MOBILE SATELLITE OPEN SPACE EMPIRICAL DATA MODELING
BEATRICE ANAK NO’EH
Bachelor of Engineering with Honors (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering)
2009/2010
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
R13a BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: MOBILE SATELLITE OPEN SPACE EMPIRICAL DATA MODELLING
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010
Saya BEATRICE ANAK NO’EH
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/
badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap: L 6282, JLN KCH TIMUR3
TMN TUNKU,98000 MIRI,SARAWAK DR.WAN AZLAN WAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
Nama Penyelia
Tarikh: Tarikh:
CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.
Surat Perakuan Penyelia
Laporan Projek Tahun Akhir berikut:
Tajuk : Mobile Satellite Open Space Empirical Data Modelling Nama Penulis : Beatrice Anak No’eh
Matrik : 16021
Telah dibaca dan disahkan oleh:
Dr. Wan Azlan Wan Zainal Abidin Tarikh Penyelia
Surat Perakuan Sulit/Terhad
UNIMAS/15/02/02
12 April 2010
Pustakawan
Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Puan,
Laporan Projek Tahun Akhir
Laporan pelajar ini adalah dikategorikan sebagai ‘terhad’ selama 2 tahun. Ini adalah kerana maklumat yang terkandung merupakan maklumat sebenar jabatan kerajaan di mana kajian ini dibuat.
Sekian, terima kasih
“BERKHIDMAT UNTUK NEGARA”
Yang benar,
Dr Wan Azlan bin Wan Zainal Abidin Ketua Jabatan
Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Telekomunikasi/Komputer b.p Dekan, Fakulti Kejuruteraan
Surat Perakuan Penyelia
Laporan Projek Tahun Akhir berikut:
Tajuk: Mobile Satellite Open Space Empirical Data Modeling Nama Penulis: Beatrice Anak No’eh
Matrik: 16021
Telah dibaca dan disahkan oleh:
Dr. Wan Azlan bin Wan Zainal Abidin Tarikh
Penyelia
MOBILE SATELLITE OPEN SPACE EMPIRICAL DATA MODELING
BEATRICE ANAK NO’EH
Thesis submitted to the
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak to meet the fulfillment of the requirement for
Bachelor of Engineering with Honors (Electronic and Telecommunication) 2010
Dedicated to my beloved parents, sister and brothers.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, the author is grateful to the Lord Almighty for showing the light and paths to fulfill the dream to complete this final year project thesis. Secondly, the author is deeply indebted to a number of individuals who helped make this thesis possible.
Besides, I deeply appreciate the guideline that I have received from my supervisor Dr.Wan Azlan Wan Zainal Abidin for his skill, patience, valuable advice and encouragement. I would like to take this opportunity to thanks everyone who has contributed either directly or indirectly throughout this project and this thesis.
Finally, I would also like to thank all of my family and my friends for their moral support on me, especially to the master student, Ms Bong, my parents, brother and sister.
ii
ABSTRAK
Satelit bergerak telah menjadi suatu teknologi yang semakin mendapat perhatian dalam dunia komunikasi. Kajian yang dilakukan untuk mendapatkan isyarat ke tahap yang optima telah dijalankan di antara satelit bergerak dan stesen penerima. Di kawasan yang terbuka, walaupun laluan pandangan tidak dihalang ralat masih wujud dalam isyarat.
Bagi isyarat dalam jalur L, ralat ini disebabkan oleh laluan yang pelbagai dan kesan ionosfera. Analisa yang dijalankan berdasarkan nisbah di antara isyarat dan bunyi dan sudut ketinggian satelit dari permukaan bumi serta kesan samar. Keputusan daripada analisa menunjukkan kebergantungan nisbah isyarat dan bunyi terhadap sudut ketinggian satellite dari permukaan bumi dan dapat dipersembahkan dalam bentuk model matematik. Model matematik yang dapat menerangkan isyarat ini dengan baik adalah dengan menggunakan fungsi eksponen berdasarkan kriteria fungsi matematik ini yang dapat melalui majoriti data serta nilai dari hasil perhitungan. Kesan samar berlaku apabila isyarat berada di bawah isyarat rujukan, 44 dBHz. Kesan samar ini disebabkan oleh laluan yang pelbagai atau kesan ionosfera berdasarkan sudut ketinggian satelit dari bumi.
