DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO HYDRO POWER AT KAMPUNG SEMULONG ULU(ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS AND SOCIAL-ECONOMIC IMPACTS)
WONG YIT SEN
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering)
2010
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO HYDRO POWER AT
KAMPUNG SEMULONG ULU (ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND SOCIAL-ECONOMIC IMPACTS)
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2006 – 2010
Saya WONG YIT SEN
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/
badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap: 21, Jalan Zahir 7 Taman Malim Jaya,
75250, Melaka PROF.DR. SALIM SAID
(Nama Penyelia)
Tarikh: Tarikh:
CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.
The Following Final Year Project:
Title : Design and Development of Micro Hydro Power at Kampung Semulong Ulu (Environemtal Impacts and Social-Economic Impacts)
Author : Wong Yit Sen Matric number: 17564
has been read and certified by:
______________________ ______________
Prof. Dr. Salim Said Date
(Supervisor)
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO HYDRO POWER AT KAMPUNG SEMULONG ULU(ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS AND SOCIAL-ECONOMIC IMPACTS)
WONG YIT SEN
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) 2010
To my beloved parents & friends
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my project supervisor, Prof. Dr. Salim Said for his guidance and advices throughout the Final Year Project.
Without his support and interest, this thesis would not have been the same as presented here.
I would like to thanks for the Head of Civil Department who is Madam Rosmina Ahmad Bustami for providing me the necessary information for my research.
Lastly, I wish to thank those who have assisted me either direct or indirectly throughout the entire progress of my Final Year Project. Thank you.
ABSTRAK
Kajian tentang kesan persekitaran dan kesan sosial-ekonomi merupakan elemen penting yang perlu dipertimbangkan sebelum membina kekuatan mikro hidro dalam masyarakat pedalaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti manfaat, kelemahan, kesan persekitaran dan kesan sosial-ekonomi. Pengetahuan tentang kedua-dua kesan membantu dalam memahami masyarakat pedalaman dan ia bertindak sebagai asas dalam penemuan dan kajian yang lebih lanjut. Kampung Semulung Ulu yang merupakan komuniti pedalaman telah dipilih dalam kajian ini.
Wawancara itu telah diadakan di desa ini dan mengambil masa selama 3 hari dan 2 malam. Wawancara itu telah dilakukan ke atas 30 orang dari penduduk kampung tersebut bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesan persekitaran dan kesan sosial-ekonomi selepas pelaksanaan kuasa mikro hidro. Kesimpulan bagi kajian ini berdasarkan pada analisis dan perbincangan selepas wawancara.
ABSTRACT
The study of environmental impacts and social-economic impacts is an important element need to be considered before construct any micro hydro power at underserved community. This study was aimed to identify the problems occur at reservoir, penstock, environmental impacts and social-economic impacts for micro hydropower. Problems of the reservoir and penstock will be determined and improved. Knowledge of both impacts help in understanding the underserved community and it works as a base for further study and inventions. The Kampung Semulong Ulu which is an underserved community has been chosen in this study.
