MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF JUTE AND PALM FIBER REINFORCED HYBRID POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Aminudin Bin Abdul Kadir
1'5
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Bachelor of Engineering with HonoursP6 (Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System)
AS17
2009 2009
P.KHICMAT MAKLUMAT AKAC!MIK
UNIMAI
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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA WAK
RI3a BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF JUTE AND PALM FIBER REINFORCED HYBRID POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2008/2009
Saya AMINUDIN BIN ABDUL KADiR
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
I. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bah an pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan ( ., ) di kotak yang berkenaan
D
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).D
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasil badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).~ TlDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULlS) (TANDAT~PENYELlA)
Alamat tetap:
LOT 63, KM 27 JLN DATUK MOHD MUSA, 94300 SAMARAHAN
PUAN MARINI SAWAWI Nama Pcnyelia
Tarikh: 9APRIL 2009 Tarikh:
CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasalorganisasi
*.
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.Approval Sheet
Final Year Project Report as follow:
Title Mechanical Properties Of Jute And Palm Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Polypropylene Composites Author Aminudin Bin Abdul Kadir
Matric No. 13705
is hereby read and approved by:
Madam Marini Sawawi Date
Project Supervisor
sat KiI iUJlH~ ,
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF JUTE AND PALM FIBER REINFORCED HYBRID POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
AMINUDIN BIN ABDUL KADIR
This project is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System)
Faculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2009
I,
Dedicated to my beloved family, friends and all who has supported me.
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I
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRAK 111
ABSTRACT IV
LIST OF TABLE V
LIST OF FIGURE vi
ABBREVIATIONS V111
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of composites 6
1.3 Natural fiber reinforced polymer 6
1.4 Objective 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Natural fiber 8
2.1.2 Natural fiber compared to fiber glass 10
2.2 Hybrid composite 12
2.3 Jute fiber 14
2.4 Oil palm fiber 16
2.5 Polypropylene 18
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TABLE OF CONTENT
I
I
2.6 Jute fiber reinforced polypropylene 20 composites
2.6.1 Woven jute and jute-glass fabric reinforced
2.7 Oil palm hybrid composites 22
2.8 Water sorption in oil palm 25
2.9 Sodium periodate 25
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 material 27
3.1.2 Treatment solution 28
3.1.3 Pre-treatment of the fiber by 28 oxidation reaction
3.2 Composite fabrication 28
3.3 Mechanical testing 31
3.3.2 Tensile test 31
3.3.3 Three point bending 33
3.3.4 Water absorption test 34
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Tensile strength 36
4.2 Flexural strength 38
4.3 Modulus of elasticity 40 4.4 Water absorption 41
43 4.5 Discussion
l
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 45
5.2 Recommendations 46
REFERENCES 47
APPENDICES 51
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1 would like to take this opportunity to thank to my supervisor, Madam Marini Bt Sawawi for the opportunity to work under her and the guidance and advices to me. I would also to acknowledge my lab-mates, Mr Adenan Hj Piee, Mr Abdul Azim Hamdan and Mr Abd Hakim B Razali for their assistance, discussion and for sharing their experiences.
A deeply gratitude for material laboratory technician, Mr. Sabariman B Bakar for the assistance and guidances. Finally thanks to Faculty of Engineering department of mechanical, for providing facilities to do this research.
•
ii
ABSTRAK
Bahan komposit adalah suatu bahan yang mempunyai variasi kekuatan yang pelbagai. Ia boleh digunakan di pelbagai bidang disebabkan oleh ciri-ciri yang terdapat padanya kajian terhadap komposit dijalankan secara berterusan bagi mengurangkan pergantungan terhadap bahan-bah an seperti besi. Keperihatinan kepada bahan mesra alam menjadikan komposit ini semakin mendapat perhatian dikalangan pembuat kereta dan industri lain. Projek ini menerangkan tentang ciri-ciri mekanikal campuran serat jute dan kelapa sawit diperkuatkan dengan polypropylene dan kesan terhadap jumlah kandungan serat. Untuk mendapatkan ciri-ciri mekanikal komposit ini, tiga jenis ujian dijalankan Iaitu, kekuatan tensile,kekuatanjlexural dan kadar serapan air. Ujian-ujian ini dijalankan berdasarkan piawaian ASTM 0 638, ASTM 790 dan ASTM 570. Dua jenis bahan digunakan dalam menghasilkan komposit iaitu serat mentah dan serat yang telah dirawat. Serat yang telah dirawat mempunyai kekuatan tensile danjlexural yang paling tinggi. Nilai yang paling tinggi didapati pada 20% kandungan serat. Serat yang dirawat juga mengurangkan kadar serapan air dalam komposit.
