran more intensely without the need to bring the Al-Quran. Most digital Al-Quran applications generally offer features that are mostly needed by the community, ranging from verse search and word search to derivation, translation of the Al-Quran into various languages, asbabun nuzul, and explanatory quotes from different interpretations [1]. Based on a survey conducted by conducting interviews using several digital Al-Quran applications available in the android play store as a media for Tahfidz Al-Quran, respondents aged twenty to thirty years based on several aspects of memory begin to decline in that age range [2]. The survey results stated that several shortcomings were found in using the digital Al-Quran application as a media for Tahfidz Al-Quran, such as respondents being unable to identify errors in their Al-Quran pronounciation and could not directly make a memorizing deposit. Based on the survey results, it can be concluded that the digital Al-Quran application still has problems in its use as a Tahfidz Al-Quran media.

This makes using the digital Al-Quran as a media for Tahfidzul Quran not achieved and has an impact on its usability aspect. The usability aspect that has not been fulfilled in using digital Al-Quran as a media for Tahfidz Al-Quran is efficiency and difficulty obtaining the expected information (satisfaction). These two aspects are components that measure the success of the usability of a good User Experience (UX) for users [3].

Therefore, to properly use Tahfidz al-Quran in digital form, it is required to have the appropriate UX modeling in line with the needs of Tahfidz Al-Quran. Therefore, it is crucial to identify each activity the user needs in the UX modeling process for digital Al-Quran applications used as Tahfidz Al-Quran media to support the memorization process. In order to determine user demands and task requirements, this study will create a design utilizing the Task-Centered System Design (TCSD) method, one of the approaches used in constructing Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Identification, Requirements, Design as Scenario, and Walkthrough Evaluation are the four stages of this TCSD process [4]. The advantage of the TCSD method is that it is easy to learn and apply to various project areas on a small scale. The results of the production model will be evaluated using the System Usability Scale (SUS) to ensure that the model created is under the needs and characteristics of the user [5].

(2)

One of the earlier studies was carried out in 2019 by Nurul Hidayah, Royana Afwani, and Andy Hidayat Jatmika, who designed and produced an Android application of the At-Taisir Methode for memorizing the Al-Quran. The At-Taisir application's success rate was 85,9% due to the author's examination of how to demonstrate the At-Taisir method for memorization of the Al-Quran without first requiring the At-Taisir manuscript [6]. The second study was conducted in 2021 by Khairul Anuar Mohamad, Syahidatul Fitriah Ishak, and Zulkifly Mohd Zaki. The author's research looks at how to create a mobile educational application for learning and teaching Qiraat that may be utilized as an additional teaching and learning tool for people who want to learn Qiraat whenever and wherever they want [7]. Norhalina Senan, Wan Azizah Wan Ab Aziz, Muhammad Fakri Othman, and Suriawati Suparjoh carried out the third study. The author looks at incorporating the repetition (Takrir) strategy when creating mobile apps for autistic kids that help them memorize the Al- Quran. Hafaz (Memorize) and workout are the two main modules of this smartphone application. Respondents also examined the effectiveness of this program, and 72.4% respondents believed that the takrir approach integrated into the mobile application might enhance its usability in aiding autistic youngsters in readily recalling and reciting the Al-Quran [8]. In a further study, Nor Musliza Mustafa, Zulkifly Mohd Zaki, Khairul Anuar Mohammad, Mokmin Basri, and Sedek Ariffin studied how to create an Al-Quran memorizing tool utilizing a low-fidelity prototype to enhance students' performance in both recalling and retaining the Quran [9]. The last research conducted by Adiama Septiara, Nurudin Santoso, and Agi Putra Kharisma explored how to create an Al-Quran application to support independent memorization of the Quran utilizing the tikrar technique. The tikrar memorizing approach, which has the three markers muraja'ah, tikrar, and tilawah, is used in this application. These markers are thought to be sufficient for user memorization. The System Usability Scale (SUS) was used to evaluate this application, and the average score was 58, giving it an OK rating [10].

As a result, this research aims to provide and model the digital Al-Quran User Experience as Tahfidz Al-Quran media based on a mobile application prototype using the TCSD method. This will allow for input and present UX modeling that makes it simpler to carry out the Tahfidz Al-Quran process, such as improving reading (tahsin), repetition of reading Al-Quran verses, depositing memorization, to repetition of memorization (muraja’ah) independently, and can be accessed anywhere.

