Lighting System Design for Commercial Buildings with Higher Energy Efficiency

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Lighting System Design for Commercial Buildings with Higher Energy Efficiency

by

TAN TECK YING 16228

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING)

JANUARY 2016

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar

32610 Tronoh Perak Darul Ridzuan Malaysia.

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i

CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

Lighting System Design for Commercial Buildings with Higher Energy Efficiency

by

TAN TECK YING 16228

A project dissertation submitted to the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Programme

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING)

Approved by,

__________________________

Ir. Dr. Mohd Faris Bin Abdullah

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS TRONOH, PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN

January 2016

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CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the original work is my own except as specified in the reference and acknowledgements, and the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by unspecified sources or persons.

________________

TAN TECK YING

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iii

ABSTRACT

The power demand increasing year by year have made the worldwide in energy crisis.

Therefore proper energy management is required to use the available energy wisely.

Lighting system play a role of decorative or functional purposes make it become the biggest energy consumption from total energy consumption. As an engineer, we apply our engineering knowledge to increase the efficiency of current lighting system to solve the problem of inefficiency of energy usage. There were various methodology/approach to have a more energy efficient system. Author came out with the effective method to satisfy both economic and technical requirement for commercial building’s lighting system. Theoretical analysis and simulation of lux level in accordance to Malaysian Standard 1525 using DIALux software have been performed. The appropriate lighting fixture had been selected for suitable usage of the room and the lux simulation were conducted to determine the minimum number of light fixtures required to achieve the minimum lux. Technically a higher energy efficiency lighting system should consume less power consumption, which draw less current from the power supply and achieve higher uniformity of lux achieved. After the lighting system fulfill all the technical requirement, analysis continued with the economic analysis to justify that the lighting system was economically acceptable. The factors that have taken into consideration including installation cost of lighting system, cost of energy usage, return of investment (ROI) and payback period. Throughout this project, justification was carried out on type of light fitting more suitable, energy saving and also cost saving in order to achieve the energy saving and also still able to compliance with the lux requirement of MS1525.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To begin with I am very thankful to my supervisor, Ir. Dr. Mohd Faris Bin Abdullah for all guidance, valuable knowledge and advice that he has provided throughout the whole period of my project conducted. His exemplary advice, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout my project helped me to get my work done.

I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout the period of my project. The work presented hereby would not made a possible without any of them.

I wish to express my gratitude to my parents, Mr. Tan Kian Yew, my father and Ms. Lim Pek Yok, my mother for all their encourage and support during my study at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS especially the period I conducted this project. Other than my parents, I also would like to thankful to my sisters and friends who gave me advice and motivated me to complete my work.

Last but not lease, I would like to thanks to Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) for providing the good learning environment for me to complete my project with all the problem encounter can be solved.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 18

4.1 Preliminary Simulation Work

... 18

4.2 Case Study Simulation Work

... 20

4.3 Technical Analysis

... 21

4.4 Economic Analysis

... 25

4.4.1 Return of Investment (ROI)

... 27

4.4.2 Payback period

... 29

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ... 31

5.1 Conclusion

... 31

5.2 Recommendation

... 31

REFERENCES ... 32

APPENDIX I SIMULATION RESULT OF PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF 2 X 36W T8 FLUORESCENT LAMP LIGHTING SYSTEM ... 33

APPENDIX II SIMULATION RESULT OF PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF 2 X 20W LED LIGHTING SYSTEM ... 35

APPENDIX III TECHNICAL DATA OF 2 X 36W T8 OSRAM LUMILUX DUO T8 LOUVER ... 37

APPENDIX IV TECHNICAL DATA OF 3 X 14W OSRAM DEDRA PLUS T5 DOUBLE PARABOLIC ... 43

APPENDIX V TECHNICAL DATA OF 20 W / 19 W LED TUBES ... 49

APPENDIX VI SIMULATION RESULT OF 2 X 36W T8 FLUORESCENT LAMP LIGHTING SYSTEM ... 55

APPENDIX VII SIMULATION RESULT OF 2 X 28W T5 FLUORESCENT LAMP LIGHTING SYSTEM ... 58

APPENDIX VIII SIMULATION RESULT OF 3 X 14W T5 FLUORESCENT LAMP LIGHTING SYSTEM ... 61

APPENDIX IX SIMULATION RESULT OF 4 X 14W T5 FLUORESCENT LAMP LIGHTING SYSTEM ... 64

APPENDIX X SIMULATION RESULT OF 2 X 20W LED LIGHTING SYSTEM ... 67

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: Structure of an incandescent bulb [4]. ... 5

FIGURE 2: Physical difference between T12, T8 and T5 [6]. ... 6

FIGURE 3: Colour temperature from different light source [9]. ... 8

FIGURE 4: Electricity tariff accordance to Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) of low voltage commercial tariff [11]. ... 13