iii
I
ABSTRACT
Composite material is types of material that have variation of strength. It can be used in many fields because of their wide range of strength. Research on composites continuously performed to overcome dependencies on traditional material such as metal.
The concerns in biodegradable material has made composite become more popular car manufacturer and other industries. This project describes the mechanical properties of jute and oil palm fiber reinforced hybrid composites and the effect of their fiber content.
In obtaining the mechanical properties, there are three types of test conducted. There are tensile test, flexural test and water absorption test. This test conducted according to ASTM D 638, ASTM 0 790 and ASTM 0 570 respectively. There are two types of material used in composite fabrications. There are raw and treated fibers. Treated fibers have the highest tensile and flexural strength overall. The highest tensile and flexural value was at 20% fiber fractions. And it decrease once it reach the highest value. Treated fiber also reduces their capability in water absorption.
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Comparison between natural Fibers and glass Fibers 10
2.2 Properties of Natural Fibers in Relation to those of E-G1ass 12
2.3 Properties of Polypropylene 19
2.4 Chemical constituent for oil palm fiber 24
3.1 Weight fraction jute and palm fiber to PP 29
4.1 Tensile strength 36
4.2 Flexural strength 38
4.3 Modulus Elasticity 40
4.4 Water Absorption percentages 42
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
l.l Composite arrangements 2
1.2 Composites structure 4
2.1 Natural Fiber used for reinforcement 9
2.2 Buckling mode 14
2.3 Jute fiber 15
2.4 Process flow 16
2.5 Dry oil palm 17
2.6 Hypothetical structure of MAHgPP coupling agent and jute fiber 21 at the interface
2.7 Orientations of fibers 22
2.8 Reaction of Sodium periodate with cellulose glucose sugar 26 3.1 Mixture of combinations oil palm and jute fiber and PP 30
3.2 Hot Pressing Machine 30
3.3 SHIMADZU AUTOGRAPH AG-ISMS SERIES (FE-2-42) tensile 32 test machine
vi
3.4 Dog bone Cutter 32
3.5 Flexural test 34
3.6 Set up three point bending test 34
4.1 Comparison of tensile strength 37
4.2 Comparison Flexural strength 38
4.3 Comparison Modulus Of Elasticity 39
4.4 Comparison water absorption 42
vii
LIST OF ABBRIEAVATION
ASW Anti Submarine Warfare
PP Polypropylene
EFB Empty Fruit Bunch
CNTs Carbon nanotubes
MWNTs Multiwalled carbon nanotubes
MAHgPP Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene
OPEFB Oil palm empty fruit bunch
NR Natural rubber
(J Tensile strength
AT Cross sectional area
(JIM Flexural strength
Eb Modulus elasticity
viii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Composites consist of two types of material which vary in physical and chemical properties. One is called reinforcing material and the other is matrix phase.
Reinforcing material can be in form of fibers, sheets or particle. It is a strong material with low densities. The reinforcing material (so called fiber) needed to be embedded in the matrix phase (so called matrix) to form the composites. Fibers may be continuous or discontinuous with the matrix material usually sourced from one of the many available engineering polymers. The matrix is usually a ductile or tough material. Now days many types of composites are produced and applied in several fields. Scientists come up with many ideas to improve and the appliances of composites to overcome the shortage problem of natural resources such as woods, rock and etc. The shortage of these resources had given a chance for composites to replace the dependence on natural resource and its research has undergone continuously with many industries racing to produce their new inventions and appliances of composites.
