However, the conviction of both policy makers and societies to fully embrace Smart Cities remained in doubt (Yigitcanlar et al., 2019). Road users do not obey the road laws which can reduce the potential dangerous situations while traveling (Oxley et al., 2018). The present study uses the work of Jayaraman et al. 2019) with modifications to their research framework.
The travel time and plans of road users can be seriously affected by weather conditions (Antov et al., 2010). As mentioned, Jayaraman et al. 2019)'s research framework using the Theory of Interpersonal Behavior (TIB) by Triandis (1977) was adapted. The road commuters saw the risks of spreading infections to others due to pandemic and they have common concern for the safety of the environment (Masud et al., 2015).
The guaranteed parking conditions can influence the mode of transport of road users (Borhan et al., 2019; Haslinda et al., 2016). Conversely, rain does not limit road users from speeding (Jayaraman et al., 2019).
Effect of Habit
Intention of Road Commuters’ Behavior
Mediating effects
H12a-H12e: Intention for road commuter performance mediates the relationship between trust in driving, environmental awareness, social responsibility, timely deviation in driving, subjective norms and travel behavior performance of road commuters. H13a-H13d: Road commuter performance intention mediates the relationship between social status, accident and damage, weather, road infrastructure and travel behavior performance of road commuters.
Research Methodology
Significant Findings and Results
Test of Normality
Descriptive Statistics and Pearson Correlation
Measurement Model of PLS-SEM
Hypotheses testing for Direct effects
Hypotheses testing for Indirect effects
Discussions
Positive Effects of Travel Behavior Change
Negative Effects of Travel Behavior Change
They are also less susceptible to the lack of eye control for breakage as vision is essential for road driving. This shows that road users are not emotionally connected to the essential practices when driving on the road. Respondents agreed that bad weather has a negative impact on 'smart mobility' and more braking and acceleration can cause air pollution.
Development of road infrastructure is highly favored by the respondents, especially in the segment of public transport in Malaysia, which they feel is somewhat unreliable. However, they expressed that the utilization of public transport is less because people wanted to multitask in a single trip, which can only be done by using private vehicles. As for paths for pedestrians, cyclists and motorists, they are strongly preferred for better air quality and exposure to physical travel.
During peak times, busy roads should be developed for higher level modes such as Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), Light Rail Transit (LRT), and flyovers as a sign of urbanization for better mobility. The interesting observation that road users learned from their parents is to have privacy while driving, which causes more single-occupant vehicles on the roads and leads to more road traffic congestion (Kang et al., 2020).
Intervening Effects of Intention for Road Commuters’ Behavior Change
As expected, drivers or motorists should not change lanes frequently while it is raining and even plan their journey in advance according to the weather conditions. Frustrations of road commuters can be heard through frequent honking if a vehicle is parked improperly (double parking). The tendency of double parking and not parking in the designated block should not be encouraged as per the respondents of the survey.
This suggests that management warning campaigns can be effectively introduced into the system (Rossheim et al., 2018). The innovative function of connecting mobile phone to vehicles should be used to reduce these activities (Lipovac et al., 2017). Preference for branded vehicles to achieve high public social standing and favorability does exist on roads (Ko et al., 2019).
Road drivers don't want to have their license suspended for speeding and impaired vision, rather they are willing to pay huge fines. Road drivers should avoid changing lanes in adverse weather conditions to ensure adequate mobility flow on roads (Ferranti et al., 2018). According to the participants in the survey, public transport or cycling for short destinations are among other options.
Respondents believed that sharing vehicles with colleagues would be preferable as multiple tasks performed during one trip will reduce CO2 emissions on the road.
Conclusions
The authors are very grateful to the two reviewers and the editor for their valuable comments and suggestions, which are helpful to improve the quality of the present article. Distribution of age-gender interactions associated with the risks of fatal and non-fatal road traffic injuries in the Sultanate of Oman. Green on the ground but not in the air: Pro-environmental attitudes are associated with household behaviors but not with discretionary air travel.
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Questionnaire
Manuscript Title: Smart Cities Need Environmental Awareness and More Social Responsibilities as a Result of COVID-19 - Reflections from Urban Road Commuters. The current study focuses on identifying the appropriate determinants of the proposed urban travel behavior model to develop smart mobility in smart cities to protect the environment. The proposed model for urban travel behavior includes sub-drivers for each of the key drivers in the Theory of Interpersonal Behavior.
The important findings of the study reveal that environmental awareness and timely deviation from driving during traffic jams positively and significantly influence the travel behavior of drivers on city roads. Social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the performance of travel behavior through the mediating effect of travelers' behavioral intention. A limitation of this study is that travel hazards are not included in the framework as this is a separate topic.
The novelty of the current study is the development of sub-drivers for these four drivers in the context of the urban travel behavior model. One of the main causes of global warming is the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) (European Commission, 2018) due to urbanization for economic growth (Bekhet & Othman, 2017). In the year 2018, the Malaysian government provided road facilities, which accommodated approximately 22% of the 30 million Malaysian population (Ramakreshnan et al., 2018).
On the other hand, the Ministry of Transport has increased the length of the railways by 128%. The severity of traffic congestion and the decades-long lack of smart mobility practice are due to the lack of urban travel behavior models in Malaysia (Jayaraman et al., 2019; Leow et al., 2018). Moreover, Malaysians have significant environmental awareness ( Masud et al., 2015 ), but do not change their mode of transportation, thereby increasing their environmental footprints.
On the other hand, the importance of this study is in contributing to the literature "new norms" for travel behavior, which will increase environmental safety and smart mobility on the road to build smart cities. Therefore, location coverage is limited and psychological perceptions of public transportation are weak (Loo et al., 2015). Although road infrastructures can help reduce air pollution (Faria et al., 2019) and increase physical travel (Panter et al., 2016), the use of facilities is low (Ramakreshnan et al., 2018) .
Literature: Does the paper demonstrate an adequate understanding of the relevant literature in the field and does it cite an appropriate range of literature sources? Has any significant work been overlooked?: The study is an extension of the work of Jayaraman et al (2019).