FIGURE 5: Research Methodology. ... 16

FIGURE 6: Milestone of the whole project. ... 17

FIGURE 7: Preliminary simulation result using T5 fluorescent lamp... 19

FIGURE 8: Graph of total power consumption for different lighting system. ... 22

FIGURE 9: Graph of total current drawn from power supply of different lighting system. ... 22

FIGURE 10: Graph of uniformity of lux achieved for different lighting system. ... 23

FIGURE 11: Graph of total power consumed per meter square for different lighting system. ... 23

FIGURE 12: Graph of economic analysis for different lighting system. ... 26

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: Lux requirement accordance to MS 1525 [10]. ... 10 TABLE 2: Cost of installation for different configuration lighting system. ... 14 TABLE 3: Gantt-Chart for Final Year Project... 17 TABLE 4: Technical specification comparison for preliminary simulation result. ... 18 TABLE 5: Technical Comparison between different configurations of lighting system.

... 21 TABLE 6: Total cost of installation of different lighting system configuration. ... 25 TABLE 7: Cost on energy usage of different lighting system. ... 26 TABLE 8: Return of Investment of proposed lighting system (2 x 36W T8 fluorescent lamp as based design). ... 27 TABLE 9: Return of Investment of proposed lighting system (3 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp as based design). ... 28 TABLE 10: Payback period of proposed lighting system (2 x 36W T8 fluorescent lamp as based design). ... 29 TABLE 11: Payback period of proposed lighting system (3 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp as based design). ... 30

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Generally, the highest amount of energy consumption of a building comes from lighting system. An electrical lighting system could consume around twenty percent to fifty percent of total electricity consumption. Therefore, by careful design, use of more efficient equipment, and effective control, it should be able to achieve enormous energy savings.

Lighting is producing heat when it operates, therefore through reducing the number of light used will reduce the heat dissipated to environment and at the same time saving the overall air-conditioning energy usage. Different configuration of lighting system will have different visual performance and visual comfort to end user.

Therefore, when designing lighting system, we will focus on the average lux level achieved at workplace level.

In industry, one of their concerns is the cost of operation. This waste energy should not be part of the operating cost. Most of the management would like to decrease their cost of operation from their total power consumption. They not only go for lower cost of operation but also would like to have the higher or same efficiency or the production rate compare to before this. To fulfill their need, a system with lower power consumption and complying the lux level recommend by MS1525 are required.

In this project, an economic analysis will also be carried out base on initial cost investment, payback period (in years) and return of investment (ROI) for client/end user to decide either to go for energy saving design or stay for conventional design.

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2 1.2 Problem Statement

As an engineer, we should apply our engineering knowledge/techniques to enhance the efficiency of current lighting system to solve the problem of inefficiency of energy usage. There are various methodologies to improve the efficiency of energy.

The simplest way can start from proper lighting system management by placing sticky note at lighting switch at washroom or storeroom with the kind reminder of “PLEASE SWITCH OFF THE LIGHT WHEN NOT IN USE”. However not every methodology could satisfy both economic and technical requirement for commercial building to comply with Malaysia Standard 1525.

1.3 Objectives

At the end of this project, the following objectives shall be achieved:-

(i) To study the most effective method to satisfy both the economic and technical requirement for commercial building’s lighting system.

(ii) To perform theoretical analysis and simulation of lux level in accordance to MS 1525 using DIALux software.

(iii) Establish the best method to improve energy efficiency of commercial lighting system with compliance with MS 1525.

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3 1.4 Scope of Study

Throughout this project, we should be able to justify which type of light fitting is more suitable, energy saving and also cost saving in order to achieve the energy saving and also still able to compliance with the lux requirement of MS1525. Colour Rendering Index (CRI) and Colour Temperature will be taken into consideration when choosing a light fitting.

Author should be able to come out the details of analysis in term of technically as well as economically. At the end of this project, a lighting system with low power consumption and cost effective shall be presented.

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4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND/OR THEORY

Power demand has been increasing rapidly from year to year. In order to meet the demand of nationwide, one of the solutions is building up new power plant to generate more power. Building up new power plant required proper planning because it required long-term maintenance fee and cost of operating [1]. In commercial building lighting system, the lighting systems have contributed around twenty percent to fifty percent of total electrical energy usage [2]. Therefore, we could have a system with higher efficiency by using efficient equipment, control and maintenance of lighting system and correct detail design. This is to make sure that lighting system is environmentally and achieve visual comfort of end user [1].