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ABSTRACT
Mobile satellite has been one of the technologies utilized in today’s communication. In order to obtain the signal with greater performance, research has been done on the propagation link between the mobile satellite and receiver. In open space, the line of sight is not obstructed but there is still error in the signal received. For signal in L-band frequency, this is due to the multipath effect and ionospheric effect. Analysis on the signal performance is carried by considering the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and elevation angle as well as the fade effect. Analysis shows the dependency of SNR against elevation angle which it is presented in mathematical model. Mathematical model for SNR against elevation angle is best described by exponential function based on their smooth line through most of the data and their goodness of fit. Fade effect occur when the signal is below the reference signal, 44dBHz. The fade is due to either multipath or ionospheric effet based on the elevation angle limit.
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Pages
Table 2.1 The properties of four major orbits 16
Table 2.2 Frequency allocation according to IEEE standard 18 Table 2.3 Process and probability density function (PDF) of
the global models
33
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figures No.Pages
Figure 2.1 Ground to ground 8
Figure 2.2 Ground cross link ground 9
Figure 2.3 Ground to relay platform 10
Figure 2.4 Geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) 11
Figure 2.5 Low earth orbit (LEO) 12
Figure 2.6 Medium earth orbit (MEO) 12
Figure 2.7 Highly elliptical orbit (HEO) 14
Figure 2.8 Fixed satellite service (FSS) 19
Figure 2.9 Broadcast satellite service(BSS) 20
Figure 2.10 Mobile Satellite Service(MSS) 21
Figure 2.11 Illustrations of signal components 22
Figure 2.12 Tree shadowed effect 24
Figure 2.13 Radio propagation in urban area 25
Figure 2.14 Path geometry for the computation of Dv 29 Figure 2.15 Envelope PDFs of the global models of typical
parameter values
34
vi
Figure 3.1 Flow of project for modeling given set of data 42
Figure 3.2 Data extract from NMEA0183 format 43
Figure 3.3 Satellite PRN11 44
Figure 3.4 Example of data in .txt file 45
Figure 3.5 Example of polynomial function 45
Figure 3.6 Several of trend lines 46
Figure 3.7 CDF of Sarawak satellite’s data 46
Figure 3.8 Fades over the elevation angle, θ≥ 15o 49
Figure 4.1 SNR of PRN7 52
Figure 4.2 SNR of PRN9 53
Figure 4.3 SNR of PRN11 54
Figure 4.4 SNR of PRN 17 55
Figure 4.5 SNR of PRN18 56
Figure 4.6 SNR of PRN7 57
Figure 4.7 SNR of PRN9 58
Figure 4.8 SNR of PRN11 59
Figure 4.9 SNR of PRN17 60
Figure 4.10 SNR of PRN18 61
Figure 4.11 SNR of selected satellite with degree polynomial 1
63
Figure 4.12 SNR of selected satellite with degree polynomial 3
63
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Figure 4.13 SNR of selected satellite with degree polynomial 7
63
Figure 4.14 SNR of selected satellite with degree polynomial 14
63
Figure 4.15 SNR of selected satellite with exponential method
65
Figure 4.16 Cumulative distribution of Japan’s data 67 Figure 4.17 Cumulative distribution of Sarawak’s data 68
Figure 4.18 Fade effect of PRN12 69
Figure 4.19 Fade effect of PRN23 70
Figure 4.20 Fade effect of PRN26 71
viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LMS - land mobile system
MS - mobile satellite
NMEA - national marine electronics association
SNR - signal to noise ratio
GPS - global positioning system
LEO - low earth orbit
MEO - medium earth orbit
HEO - high earth orbit
GEO - geosynchronous earth orbit
ITU - international telecommunication union
DAB - digital audio broadcasting
LNBC - low-noise block converter
NASA - national aeronautics and space administration
ISS - international space station
Wi-Fi - wireless
DSN - deep space network
IEEE - institute of electrical and electronics engineer
UHF - Ultra High Frequency
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MSS - Mobile Satellite System
FSS - Fixed Satellite System
BSS - Broadcasting Satellite System
LMDS - Local Multichannel Distribution Service
DBS - direct broadcasting service
MMSS - maritime mobile satellite service AMSS - aeronautical mobile satellite service
LMSS - land mobile satellite system
LOS - line of sight
MED - modified exponential decay
MHz - mega hertz
ERS - empirical roadside shadowing
dBHz - decibel hertz
GHZ - giga hertz
PDF - probability density function
CDF - cumulative density function
LCR - level crossing rate
GRLN - generalised rice-log-normal
DLR - deutsches zeutrumfiir luff-und raumfahrt
AFD - average fade duration
PSD - power spectra density
MP - multipath part
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LIST OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRAK ii
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
ABBREVIATIONS viii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Project Overview 1