The interview was held in this village and it took 3 days and 2 nights. The interview was done on 30 participates from the Kampung Semulong Ulu and it was about the environmental impacts and social-economic impacts after the implementation for micro hydropower. Conclusion is based on the analysis and discussion after the interview.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Dedication
Acknowledgement Abstrak
Abstract
Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
ii iii iv v vi xi xii
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Aim of Study 4
1.4 Objective 4
1.5 Scope of Study 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction to Renewable Energy 6 2.1.1 Wind
2.1.1.1 Advantage
8 9
2.1.1.2 Disadvantage 2.1.2 Biomas
2.1.2.1 Advantage 2.1.2.2 Disadvantage 2.1.3 Solar Energy
2.1.3.1 Advantage 2.1.3.2 Disadvantage 2.1.4 Hydropower
2.1.4.1 Advantage 2.1.4.2 Disadvantage 2.1.5 Geothermal
2.1.5.1 Advantage 2.1.5.2 Disadvantage 2.2 Hydropower Basics
2.2.1 Head and Flow 2.2.1.1 Gross Head 2.2.1.2 Flow Rate
9 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 17 17 17 18
2.3 Hydroelectric Power Plants 18
2.3.1 Components of Hydroelectric Power Plant
2.3.1.1 Dam
2.3.1.2 Water Reservoir
2.3.1.3 Intake or Control Gates
19
19 19 20
2.3.1.6 Generators 2.3.1.7 Transformer 2.3.1.8 Tailrace
2.4 General Classification of Hydro Power Plants 2.4.1 Mini Hydro
2.4.2 Pico Hydro
2.5 Environmental Impact of Hydropower 2.6 Social Impact of Hydropower
2.6.1 Boomtown Formation Around Major Constructions
2.6.2 Downstream Unanticipated Changes In Agro-production sSstem
2.6.3 Loss of cultural heritage assets 2.6.4 Forced population displacement
21 22 23 23 24 24 25 26 27
27
28 28
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Method of Transportation 3.3 Social Economic
3.4 Community Beliefs, Cultural and Community Organization
3.5 Sources of Electricity 3.5.1 Diesel Generator 3.5.2 Solar Energy System 3.5.3 Micro Hydro System
30 32 33
33 34 34 35
CHAPTER 4
3.6 Problem Statement at the Components 3.6.1 Reservoir
3.6.2 Penstock
3.7 Comparison Before and After the Improvement of Micro Hydro Power 3.8 Research Design
3.9 Population and Sample 3.10 Research Instrument 3.11 Validity Test
3.12 Data Collection 3.13 Data analysis 3.14 Conclusion
RESULT, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Environmental Impact
4.2.1 Declination of Fishes Population 4.2.2 Flood Event
4.2.3 Changing of Downstream 4.2.4 Water Quality
4.2.5 Fish Passage or Fish Ladder 4.2.6 Noise Pollute
4.3 Social-Economic Impact
37 38 39 40
41 42 42 43 44 45 45
46 49 49 49 50 51 51 52 53
CHAPTER 5
REFERENCE Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C
4.3.3 Maintenance 4.3.4 Initiative 4.3.5 Health
4.3.6 Communication 4.3.7 Education System 4.4 Planning
4.5 Conclusion
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
Questionnaire
The Responders’ Name Photos
56 58 59 60 61 61 62
63 64
66 71 74 77
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 4.1
Table 4.2
General Classification of Hydro Power Plants Categories of Mini Hydropower
The Cause and the Problem of Reservoir The Cause and the Problem of Penstock Improvements Done on the Existing System
Electric Demands at Kampung Semulong Ulu during the day times
Electric Demands at Kampung Semulong Ulu during the night time.
PAGE
23 22 38 39 40 47
48
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5 Figure C-1 Figure C-2 Figure C-3 Figure C-4 Figure C-5 Figure C-6
Location map and the router from UNIMAS to KampungSemulong Ulu, Lingga, Sri Aman.
Displays the two separate routes to get from Pantu to Kampung Semulong Ulu. Red line is by land, and the other by river.
Solar panel provided by the government.
The location of waterfall and powerhouse.
Villagers’ commended on the noise pollute for the micro hydro power.
Villagers’ commended on their lifestyle after implementation for Micro Hydro Power.
Villagers’ commended the maintenance which done by the villagers themselves.
Villagers’ commended their initiative after able to get the electricity demand.
Villagers’ commended on the communication system.
The long house left view.
The long house right view.
The weir.
Villagers’ daily activity Interview one of the villagers.
The Power House.
PAGE
30
32
35 36
52
54
56
58
60 78 78 79 79 80 80
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
According to Paish (2002), hydropower started with the wooden waterwheel.