The first step in designing a lighting system is to choose the correct light for suitable usage of the room. The light source used will affect the performance of whole lighting system or other system as well [3]. Different light fitting/light source only applicable to certain application of a room, this will be discussed more in detail later on. Nowadays there are a lot of light sources available in market. All of these lighting should be analyzed base on the following terminology:-

i) Wattage – The total amount of electricity energy consumed by a lighting source

ii) Lumens – The amount of light that a light source can produce iii) Efficiency – Lumens per watt (lm/W)

iv) Foot-candles – The total amount of light reached on an object and/or v) Illuminance – Total luminous flux incident on a surface per unit area (lux) When involving lighting system efficiency, we will look into how efficient is the electrical energy converted to light [2]. Designers have to choose the proper light fitting for the most suitable purpose of the use of light for different application. The most important factor to take into consideration is lm/W when dealing with lighting system efficiency. The higher lm/W will have higher efficiency because it requires same watt to produce more luminaire.

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5 2.1 Incandescent Bulbs

One of the most common lighting sources is incandescent bulbs. When there is an electric current passing through the filament, it will produce the light. Incandescent bulbs are commonly used because it is inexpensive and they produce the colour temperature between warm and yellow-white. The tungsten-halogen incandescent bulbs can produce the whiter and brighter light among all incandescent bulbs. Other than that it also produce more light per watt and have much longer lifespan. The disadvantage of an incandescent light is its inefficiency where most of the energy loss due to the heat produced. Therefore, in a commercial building an incandescent light would not be recommended due to energy efficiency issue. Figure 1 shows the structure of an incandescent bulb.

FIGURE 1: Structure of an incandescent bulb [4].

2.2 High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp

Another light source that we can commonly use for outdoor or in a factory was High-Intensity Discharge (HID) lamp. The principle of HID is where a pressurize tube have an arc pass through between cathodes then the light is produced. HID has a better energy efficient but they do not pleasing light colour. Normally HID light source will be installed for street lighting purpose because it will emit some light toward the end of blue-white spectrum which is very helpful for drivers during night time [5]. Even HID can be divided into four (4) main category of light source which are low-pressure sodium, high-pressure sodium, metal halide and mercury vapor.

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6 2.3 Fluorescent Bulbs

Fluorescent bulb is the most commonly used light source for commercial building.

A radiant energy will be produced when there is an arc pass through between cathodes and the arc excite the mercury and gasses. This radiant energy will be converted to visible light using phosphor coating. Compare to incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamp has a much longer life span and much more energy efficient. From time to time, compact fluorescent lamp has been introduced to replace the fluorescent lamp.

A compact fluorescent lamp will have a smaller physical size. It can be easily use in any screw-type light fitting to replace the incandescent lamps. T8 bulbs with electronic ballasts are commonly used in commercial building and residential applications.

Electronic ballast will able to turn on the light instantly. However, this electronic ballast will consume energy which is not energy efficient. T5 bulbs are also introduced in the market as it can achieve the same level of illuminance with lower power consumption. Figure 2 shows that the main different between T12, T8 and T5 bulbs is their diameter sizes.

FIGURE 2: Physical difference between T12, T8 and T5 [6].

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7 2.4 Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

Light-Emitting Diode (LED) has become commonly used for general application as it has longer lifetime and does not contain any poison mercury content [7]. When voltage applied to the negatively charged semiconductors, a unit of proton is produced when electron collide and combine together (in this case is light). Generally, LED is more energy efficient and has a longer life span. Most of the manufacturer/supplier of LED claim that LED lighting system would save up to 30% - 40% of total energy consumption. Until today, the price of LED still slightly expensive compare to T5 bulbs.

2.5 Colour Temperature

Colour temperature is defined as the colour emitted from of a light source which is warm (yellowish) or cool (bluish) [8]. A colour temperature is measured in degrees of Kelvin (°K), the higher value of colour temperature will produce a bluish colour while a lower value of colour temperature will produce a yellowish colour. Selection on colour temperature of a light source is very importance because it could affect to the end user to perform tasks. Figure 3 shows that the colour temperature emitted from different type of light source.

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FIGURE 3: Colour temperature from different light source [9].

2.6 Colour Rendering Index (CRI)

Colour Rendering Index (CRI) is different from colour temperature; CRI is how a light source could effect on an object appear to a human being’s eye. The important thing to remember is CRI and colour temperature is independent. Therefore, two light sources with same value of colour temperature might have two different scale of CRI.

CRI is scaled from zero to hundred. This scale indicates that how good is a light source when rendering a colour. A light source with CRI scale of eighty five to ninety are considered good rendering colour.

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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY / PROJECT WORK

3.1 Project Works

When design a lighting system, we will consider the usage of the room. Different type of room will have different type of light fitting to be installed so that it can achieve its highest efficiency. In this project, we will consider a room which will be utilized as an office. A conventional fluorescent lamp will be used as the based design. The main challenge to make sure that our design comply with the MS 1525 recommended lux level for different services of building area.