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 Research Steps

The method used to design a digital Al-Quran model as a media for Tahfidz Al-Quran is Task-Centered System Design (TCSD). The product model results will be evaluated using the System Usability Scale (SUS) to ensure that the model created is under the needs and characteristics of the user. Below is an illustration that explains the flow or flowchart that will describe the steps [4], [5], [11] :

Figure 1. UX Modeling Flowchart [4], [5], [11].

2.1 Study of Literature

At this stage, a pre-research was conducted to assess the system in the pre-existing digital Al-Quran Application to find out the problems contained in its use as a media for Tahfidz Al-Quran. In addition, literature studies were also carried out to study these problems based on journals and other related research to assist the research carried out.

2.2 Identification

This stage identifies user tasks in modeling UX for digital Al-Quran applications as media for Tahfidz Al-Quran. User task descriptions are made and adapted to the results of observations of task and user needs and activities contained in the tikrar method. In addition, task descriptions are also made based on the analysis of the digital Al-Quran application by

(3)

Hal 921−929 http://ejurnal.stmik-budidarma.ac.id/index.php/jurikom developing features of similar applications that are expected to assist in the process of Tahfidz Al-Quran. After obtaining the detailed results of the task requirements and user needs from the observations carried out previously, it produces three types of users. This user type is used later in the test to determine the relationship between user types, and the task details are under the UX model built. This user grouping is divided based on the user's enterprise in interacting with technology and user behavior in memorizing the Al-Quran.

2.3 User-Requirement Analysis

The goal at this point is to identify the requirements the system needs. Then, based on the outcomes of the identification step, the requirements stage chooses which tasks and menus should be included in the framework for the mobile application used in this study.

2.4 Design Through Scenarios

The next stage is to design the appearance of the mobile application. In this study, the display design was made with a high-fidelity type Mockup. The mockup design is made almost the same as the system that will be created.

2.5 Evaluate Design

Al-Quran memorizers are the research's target respondents, and they were asked to evaluate the digital Al-Quran application prototype as a media for Tahfidz Al-Quran. This study used ten sampled respondents since it took a minimum of five people to reach the acceptable threshold of 85 percent usability issues [12]. There are 10 SUS questions on the survey, which J Brook initially proposed in 1986. It is a dependable, well-liked, efficient, and affordable usability scale that may be applied to a system's overall evaluation. Ten question components make up SUS, and there are five possible responses, from Strongly Agree (SA) to Strongly Disagree (SD) [5], and the questions are in accordance with Table 1.

Table 1. SUS Questionnaire[5]

There are guidelines for SUS computation, including [5] :

a. For questions with odd numbers, one will be subtracted from the user's score for each question.

b. For questions with even numbers, the final score is calculated by taking the value of 5 and subtracting the user- submitted question score.

c. The result of adding numbers 1 and 2 is multiplied by 2.5.

Figure 2. Score Categorization SUS [5]

The picture above shows the SUS value category. The value is interpreted using the Acceptability category, the Grade Scale, and Adjective Ratings to measure the usability level of a product. For example, if the value of the evaluation results is at a score of >=68, then the product can be said to be suitable by the user, and if it is below a score of 68, then there must be an improvement [11].

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Task and User Needs Data

This stage identifies user tasks in modeling User Experience on the digital Al-Quran mobile application as a media for Tahfidz Al-Quran. User task descriptions are made and adapted to the results of observations of task and user needs and

No A list of Questions

1 I think that I would like to use this application frequently.

2 I found the application unnecessarily complex.

3 I thought the application was easy to use.

4 I think that I would need the support of a technical person to be able to use this application.

5 I found the various functions in this application were well integrated.

6 I thought there was too much inconsistency in this application

7 I would imagine that most people would learn to use this application very quickly.

8 I found the application very cumbersome to use.

9 I felt very confident using the application.

10 I needed to learn a lot of things before I could get going with this application.

(4)

activities contained in the tikrar method. In addition, task descriptions are also made based on the results of the analysis of the digital Al-Quran application by developing features of similar applications that are expected to help in the process of Tahfidz Al-Quran.

After obtaining the detailed results of the user's task requirements and the user's needs from the observations made previously, it produces three types of users. This user type will be used later in the test to determine the relationship between user types, and the task details are under the UX model built. This user grouping is divided based on the user's expertise in interacting with technology and user behavior in memorizing the Al-Quran.

3.2 User-Centered Requirement Analysis 3.2.1 Mental Model

The mental model is how users view the system based on beliefs contrary to factual concepts [13]. In this study, the mental model provides an overview of the activities carried out by users in achieving their needs in memorizing the Al- Qur'an. Furthermore, this mental model is used as a reference in designing a product based on what potential users believe in producing a valuable and intuitive product [13].