Various types of waterwheels had been in use in many parts of Europe and Asia for some 2,000 years and mostly for milling grain. By the time of the Industrial Revolution, waterwheel technology had been develop to a fine art and efficiencies approaching 70%
were being achieved engineering skills during the 19th century, combined with the need to develop smaller and higher speed devices to generate electricity and led to the development of modern day turbines. Probably the first hydro-turbine was hydraulic motor. Towards the end of that century many mills were replacing their waterwheels with turbines.
According to Paish (2002), the golden age of hydropower was the first half of the 20th century, before fossil fuel took over as the dominant force in energy provision.
Europe and North America built dams and hydropower stations at a rapid rate, exploiting up to 50% of the technically available potential.
Other countries have boosted this sector in recent years with attractive policies favoring ‘green’ electricity supply, but small hydro in general cannot compete with exiting fossil fuel or nuclear power station. However, the small hydropower is sufficiently for the rural residents and underserved community.
Malaysia has achieved some of the challenges which had done by the first world country. In other word, Malaysia is always looking forward and dare to take any challenge from other country. Besides, Malaysian is always keeping up a correspondence with the advance technology over this world. However, many of the underserved communities in Malaysia are still cannot follow the trend of newest technology. Without having any communication with other communities was the major reason for the underserved communities failed to trend with the newest and advances technology. This situation happened because government unable to provide the current electricity to the rural areas caused of the geological and topographic from the underserved areas. As a result, many of the underserved communities in Malaysia are still living inside the situation which without having any current electricity supply.
Malaysia’s government has donated diesel generator to those underserved communities. However, the diesel generator has limited time usage. Most of the diesel generator is switch off during the day time and switch on during the night time.
Additional, the period of using the diesel generator is less than 6 hours. Other than the problem of limited time usage, the underserved communities have to spend their own money to buy the diesel to fill up the diesel generator. Although government has subsidy the diesel for those underserved communities. However, it is not a long term solution for them. Besides of the time and money problem, using the diesel generator is unfriendly to the environment because the generator is producing carbon dioxide gas and polluted the environment.
Malaysia is having the unique geography and well positioned to take advantage of the many renewable energy technologies. Non-renewable energy such as fossil fuels and nuclear power can be replaced by the renewable energy. The potential sources of renewable energy are solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and biomass. According to Ismail (2009), Malaysia has tones of biomass waste generated by its agricultural sector that can be converted into biomethane, bioethanol and feedstock. Malaysia has long shorelines, long hours of sunlight, and steady winds, all of which have renewable energy potential.
Malaysia’s government has target to make sure all the underserved communities in Malaysia can gain current electricity at all the time and able to reduce the carbon dioxide production from fossil fuels and nuclear power.
1.2 Problem Statement
Improper designed of micro hydropower was failed to generate electricity. Micro hydropower can caused environmental impacts and social-economic impacts to underserved communities. The environmental impacts consist of water quality, flood event, fish population, noise pollute and soil erosion impacts. The social impacts consist of boomtown formation around major constructions, downstream unanticipated changed in agro-production system, loss of cultural heritage assets and forced population displacement. Supplementary with other social impacts such likes health, education, communication, initiative, maintenance and daily activities impacts.
1.3 Aim of Study
This study was aimed to identify the problems occur at reservoir, penstock, environmental impact and social-economic impacts for micro hydropower at the underserved communities.
1.4 Objective
The objective of this study is:
a) To determine the existing problems of micro hydropower.
b) Improving the existing micro hydropower.
c) To determine and investigate the effect of environmental impacts and social- economic impacts for micro hydropower to the underserved communities.
1.5 Scope of Study
The scope of this study is focused on the problems occur at reservoir, penstock, the environmental impacts and social-economic impacts of micro hydropower for the underserved communities.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction of Renewable Energy
According to University of Michigan (2007), renewable energy is an energy which can be generated from naturally renewable resources such as sunlight, hydro, wind, waster materials and geothermal heat. As in our knowledge that we know energy cannot be created or destroyed and it only can be transferred from one medium to another medium. Before the petrochemicals and nuclear knowledge have been applied into our life, we were much demanded on the renewable energy example wind and hydro.