1.2 Statement of Problems 1
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Expected Outcomes 4
1.5 Outlines of Project’s Report 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Satellite 7
2.1.1 Overview 7
2.1.2 Satellite systems 7
2.1.2.1 Ground to ground 8
2.1.2.2 Ground cross link ground 9
2.1.2.3 Ground to relay platform 9
2.1.3 Satellite orbit 10
2.1.3.1 Geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) 11
2.1.3.2 Low earth orbit (LEO) 12
2.1.3.3 Medium earth orbit (MEO) 13
2.1.3.4 Highly elliptical orbit (HEO) 13
2.1.4 Frequency allocations for satellite service 14
2.1.5 Major commercial satellite service 19
2.1.5.1 Fixed satellite service (FSS) 19
2.1.5.2 Broadcast satellite service (BSS) 20 2.1.5.3 Mobile satellite service (MSS) 20 2.1.6 Propagation characteristics of mobile satellites 21
2.1.6.1 Direct component 22
2.1.6.2 Ground reflected wave 23
2.1.6.3 Diffuse component 23
2.1.7 Signal propagation environment 24
2.1.7.1 Tree shadowing 24
2.1.7.2 Building shadowing 25
2.1.7.3 Open space 26
2.2 Theoretical Modeling Considerations 26
2.2.1 Overview 26
2.2.2 Narrowband models 27
2.2.2.1 Empirical models 27
2.2.2.2 Statistical models 29
2.2.2.3 Analytical models 35
2.2.3 Wideband models 36
2.2.4 Modeling techniques 37
2.2.4.1 Regression model 37
2.2.4.2 Moving average 38
2.2.4.3 Exponential smoothing 39
2.2.5 Types of model fit criteria 40
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 41
3.1 Overview 41
3.2 Research Project Flow 41
3.2.1 Extraction of data 43
3.2.2 Applying the modeling technique 44
3.2.3 Comparison between models 46
3.2.4 Identifying the percentage of probability of fades 47
3.2.5 Fade analysis 48
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 50
4.1 Overview 50
4.2 Method Of Analysis 50
4.3 Analysis of the Satellite in Open Space in Japan 52
4.3.1 Analysis of PRN7 52
4.3.2 Analysis of PRN9 53
4.3.3 Analysis of PRN11 54
4.3.4 Analysis of PRN17 55
4.3.5 Analysis of PRN18 56
4.4 Analysis of the Satellite in Open Space in Sarawak 57
4.4.1 Analysis of PRN7 57
4.4.2 Analysis of PRN9 58
4.4.3 Analysis of PRN11 59
4.4.4 Analysis of PRN17 60
4.4.5 Analysis of PRN18 61
4.4.6 Conclusion 62
4.5 Mathematical Model 62
4.5.1 Polynomial with degree n 63
4.5.2 Exponential 65 4.5.3 Comparison between polynomial method and
exponential method
65
4.6 Cumulative Distribution of Selected Satellites 66
4.7 Fade Analysis 67
4.7.1 Fade analysis of PRN12 69
4.7.2 Fade analysis of PRN23 70
4.7.3 Fade analysis of PRN26 71
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 72
REFERENCES 74
APPENDIX 78
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Overview
This is a research and analysis on the empirical data resulted from the experiment conducted on mobile satellite signal performance in open space. Mobile satellite (MS) is suitable to cover wide area with mobile users [1]. Besides that, the coverage is also not limited in range when compared to fixed satellite as it moved orbiting the earth. In LMS communications, analysis on multipath fading and ionospheric effect is important in determining the distribution of the received power level. SNR value 44dB is used as the reference signal in order to conduct the analysis for signal performance [2]. Therefore, in order to construct a high capacity mobile satellite communication network, the knowledge of statistical properties of fading and shadowing is necessary. From the analysis result, a mathematical model which describes the dependence of signal quality on elevation angle is developed.
1.2 Statement of Problems
The degradation of MS signal performance is affected by shadowing effect and multipath fading. In order to reduce the cost for measuring the signal performance for
2
MS, a system with similar characteristic with actual receiver is used. Under open space environment, measurement of MS signal is taken by measuring the incoming signal which comes directly or indirectly. Indirect signal is caused by the different path that the signal propagate through to arrive at the receiver.
Acquisition data from measurement under the open space in Japan and Sarawak, Malaysia will be use throughout this research to be analyzed. The manner of the data can be represented via model. Functions that fitted through most of the data will determine a good model for the data.
The recorded data obtained is in National Marine Electronic Association (NMEA) protocol. Parameters values from the experimental data will be identified which concisely represents the whole data. The desire parameter for the determination of a model is signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the satellite elevation angle, satellite azimuth angle, satellite id and time.
1.3 Objectives
The main objectives of the project are listed as follows:
a) To identify the modeling techniques to describe the data
Regression method consists of different mathematical function such as polynomial and exponential function. The best model is selected when the curve