3.2.2 Hierarchical Task Analysis

Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) is a method used to analyze the tasks required by prospective users to form a more effective performance in achieving a goal [14]. HTA is modeled in the form of a tree diagram [15]. Each level of the HTA diagram only consists of sequential steps and branches containing information about specific conditions [15]. Making HTA (Hierarchical Task Analysis) refers to the mental model that has been made. First, the mental model is identified, then elaborated to make HTA arranged based on the user's steps to achieve its goals. In addition, HTA also helps evaluate the steps users do not need to take to achieve their goals.

Figure 3. HTA Chart [14], [15].

3.2.3 Scenario Context

Scenario context is a scenario that describes the task and subtask personas in fulfilling their goals to provide an overview of the interaction flow on each application system page that is created.

3.2.4 Conceptual Model

A conceptual model is a model that accurately, consistently, and fully conveys the concept of a function present in the system to comprehend complicated systems[16]. Conceptual models can give stakeholders a common vocabulary and working space as they attempt to comprehend and resolve issues [16].

Before designing the framework of the user interface for the digital Al-Quran application as a Tahfidz Al-Quran media, it is necessary to create a conceptual model that serves as a guide in designing the user interface framework, making the design process easier and faster. The conceptual model presents a task prediction wholly and accurately for the designed Tahfidz Al-Quran media. There is some information in the conceptual model. First, tasks and subtasks are derived from the user task description obtained in the previous stage. Second, the expected response is the response the user gets when running a task and subtask. Third, users use visual elements to perform tasks and subtasks and get a response. Fourth is the page's location, which is the location of the visual elements.

3.3 Design Through Scenarios

A high-fidelity prototype is created at this point after developing a design interface. The data gathered from the earlier processes is information on users' experience, expertise, and requirements concerning the application. Several stages of this process are completed, including wireframe, mockup, and prototype.

(5)

3.3.1 Wireframes

It will create wireframes at this stage, a simple layout of gray boxes reflecting the product concept, structure, and content importance of material from the digital Al-Quran application as media for Tahfidz Al-Quran [17]. Here, making wireframes emphasizes the content and describes the workflow of the digital Al-Quran application as a media for Tahfidz Al-Quran.

3.3.2 Mockup

Even though the wireframe design at this point has been given colors, fonts, and icons but does not yet appear interactive, it will eventually yield the final display of the design. Before becoming a prototype, the mockup offers a thorough representation. The digital Al-Quran application that Tahfidz Al-Quran will use has a mockup of its design below.

Figure 4. Home Page Application

When a user opens the program, this page is the first one to appear. The application's menus, including "Tahfidz Al-Quran," "Religious Studies," "Memorization Test," and "Set Schedule," are shown on this page. In addition, this page also provides information about studies that have not been completed by the user and the schedule of activities that the user has on that day.

Figure 5. Tahfidz Al-Quran Menu Display

This page is a page that displays verses of the Al-Quran as a media for Tahfidz Al-Quran. On this page, the user is presented with information on the surah that is accessed, the page number, and additional tools, such as; tikrar tools, audio tools, buttons for displaying verse translations, buttons for correcting readings, and buttons for playing Al-Quran audio. For example, when the user opens the tikrar tool, the application opens an overlay for the tikrar tool, which contains features such as; activating the recitation color code, memorizing keywords, and adding the number of recitations, tikrar, to muraja’ah. Furthermore, when the user accesses the audio tools, the application opens the audio tools, which contains

(6)

features such as; selecting Qory Murattal and setting the audio loop. In addition, users can also access pages that contain identical verses, as well as pages to deposit their memorization.

Figure 6. Reading Correction Page View

This page is the page when the user corrects his Al-Quran reading. First, users are provided with a microphone button that can be activated when the user reads verses from the Al-Quran. Next, the app will provide the correction result by giving a red code indication when the reading is wrong. In addition, users can also listen to the recorded readings they have.

Figure 7. Memorization Deposit Page View

This page is the page when the user makes a memorizing deposit. Users can set the range of memorizing deposits according to their abilities and recite the memorization. Furthermore, the application will provide the results of the Correction of the user's memorized deposit. If the user's accuracy value is above 60%, then the user's muraja’ah quantity will increase, and if, on the contrary, the user must repeat the memorized deposit.