Petrochemicals and nuclear energy are those non-renewable energy which can be generated huge of quantity of energy if compare with the renewable energy. The non- renewable energy is bringing benefits to us but on other site, it is creating serious problem to our environment too example like the green house, ice melt and pollution.
According to Public Citizen (2006), renewable energy has the high potential to replace the conventional petrochemical and nuclear energy.
According to Ismail (2009), research has been done on 2006 and the result came out was saying that the renewable energy has contributed 18% of global final energy and the other was non-renewable energy. Biomass has contributed 13% out of 18% from the global final energy and it was the largest renewable source. The next largest renewable source is hydroelectricity which has provided 3% of global energy consumption and 15% of global electricity generation.
According to Public Citizen (2006), another report has came out from European Renewable Energy Council 2004, the report has concluded that the renewable energy could meet base load power needs and it is possible to provide 50% of the world’s primary energy by 2040. Shell Oil has explored the same studies on renewable energy and concluded that the renewable energy may contribute 33% to 50% of the world’s energy in year 2050.
According to Public Citizen (2006), renewable energy can produce almost no greenhouse gas emissions and can effectively address the climate change in the world.
Additional, with minimum capital costs and shorts deployment times, the renewable energy technologies could defeat global climate change more quickly than nuclear power technology. Besides, the renewable energy is produced zero radioactive waste which compare with nuclear energy.
2.1.1 Wind
According to Ismail (2009), wind is a natural and renewable energy and the approximately of current worldwide is 120,000 Mega Watt per year. Research has done in Malaysia and concludes that Malaysia has only contributes less than 1 Mega Watt from the 120,000 Mega Watt. Remote area is considered as a best place to apply the wind power. In Malaysia, areas which are using the wind power are Pulau Perhentian and Pulau Layang-layang. Both of the islands have generated a combined energy capacity output of 350kW.
Some of the factors need to be considered before construct any wind farm. The factors are wind speed and technology used. Research has shown that wind speed must be measured over 12 months or a period to determine whether the location is suitable for locating the wind turbine.
Wind speed must achieve range between 3 meter per second (m/s) to 25 meter per second (m/s).
If the wind speed is less than the range it will not produce any output meanwhile if the wind speed has more than the range it will burn out the wind turbines.
Different locations, different wind of speed, different average temperature and different humidity need different types of technologies in the structure for wind turbine design. The typical structure for wind turbines are classic, horizontal-axis and three-blade design.
“Once the system is installed and up and running, there is very little actual operational cost involve to keep it that way” (according to Dr. Baharum) [1]. Wind turbines must be maintained from time to time to ensure all the nuts and bolts are still in place.
2.1.1.1 Advantage
According to Swain (2007), wind is one of the natural sources from the Earth and it is the abundant supply and the production methods do not cause any pollution. In other word, wind energy is virtually inexhaustible. Wind power is considered as a clean fuel source and there are no waste and harmful emission generated. The cost production of wind power is low and cheap because the source of wind is free and get from the natural environment. Fuel is not required to operate the wind turbines. Wind power is benefits for the economies of rural areas especially for the wind farmers who allow wind farms on their land. The developer of the wind power will pay the rent for the right to use the land from the wind farmers. The wind farmers can even keep using the land beneath the wind farm to grow crops because the wind turbines do not take up much of space.
2.1.1.2 Disadvantage
According to Swain (2007), natural source is unpredictable source especially for the wind source. The wind strength even can be varied from time to time and from none to storm period.
Due to this unpredictable situation, wind turbines are unable to produce the expected amount of electricity. Besides of the unpredictable situation, the suitable locations for wind farms are usually very expensive to buy and also very expensive to be maintain properly. Wind farms generally have a low energy output and areas with a large population will need huge wind farms