We will look into a few aspects for different type of light fitting being used which including but not limit to:-

i) Colour Rendering Index of light fitting ii) Colour Temperature of light fitting

iii) Total power consumption on lighting system

iv) Estimated electricity bill based on Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) tariff v) Cost of installation for proposed lighting system

vi) Return of investment (ROI) of new system investment vii) Payback period for new system investment

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10 3.2 Methodology

3.2.1 Room size and function of room

Different usage of a room/space would require different level of lux. For this project, author would like to focus his work on commercial building of an office area.

Accordance to MS 1525, the minimum lux required at work plane level is 300 lux.

Table 1 shows extract of Malaysian Standard 1525.

TABLE 1: Lux requirement accordance to MS 1525 [10].

Task and Application Illuminance (Lux)

Minimum CRI b) Lighting for working interior

- Infrequent reading and writing - General offices, shops and stores,

reading and writing - Drawing office - Restroom

- Restaurant, canteen, cafeteria - Kitchen

- Lounge - Bathroom - Toilet - Bedroom

- Classroom, Library

- Shop/supermarket/department store

- Museum and gallery

200 300 – 400

300 – 400 150 200 150 – 300

150 150 100 100 300 -500 200 – 750

300

80 80

85 80 80 80 60 80 60 80 80 80

80

For the simulation result to be conducted, author set the room size of this office to 24m (length), 12m (width) and 3m (height). The reason being, most of the commercial buildings especially for office area, the ceiling installed will be 1200mm (length), 600mm (width). With this size of room a number of four hundred celling pieces can be installed perfectly and nicely.

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11 3.2.2 Light Fitting selection

When deciding the light fixture, we will take into consideration the colour rendering index and colour temperature of a light fixture. Generally for an area to be use as office area we will choose a light fixture with colour temperature of 4000K.

This colour temperature selection depend on designer/engineer/end user selection. As an engineer we will proposed the colour temperature which is more suitable base on the usage of the room. While for the colour rendering index (CRI), MS 1525 recommended the minimum CRI required. Therefore, when select the CRI we have to make the CRI of light fixture achieved at a minimum eighty (for the application of an office area).

Other than that, the installation method will also taken into consideration. We should choose the proper light fitting for different usage of an area and the installation method. Author had selected a light fitting which is celling recessed type of T5 fluorescent lamp and also a surface mounted type for T8 fluorescent lamp. For LED lamp, we will use the same light casing as T8 fluorescent lamp. This is because as for now, the LED is still mainly designed for the T8 fluorescent lamp retrofit. To make sure all light fitting and lamp used in this project are comparable, all of them are selected from the same manufacturer which is OSRAM. The reason author choose manufacturer OSRAM is because among the light manufacturer only OSRAM provide more completed data for simulation work to conduct.

3.2.3 Simulation work

After we decided the type of light fixture to be used. We will use DIALux software to perform simulation to figure out how many of light fixture are required to achieve the minimum lux requirement suggested by Malaysian Standard 1525. The simulation work will be conducted for few times before obtaining final result. For the first simulation result, the distance between two light fittings is the suggested distance to achieve the minimum lux level required. But normally this distance is not practically accepted as the distance might be a weird number or cannot be installed on site later

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on. Therefore we would require to perform a second simulation to make sure our design (distance between two light fittings) is acceptable.

3.2.4 Technical Analysis

The simulation work will be continued until we obtain the lowest power consumption and economically acceptance. This is because sometimes we have a huge number of light fittings and low power consumption of light instead of small number of light fittings and normal power consumption of light. We have to keep in mind that the cost of installation and cost of maintenance will be taken into consideration.

Technically, we will calculate the current drawn from supply of the designed lighting system. In the calculation, considering an electrical supply in Malaysia, therefore the voltage level of three phase system is 400V, single phase system is 230V and the power factor is 0.85. Equation (1.0) gives, the current drawn from electrical supply of different configuration lighting system designed.

Power(W) = √3 x Voltage (V) x Current (I) x Power Factor (1.0)

Other than current drawn from electricity supply, we also concern about the average lux level achieved at work plane level. Accordance to MS 1525, the average lux level at work plane level for an office area should achieved at a minimum 300 lux.

Other than the average lux level achieved at work plane level, the uniformity of lux distributed also concerned. A good lighting system should have a higher value of uniformity of lux distributed. A higher value of uniformity of lux achieved represent that the designed light system had distributed the lux equally at the desired place. The uniformity of lux achieved should be higher than 0.5 to avoid the huge variance of lux distributed between two locations.

The average wattage used per area of a lighting system also evaluated using (2.0).

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13 Total wattage consumed by lighting system (W)

Total area (m²)

^(2.0)

3.2.5 Economic Analysis

Apart from the technical analysis, the designed lighting system also will be analyzed on the economic factor which including the cost of installation, cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour (kWh), return of investment (ROI) and the payback period of the energy efficient lighting system proposed.