Figure 8. Memorization Testing Page Display

(7)

Hal 921−929 http://ejurnal.stmik-budidarma.ac.id/index.php/jurikom This page is the page when the user performs rote testing. Users can set a test range of Surah / Juz or Custom settings. In addition, users can also access test history and review rote testing that has been done.

Figure 9. Memorization Testing Questions Page Display

This page is the page when the user is doing a rote test. Users are given three types of questions: multiple-choice, composing verses, and reading the continuation of the verse that was instructed.

Figure 10. Religious Studies Menu Page Display

This page is a religious presentation page that can add user motivation to worship and memorize the Al-Quran.

Users can select the desired category of study material. Furthermore, in each study material, several episodes can be broadcast by users. In addition, the application also provides a summary of each episode.

Figure 11. Schedule Manager Page Display

This page is the page when the user accesses the schedule settings menu. Users can see the list of activities from a certain date. Furthermore, users can also create new schedules based on dates or days. In addition, users can also add activities provided in the application to increase productivity and practice the practices recommended in religion.

3.3.3 Prototype

At this point, the interactive wireframe and mockup design were used to create the digital Al-Quran application as a media for the Tahfidz Al-Quran prototype. The prototype simulates user interaction with the application interface so that evaluation data can be used in the future.

(8)

3.4 Evaluation

The prototype stage will be reviewed after the final stage is finished. According to the authors, the Tahfidz Al-Quran user interface prototype was tested using the digital Al-Quran application on ten respondents, and the evaluation was conducted using the SUS technique. The evaluation was conducted to see if the final design prototype could be utilized or accepted under user requirements. In addition, the evaluation can also determine whether TCSD can improve the digital Al-Quran application's usability value as a medium for the Tahfidz Al-Quran.

3.4.1 Testing

At this point, a design test from earlier will be conducted to evaluate the usability of the design application. With a total of 10 participants, the test was conducted with the same number of respondents as at the beginning of the study. The method used in this test uses in-person usability testing (meeting in person). The testing process is conducted for approximately 30 minutes for each participant, following the given task scenario. The usability test begins by explaining to the respondents the meaning and purpose of the tests carried out. The understanding of usability is carried out not on the respondents but by testing the applications that have been designed. After the respondent understands, the respondent will be given a questionnaire to fill in according to the question.

The test uses qualitative and quantitative to get the results of the assessment. In addition, the author qualitatively conducted follow-up interviews to learn more about the User Experience of using the prototype. The results of the User Experience produce recommendations for improvements to the prototype being tested. While the quantitative testing is done using the System Usability Scale (SUS) [5]. SUS is used to evaluate how satisfied users are with the prototype. [11].

3.4.2 Testing Analysis

At this point, the System Usability Scale (SUS) and the preselected target respondents are used to examine the testing process's data. First, the percentage of System Scale Usability (SUS), which was classified based on a preset range scale, was calculated, and the results are shown below.

Table 2. SUS Calculation Result

List User Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Score (Amount x 2.5)

R1 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 92.5

R2 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 90

R3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 90

R4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 95

R5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 77.5

R6 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 87.5

R7 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 87.5

R8 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 92.5

R9 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 85

R10 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 90

Average Score (Final Result) 88.75

The processing of the SUS data above generated an average result of 88.75. After analysis, the recommendation for the design prototype is placed in the Grade A category based on the SUS category [5]. Although the SUS score on average is 68 [11], the comparison findings show that using the TCSD method for making a User Experience digital Al- Quran as a media for the Tahfidz Al-Quran can increase efficiency and satisfaction aspect in memorizing the Al-Quran independently.

4. CONCLUSION

According to the study's findings, there are requirements for the Al-Quran memorizing users who were the study's responders and wished to complete the Tahfidz Al-Quran process on their own, including depositing memorization reading corrections and rote testing. Users also need extra tools, such as timetable settings and Islamic religious studies, to keep track of their memorizing progress. As a result, the author offers suggestions for creating prototype designs, including tools for depositing user memorization and correcting readings. In addition, the author also provides features in the Al-Quran tikrar, such as color block tikrar, adding the number of daily recitations, tikrar, and muraja’ah. Other features in the Al-Quran tikrar, such as memorization keywords and a list of similar verses on the page, were also added.

To add user convenience in memorizing the Al-Quran, the author has also developed features of similar applications that are expected to assist in the process of Tahfidz Al-Quran, such as; tajwid color block, audio playback, audio looping, to display the Quranic verse along with its translation. Additionally, the digital Al-Quran application used as a media for Tahfidz Al-Quran can provide a good usability value of 88.75 by applying the TCSD approach to build the User Experience. Therefore, it can be said that the TCSD approach considerably raises an application's SUS usefulness value.

