Understanding public perception and engagement with public service announcements during the COVID-19 period. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019, the Malaysian government has been working with relevant parties to contain the spread of the virus. One of the ways was to disseminate information using Public Service Announcements (PSA) through various media outlets.
This research is conducted to understand the Malaysian community's perceptions and acceptance level of the PSAs targeted at them. Furthermore, media consumption patterns among Malaysians seemed to have changed, especially during the implementation of the MCO. Therefore, this study aims to explore and understand the public's engagement and perception of COVID-19-related PSAs.
Guidance is needed to recognize the importance of the media in disseminating information related to the Coronavirus and social security. The word frequency saw more words that showed the participants' overall perception and engagement in the perception of the PSAs during the COVID-19 period.
FGD 2 FGD 3 FGD 4
To understand public information seeking behavior, the study found that all informants saw finding information within the spectrum of Internet Use and how it helps them as part of Social Service. When discussing the Internet as one of the media's preferences for information-seeking behavior and its reliability, informants acknowledged its importance and importance during the pandemic when the government imposed the MCO, which prevented them from social outings. While cognitive behavior allows informants to seek information, it is the choice of the Internet and its use that contributed to the increasing factors in the achievement of different PSAs for COVID-19 that were used by different relevant agencies.
This was in line with the achievement of the first theme as Korgaonkar and Wolin (1999) also stated that information seeking behavior is the main factor for increasing internet usage among people. This is further related to UGT for fulfilling cognitive needs when it comes to information seeking behavior. The FGD succinctly demonstrated this importance when informants stated that one of the PSAs with local Sarawakian content allowed for a better connection, which helped in the recall session.
For this, consistency of message design and selection of appropriate content should always ensure that it fits within the context of the PSAs' intended audience. PSAs with animated features have been found to provide some of the most effective recall content.
PERCEPTIONS & INDICATORS OF PSA
Then, to ensure that the content of PSAs becomes part of the conversational currency in everyday life, it must reflect the context of the society among which the PSAs are distributed. Therefore, it is clear that in pandemic-related PSAs, content and context are vital to amplify the message, where audience reach and relationship building are able to bridge the gap between people due to the proximity of the content. It is obviously counterproductive when content inconsistency further confuses the audience and more harmfully, they are unable to recall the important information of the PSA.
With the strategic use of animation, it was found that the informants' reception was relatively favorable and positive as it suggested acceptance of the message across demographic groups, notwithstanding children alone. A combination of education and entertainment in the PSA's storytelling reinforces COVID-19-related information to the public, creating better understanding. A total of 97 citations were recorded in the abstract of thematic analysis in relation to the second theme; the perceptions and indicators of PSA.
TV was seen as an important media platform in the first phase of the MCO. The use of SMS as a means of reaching the masses has generated mixed responses.
EFFECTIVENESS OF PSA AS COMMUNICATION PLATFORM
Conceptual Operationalisation of Psychological Flexibility and Digital Literacy
In conceptualizing the construct of Psychological Flexibility (PF) and the Construct of Digital Literacy (DL), we adhered to the fact that psychological flexibility is built based on the six (6) components of ACT, which are acceptance, dissolution, self, present, values and action taken (Hayes et al., 2013). We propose to develop a new measure of PF that can explore the impact of digital literacy on psychological flexibility based on the Malaysian experience.
Review of Literature
Scale Development and Critique of Existing Measures
Development of Items and Related Dimensions
For phase two (2), a study has been conducted to test the feasibility of the subjects of the proposed new measure. The factor pattern (this includes factor loadings of the variables) and factor structure (this includes the correlations between the variables and the factors) coefficients based on exploratory factor analyzes of the MPFDLM can be found in Table 3 below. Development of the teacher's digital competence validation of the DigCompEdu Check-In questionnaire in the university context of Andalusia (Spain).
A multidimensional tool based on the eHealth Literacy Framework: Development and initial validity testing of the eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ). Further developments in the assessment of psychological flexibility: validation of the German Engaged Action Questionnaire. Human capital plays an important role in modern organizations, especially in the era of the digital economy.
In the WFH setting, there was no clear guidance on information security "do's and don'ts"; thus, it limits staff awareness of the need to take precautions to protect companies' information from cybercrime. Constant comparison analysis will be used to categorize the desired outcomes of the various Malaysian digital policies and plans based on the themes that emerge. The selected national policies and their respective coverage in terms of the identified themes (revised).
However, the importance of strategies to be adopted in prioritizing recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic among ASEAN member states is not mentioned. This general gap does not belong in any DO, but it is crucial that it is mentioned in ADM 2025. It could indicate to the government what priority policies and/or policy actions should be implemented based on measurement levels.
The research study is designed based on mapping the research objective, research phase and main research results. The salient themes in Table 2 emerged from the collective opinions of the participants in the focus group interview. On the other hand, given the uncertainty of the political landscape in Malaysia and the global COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical factors are expected to have a significant effect on the adoption of big data in the telecommunications industry.
This section presents the results of the descriptive analysis for each variable in this study. For example, in AT&T's privacy policy, the retention segment is unclear about the process.
Policymakers and regulators should focus on providing an orchestrated and cohesive directive for secure use of big data in the telecommunications industry
The standardisation bodies should adapt existing or create new security standards for big data security
The telecommunications provider should develop a comprehensive data- centric security model
Regulators and telecommunications providers should design a holistic data privacy awareness programme
Telecommunications providers should review the design and implementation of the privacy notice
Telecommunications providers should invest in developing Privacy Dashboard to allow transparency in customers’ data processing
Assessment of Measurement Model
First, construct reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (CA) and composite reliability (CR), with a recommended value of 0.700 (Hair et al., 2014). The result shows that Perceived Behavioral Control has the lowest construct reliability (CA=0.906, CR=0.925), while the highest belongs to Intention to Volunteer (CA=0.970, CR=0.977). Thus, the results illustrate that the indicators used to represent the construct have desirable internal consistency reliability.
The results indicate that the AVE values ranged between 0.640 and 0.894, all of which were higher than the suggested value of 0.500. The HTMT criterion is considered to be met as all values were below the accepted value of 0.900.
Assessment of Structural Model
This section presents a summary of respondent demographics based on returned questionnaires. It is suggested that 65.1% of the variance in STI awareness can be explained by STI attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. Therefore, to further benefit from the MIV programme, there is a need to increase community awareness of the implementation of MIV.
Therefore, different means of improving community awareness are needed to fully reap the benefits of the MIV program. In addition, the availability of data related to the requested MIV topics would be useful for mapping preferences with available resources/expertise. Exploring multiple components of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived control: A review of the theory of planned behavior in the domain of exercise.
Explaining intention to use technology among student teachers: An application of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Free-to-Air Television (FTA TV) is one of the main channels of information and entertainment for most Malaysians. Most users are relatively unaware of access to terrestrial FTA TV, which in turn has resulted in low demand for myFreeview TV.
The theory was first developed in the 1940s in research into the effectiveness of the radio. Among those who did not use the service, the majority of respondents representing 73.5% were ready to use myFreeview Service. First, myFreeview users were satisfied with the quality of service provided, sometimes exceeding their expectations of the myFreeview service.
This is most likely due to the channel's positioning as a home shopping channel, and users' priorities during the COVID-19 pandemic have shifted more towards information seeking and entertainment purposes. However, this proposal is subject to the suitability of the location based on other factors such as electricity supply and accessible roads. Exploring Koreans' Smartphone Use: An Integrated Model of the Technology Acceptance Model and Uses and Gratifications Theories.
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