The cost of electricity per kilowatt-hour is calculated according to Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) tariff. Figure 4 shows the tariff of TNB charge for a low voltage commercial tariff.

FIGURE 4: Electricity tariff accordance to Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) of low voltage commercial tariff [11].

The annual operating hours is calculated using (3.0), total annual power consumption is calculated using (4.0) and the annually cost of electricity is calculated as (5.0). The operating hour is assuming ten hours per days, five operating/working days per week and fifty two weeks per year.

Annual operating hour (hours)

= Daily operating hours x weekly operating days x 52 weeks (3.0)

Total annual power consumption (Wh)

= total power consumption (W) x annual operating hours (hours) (4.0)

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14 Annually cost of electricity (RM)

=

Total annual power consumption (Wh)

1000

x

Electricity tariff per kWh

(5.0)

The cost of installation cost of different lighting system is tabulated as Table 2.

TABLE 2: Cost of installation for different configuration lighting system.

Item Description

Price Euro , €

MYR , RM

Section A : Price for light only

OSRAM 1 x 36W T8 fluorescent lamp 7.00 31.29

OSRAM 1 x 14 W T5 fluorescent lamp 9.00 40.23

OSRAM 1 x 28 W T5 fluorescent lamp 9.81 43.85

OSRAM SubstiTUBE 1 x 20W LED 10.00 44.70

Section B : Price for light fitting with light

3 x 14W T5 OSRAM DEDRA plus T5 double parabolic 61.53 275.04 4 x 14W T5 OSRAM DEDRA plus T5 double parabolic 82.29 367.84

2 x 36W T8 OSRAM LUMILUX DUO T8 louver 64.23 287.11

2 x 28W T5 OSRAM LUMILUX DUO T8 louver 71.85 321.17

(using T8 to T5 adapter)

2 x 20W LED Substitube OSRAM LUMILUX DUP T8

louver 70.23 313.93

Section C : Price for accessories

T8 to T5 adapter 1.00 4.47

* Note : Currency exchange rate @ 1 Euro = 4.47 MYR

Other than that, the annual savings for the proposed lighting system can be calculated using (6.0).

Annual saving on

electricity bill (RM) = Electricity bill on

existing system (RM) − Electricity bill on

proposed sytem (RM)(6.0)

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And finally come to the most important factor which is the Return of Investment (ROI) for the proposed energy efficient lighting system. ROI is calculating using (7.0).

ROI ( %) = Annual saving on electricity bill (RM)

Total cost of Installation of proposed lighting system (RM) x 100 (7.0)

Other than the return of investment we also can look into the aspect of payback period for our investment. The payback period can be calculated using (8.0).

Payback period ( Years) = Total Cost of Installation (RM)

Total annual saving on electricity bill (RM) (8.0)

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The research methodology is describe in Figure 5.

Analysis of type of lighting fixture to be used base on usage of the area.

Simulation of lux level recommendation accordance to MS 1525.

Technical analysis based on simulation result.

Economic analysis based on technical analysis result.

Discussion

Conclusion

FIGURE 5: Research Methodology.

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17 3.3 Milestone

Figure 6 shows the milestone of Final Year Project.

FIGURE 6: Milestone of the whole project.

3.4 Gantt-Chart

The project gantt-chart of this project is shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3:Gantt-Chart for Final Year Project.

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Task

Proper light fitting

selection Analyze selected

light fitting Simulation of lux

level using DIALux Theorectical

Analysis Economic analysis

on designed lighting

system

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CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Preliminary Simulation Work

The preliminary simulation work was conducted to observe the distance between two (2) lighting fixture in order to achieve the minimum lux required accordance to MS 1525. Author has conducted his case study on commercial building with specific office area and the minimum lux required is 300 lux. From the preliminary simulation result, all technical data are tabulated in Table 4. For the result of preliminary simulation using T5 fluorescent lamp is shown in Figure 7. While the result of preliminary simulation using T8 fluorescent lamp and LED is attached in Appendix I and II. The technical data of all light fitting and lamp used is attached in Appendix III, IV and V.

TABLE 4: Technical specification comparison for preliminary simulation result.

Type of Light 2 x 36W T8 3 x 14W T5 2 x 20W LED

Distance between two light fitting (m)

1.80m x 4.80m 2.00m x 3.00m 1.50m x 2.40m Average lux level

achieved at work plane level (lx)

335 345 338

Uniformity of lux distributed

0.409 0.425 0.487

Total Power (W) 2,520.00 2,016.00 3,200.00

Current drawn from supply (A)

4.2792 3.4233 5.4339

Energy consumption (W/m²)

8.75 7.00 11.11

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FIGURE 7: Preliminary simulation result using T5 fluorescent lamp.

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20 4.2 Case Study Simulation Work

After obtain the result from preliminary simulation, the simulation work is continued with different design simulation. For each of the lighting system design, author vary the distance between two light fittings, number of light fittings used and also the arrangement of light fittings.