In order to enable real-world enjoyment, it is suggested in this study that the design advice for a digital Al-Quran application as a medium for the Tahfidz Al-Quran be turned into an android application. In order to identify the

(9)

Hal 921−929 http://ejurnal.stmik-budidarma.ac.id/index.php/jurikom shortcomings of each usability feature, the design prototype can also be examined using different usability evaluation techniques. Therefore, it is believed that alternative usability evaluation techniques would be able to identify other, more severe issues in the digital Al-Quran application as a media for the Tahfidz Al-Quran.

REFERENCES

[1] S. Hidayat, “Al-Qur’an Digital (Ragam, Permasalahan dan Masa Depan),” Jurnal Studi Islam, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–40, 2016.

[2] P. Lubis, “Di Usia Berapa Daya Ingat Mulai Menurun?,” viva.co.id, 2009. https://www.viva.co.id/arsip/113131-di-usia-berapa- daya-ingat-mulai-menurun (accessed Jan. 19, 2022).

[3] J. Nielsen, “Usability 101: Introduction to Usability,” All Usability, 2012.

[4] S. Greenberg, “Working Through Task-Centered System Design,” Diaper, D. and Stanton, N.: The Handbook of Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction., 2004.

[5] “SUS: A ‘Quick and Dirty’ Usability Scale,” in Usability Evaluation In Industry, 2020. doi: 10.1201/9781498710411-35.

[6] N. Hidayah, R. Afwani, and A. H. Jatmika, “Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Bantu Hafal Al-Qur’an Metode At-Taisir Berbasis Android,” Journal of Computer Science and Informatics Engineering (J-Cosine), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 30–38, 2019, doi:

10.29303/jcosine.v3i1.233.

[7] Z. Mohd Zaki, S. F. Ishak, and K. A. Mohamad, “User Interface Designs of an Educational Mobile Application: A Study of Qiraat Teaching and Learning,” Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 2021, 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/6648550.

[8] N. Senan, W. A. Wan Ab Aziz, M. F. Othman, and S. Suparjoh, “Embedding Repetition (Takrir) Technique in Developing Al- Quran Memorizing Mobile Application for Autism Children,” MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 135, pp. 1–11, 2017, doi:

10.1051/matecconf/201713500076.

[9] Mustafa, N. Musliza, Z. M. Zaki, K. A. Mohamad, M. Basri, and S. Ariffin, The Design of Quran Memorization Tool Using Low-Fidelity Prototype. IOS Press, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.co.id/books?id=AWSwDwAAQBAJ [10] A. Septiara, N. Santoso, and A. P. Kharisma, “Pengembangan Aplikasi Al-Quran Untuk Membantu Hafalan Al-Quran Secara

Mandiri Menggunakan Metode Tikrar,” Jurnal Pengembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 2807–

2813, 2019, [Online]. Available: http://j-ptiik.ub.ac.id

[11] J. R. Lewis and J. Sauro, “Item Benchmarks for the System Usability Scale,” Journal of Usability Studies, vol. 13, no. 3, 2018.

[12] J. Nielsen, “Why You Only Need to Test with 5 Users,” Jakob Nielsens Alertbox, 2000.

[13] Interaction Design Foundation, “A Very Useful Work of Fiction – Mental Models in Design,” Interaction Design Foundation, 2020.

[14] W. A. Guspara, W. T. Satwikasanti, and L. Jiyan, “Hierarchical Task Analysis dalam pengembangan gagasan produk,”

Productum: Jurnal Desain Produk (Pengetahuan dan Perancangan Produk), vol. 3, no. 4, 2018, doi:

10.24821/productum.v3i4.2239.

[15] F. A. Salustri and W. P. Neumann, “Combining Hierarchical Task Analysis and Usage Scenarios to Help Embed Human Factors in Design,” Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association (CEEA), 2018, doi: 10.24908/pceea.v0i0.13026.

[16] J. M. Pines et al., “A Conceptual Model for Episodes of Acute, Unscheduled Care,” Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 68, no.

4, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.05.029.

[17] M. Bot, “What’s the difference between Wireframe, Prototype & Mockup?,” medium.com, 2016.

https://medium.com/mockingbot/whats-the-difference-between-wireframe-prototype-mockup-17615f77938f (accessed Dec. 14, 2021).