The simulation work of lighting system is focused on the following design:- I. 2 x 36W T8 fluorescent lamp

II. 2 x 28W T5 fluorescent lamp III. 3 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp IV. 4 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp

V. 2 x 20W LED

The two most common design of lighting system design is the 2 x 36W T8 fluorescent lamp and 3 x 34W T5 fluorescent lamp. Therefore, these two designs will

be used as the reference/base design to compare with other lighting system. The 2 x 28W T5 fluorescent lamp lighting system is replacing the 2 x 36W T8 fluorescent

lamp with 2 x 28W T5 fluorescent lamp. Same as the 2 x 20W LED lighting system, it replaced the 2 x36W T8 fluorescent lamp with 2 x 20W LED.

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21 4.3 Technical Analysis

The technical data and analysis of simulated lighting system is tabulated in Table 5.

The simulation result is attached in Appendix VI, Appendix VII, Appendix VIII, Appendix IX and Appendix X.

TABLE 5: Technical Comparison between different configurations of lighting system.

Light System 2 x 36W T8

2 x 28W T5

3 x14W T5

4 x 14W T5

2 x 20W LED Distance

between two light fitting

1.80m x 4.80m

2.40m x 3.00m

1.80m x 3.60m

3.0m x 3.6m

1.20m x 3.00m Average lux

level

achieved (lx)

335 298 353 312 311

Uniformity of lux distributed

0.407 0.466 0.363 0.582 0.378

Total Power

(W) 2,520.00 2,240.00 2,016.00 1,568.00 2,880.00

Current drawn from supply (A)

4.2792 3.8037 3.4233 2.6626 4.8905

Energy consumption (W/m²)

8.75 7.78 7.00 5.44 10.00

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FIGURE 8: Graph of total power consumption for different lighting system.

FIGURE 9: Graph of total current drawn from power supply of different lighting system.

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

2 x 36W T8

2 x 28W T5

3 x 14W T5

4 x 14W T5

2 x 20W LED

Power Consumption (W)

Type of lighting sytem configuration

TOTAL POWER CONSUMPTION OF DIFFERENT LIGHTING SYSTEM

Preliminary Design Optimized Design

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

2 x 36W T8

2 x 28W T5

3 x 14W T5

4 x 14W T5

2 x 20W LED

Current (A)

Type of lighting system configuration

TOTAL CURRENT DRAWN FROM POWER SUPPLY OF DIFFERENT LIGHTING SYSTEM

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FIGURE 10: Graph of uniformity of lux achieved for different lighting system.

FIGURE 11: Graph of total power consumed per meter square for different lighting system.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

2 x 36W T8

2 x 28W T5

3 x 14W T5

4 x 14W T5

2 x 20W LED

Uniformity of lux

UNIFORMITY OF LUX ACHIVED FOR DIFFERENT LIGHTING SYSTEM

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

2 x 36W T8

2 x 28W T5

3 x 14W T5

4 x 14W T5

2 x 20W LED

Total power per meter quare (W/m2)

TOTAL POWER CONSUMED PER METER SQUARE FOR DIFFERENT LIGHTING SYSTEM

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From the simulation result, to achieve lux level at 300 lux, a LED require slightly more compare to T8 fluorescent lamp. But for T5 fluorescent lamp it require the lowest number of light fixture among all lighting system to achieve 300 lux. Although LED used the most number of light fitting compare to others, but it had achieve the highest uniformity of lux distributed in the room which the uniformity achieved is 0.484.

Other than that, the LED also produced the highest lumen for each wattage consumed which is 122.22lm/W. For energy consumption, a T5 fluorescent lamp consume the less energy compare to T8 fluorescent lamp and LED.

From the result, we also could notice that the distance between two (2) light fittings was not a nice/whole number. The result obtain from first simulation was theoretically acceptable but not practically acceptable. This is because most of the time contractor/worker rarely to install them with the distance of 1.72m or others. Therefore there is the need for us to have a second simulation which is theoretically and practically acceptable.

From the second simulation, the number of light fittings for T8 fluorescent lamp and T5 fluorescent lamp remain the same while the number of LED used have reduced from 110 nos. to 100 nos. Therefore the power consumption of LED is reduced. We could notice that the uniformity of lux distribution had increased. This is because the light fitting have a proper arrangement according the room size so that the lux could distributed more equally. Other than that the efficiency of light fitting (lm/W) not affected by the arrangement or number of light used. The efficiency of light depend on the light itself only.

After completed second simulation, the design of lighting system using T8 fluorescent lamp is removed. The T8 fluorescent lamp consume the highest energy to achieve the minimum lux level in both simulation. And T8 florescent lamp light system also achieved the lowest uniformity of lux distributed compare to T5 fluorescent lamp and LED. All of these show that the T8 fluorescent lamp is inferior compared to the others lighting system design.

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25 4.4 Economic Analysis

In the simulation result, the 4 x 14W T5 Fluorescent Lamp lighting system satisfied the technical requirement and it consumed the lowest power among proposed lighting system. Furthermore the economic analysis will be conducted to justify that the proposed lighting system is economically accepted. Table 6 shows the total cost of installation of different lighting system configuration. Apart from the cost of installation, the cost on energy usage (cost for electricity bill according to TNB tariff) is calculated and tabulated in Table 7.

TABLE 6: Total cost of installation of different lighting system configuration.

Lighting System Configuration Unit Rate (RM)

Nos. Total (RM)

Variance from lowest

(%) 2 x 36W T8 OSRAM LUMILUX

DUO T8 louver 65.00 35 2, 275.00 Lowest

4 x 14W T5 OSRAM DEDRA plus

T5 double parabolic 85.00 28 2, 380.00 4.62

2 x 28W T5 OSRAM LUMILUX DUO T8 louver

(using (T8 to T5 adapter)

72.00 40 2, 880.00 26.59

T5 double parabolic 62.00 48 2, 976.00 30.81

2 x 20W LED Substitube OSRAM

LUMILUX DUP T8 louver 70.00 72 5, 040.00 121.54

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TABLE 7: Cost on energy usage of different lighting system.

Lighting System Configuration Total Energy Consumption

(W)

Total Cost for Energy Usage, Annually (RM)

Variance from highest (%) 2 x 20W LED Substitube OSRAM

LUMILUX DUP T8 louver 2, 880 3, 257.28 Highest

2 x 36W T8 OSRAM LUMILUX

DUO T8 louver 2, 520 2, 850.12 -12.5

2 x 28W T5 OSRAM LUMILUX DUO T8 louver

2, 240 2, 533.44 -22.22

T5 double parabolic 2, 016 2, 280.07 -30.00

T5 double parabolic 1, 568 1, 773.46 -45.56

FIGURE 12: Graph of economic analysis for different lighting system.

From Figure 12, the installation cost and cost on energy usage of LED is the highest while the T5 fluorescent lighting system is the lowest. And clearly show that the LED lighting system require around double of the initial cost compare to other lighting system configuration.

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

2 x 36W T8

2 x 28W T5

3 x 14W T5

4 x 14W T5

2 x 20W LED

Cost (RM)

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT LIGHTING SYSTEM

Installation Cost Cost on Energy Usage

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27 4.4.1 Return of Investment (ROI)

The economic analysis is analyzed further looking at return of investment for the proposed lighting system. The 2 x 36W T8 fluorescent lamp lighting system and 3 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp lighting system will be considered as the existing/base design, so that we could identify either the proposed lighting system have the attractive return of investment or not. The return of investment for 2 x 36W T8 fluorescent lamp lighting system as the base design is calculated and tabulated in Table 8. For the return of investment for 3 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp lighting system as the based design is calculated and tabulated in Table 9.

TABLE 8: Return of Investment of proposed lighting system (2 x 36W T8 fluorescent lamp as based design).

Lighting System Configuration Total Cost for Energy Usage, Annually (RM)

Total Cost of Installation

(RM)

ROI (%)

DUO T8 louver 2, 850.12 2, 275.00 Base

Design 2 x 20W LED Substitube OSRAM

LUMILUX DUP T8 louver 3, 257.28 5, 040.00 - 8.0786 2 x 28W T5 OSRAM LUMILUX

DUO T8 louver

2, 533.44 2, 880.00 10.9917

T5 double parabolic 2, 280.07 2, 976.00 19.1509

Table 8 shows the ROI of different configuration of lighting system with the 2 x 36W T8 fluorescent lamp lighting system as based design. A negative ROI represent that the investment will lead to the loss of money. This loss of money is due to the new lighting system is unable to save the cost of energy usage and lead to the extra cost compare to previous system. The highest ROI of lighting system will be the

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4 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp lighting system which is 45.2328 % and the second highest ROI will be 3 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp lighting system which is 19.15 %.

TABLE 9: Return of Investment of proposed lighting system (3 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp as based design).

(RM)

ROI (%)

T5 double parabolic 2, 280.07 2, 976.00 Base

Design 2 x 36W T8 OSRAM LUMILUX

DUO T8 louver 2, 850.12 2, 275.00 -25.0571

2 x 20W LED Substitube OSRAM

LUMILUX DUP T8 louver 3, 257.28 5, 040.00 -19.3891 2 x 28W T5 OSRAM LUMILUX

DUO T8 louver (using T8 to T5 adapter)

2, 533.44 2, 880.00 -8.7976 4 x 14W T5 OSRAM DEDRA plus

Table 9 shows that ROI of different configuration of lighting system and the 3 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp lighting system is the based design. We noticed that most of the lighting system configuration have the negative value of ROI which indicated that actually 3 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp is more energy efficient. The negative ROI is due to lighting system could not help in saving the cost of energy usage to recover back the cost of installation of lighting system. Only the 4 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp lighting system have a ROI of 21.2561 %.

From the tabulated result in Table 8 and Table 9, we noticed that the lighting system of 4 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp have the highest ROI in both type of based design. This shows that 4 x 14 W T5 fluorescent lamp is profitable.

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29 4.4.2 Payback period

Apart from the ROI, another important factor is payback period of investment for proposed lighting system also taken into consideration. This is to make sure that the payback period should shorter than the lifespan of the lamp used. The payback period (in years) for 2 x 36W T8 fluorescent lamp as the based design is calculated and tabulated in Table 10. For the payback period for 3 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp as the based design is calculated and tabulated in Table 11.

TABLE 10: Payback period of proposed lighting system (2 x 36W T8 fluorescent lamp as based design).

(RM)

Payback period (years) 2 x 36W T8 OSRAM LUMILUX

DUO T8 louver 2, 850.12 2, 275.00 Base

Design 2 x 20W LED Substitube OSRAM

LUMILUX DUP T8 louver 3, 257.28 5, 040.00 - 12.4

2 x 28W T5 OSRAM LUMILUX DUO T8 louver (using T8 to T5 adapter)

2, 533.44 2, 880.00 9.1 3 x 14W T5 OSRAM DEDRA plus

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TABLE 11: Payback period of proposed lighting system (3 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp as based design).

(RM)

Payback period (years) 3 x 14W T5 OSRAM DEDRA plus

T5 double parabolic 2, 280.07 2, 976.00 Base

Design 2 x 28W T5 OSRAM LUMILUX

DUO T8 louver (using T8 to T5 adapter)

2, 533.44 2, 880.00 -11.4 2 x 20W LED Substitube OSRAM

LUMILUX DUP T8 louver 3, 257.28 5, 040.00 -5.2

DUO T8 louver 2, 850.12 2, 275.00 -4.0

The payback period indicates that how long does the investment will be paid back. The negative value of payback period indicates that lighting system will never get the paid back due to there is no saving/profit compared to based design. From Table 10 and Table 11, the lighting system 4 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp is the most economic saving due to its less power consumption. Again, from economic analysis, the 4 x 14W T5 fluorescent lamp is having the advantage compare to other lighting system configuration.

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

When involving lighting system efficiency, we will look into how efficient is the electrical energy is converted to light. This is the main reason why we had omitted the halogen light fixture which only convert 10% of the electric energy to light and the 90% of electric energy into heat energy. As a designer/engineer, we have to choose the proper light with the most suitable purpose for the use of light for different application.

From author work, the recommended lighting system with higher energy efficiency is T5 fluorescent lamp lighting system. It achieved the lowest power consumption in order to achieve the minimum lux recommended in Malaysian Standard 1525. This lighting system have fulfill the technical requirement as well as the economic analysis. From economic analysis, the T5 fluorescent lamp show that it have the highest return of investment (ROI) and the fastest payback period as well. A lighting system with low power consumption and cost effective is presented.

5.2 Recommendation

The work of author can be implemented in real case study which can be started in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP). The work can be continued to study the energy efficiency of existing lighting system used in UTP and propose a more energy efficient lighting system so that UTP could able to cut down their operating cost on the electricity bill.

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REFERENCES

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APPENDIX I SIMULATION RESULT OF PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF

2 X 36W T8 FLUORESCENT LAMP LIGHTING SYSTEM

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APPENDIX II SIMULATION RESULT OF PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF

2 X 20W LED LIGHTING SYSTEM

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APPENDIX III TECHNICAL DATA OF 2 X 36W T8 OSRAM

LUMILUX DUO T8 LOUVER

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APPENDIX IV TECHNICAL DATA OF 3 X 14W OSRAM DEDRA PLUS

T5 DOUBLE PARABOLIC

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APPENDIX V

TECHNICAL DATA OF 20 W / 19 W LED TUBES

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APPENDIX VI SIMULATION RESULT OF 2 X 36W T8 FLUORESCENT LAMP

LIGHTING SYSTEM

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APPENDIX VII SIMULATION RESULT OF 2 X 28W T5 FLUORESCENT LAMP

LIGHTING SYSTEM

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APPENDIX VIII SIMULATION RESULT OF 3 X 14W T5 FLUORESCENT LAMP

LIGHTING SYSTEM

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APPENDIX IX SIMULATION RESULT OF 4 X 14W T5 FLUORESCENT LAMP

LIGHTING SYSTEM

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APPENDIX X

SIMULATION RESULT OF 2 X 20W LED LIGHTING SYSTEM

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Lighting System Design for Commercial Buildings with Higher Energy Efficiency