In this first chapter, the description on composites is discussed. The usage in current technologies of composite and how reliable the composite to fulfill the
demands needs and how it's going to affects our environment. In chapter two, the previous research on composites are discussed.. In the last chapter which is methodology, the method to perform this thesis is discussed. The procedure on how
1
the composites material has been prepared were mentioned and the treatment needed was explained.
Composites offers many advantages over other materials. Many industries or military fields are racing to get new improved composites. As in aerospace and marine markets, where exceptional performance is required, but the weight is critical, the existence and usage of composites continue to grow in importance [1]. Example of composites arrangements are showed in the Figure 1.1.
Pat1lcles
Figure 1.1: Composite arrangements [1]
The advantages of composites are, stronger and stiffer than metals on a density basis. Where for the same strength, lighter than steel by 80% and aluminum by 60% and its superior stiffness-to-weight ratios. Capable of high continuous operating temperatures is another advantage of composite. They can stand up to 121.1°C in many composites. Composite are also highly corrosion resistant where
essentially inert in the most corrosive environments. In most composite they have electrical insulating properties but depending on reinforcement selected. Yet
2
composites can be made conducting or selectively conducting as needed. Composite are tailorable thermal expansion properties where it can be compounded to closely match surrounding structures to minimize thermal stresses. Tunable energy management characteristics are other composite advantages. With high energy absorption or high energy conductivity, frequency selective acoustical and electromagnetic energy passage are at designer choice.
Exceptional formability in composites that can be formed into many complex shapes during fabrication. An outstanding durabi1ity is another advantage and reason composite being used. Well-designed composites have exhibited apparent infinite life characteristics, even in extremely harsh environments. With low investment in fabrication equipment where inherent characteristics of composites typically allow production to be established for a small fraction of the cost that would be required in metallic fabrication.
Using composite reduced in part counts. Parts that were formerly assembled out of several smaller metallic components can be fabricated into a larger single part.
This reduces manufacturing and assembly labor and time. Composite are corrosion resistance., The non-reactive nature of many resins and reinforcements can be custom selected to resist degradation by many common materials and in corrosive environments.
Low observable is the advantages that composite have over other material used in military equipment. Radar works by sending out directional radio waves (electromagnetic radiation) through the air, then listening for a reflected return from
an airplane or other object. Composites are normally transparent to electromagnetic radiation, but can be "seeded" with appropriate materials to absorb such radiation
3
and divert its energy away from the source. This low observability is called "stealth"
in the popular press, and is a vitally important capability to our war fighters.
Composite materials can also be used to reduce transmitted mechanical noise from a ship or submarine to the surrounding water, thus making it more difficult to detect vessels using acoustic means. This capability is of particular importance in Anti- Submarine Warfare (AS W)
In Figure 1.2 shows the structural of the composites. This is how the composite fabricate. These composites properties counts most is on their weight, parts consolidation, cost and composite performance.
Structural Composites
Stacked and bonded fiber-reinforced sheets
-stacking sequence: e.g., 0190
-benefit: balanced, in-plane stiffness
Sandwich panels
-low density honeycomb core
-benefit: small weight, large bend stiffness
- •
Fabricated sandwich panel
Figure 1.2: Composite structures [2]
Due to lower density, composites can bring up to weight saving between 25
and
50% compared to traditional materials. Composite densities range from 1246 kg/ml to 1993 kglm3 as compared to 2768 kg/m3 for aluminum and 8027 kg/m3 for4
part.
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steel [3]. While some of these composite application required thicker due to meet their strength or stiffness but still composites has the advantage in weight reduction.
Composites allow designers to build a complex shapes beyond the material substitution. Thus, it aJ lows manufacturer to consolidate many part into one assembly
It also gives an adequate strength and enhances reliability by eliminating interfaces since the attachments areas of parts are where the majority of failures occur due to high point loads and stress concentrations
f3].
Composites are cost competitive compared to metal due to low cost. Typically the cost of compositeshikes because of the raw material. The selection of optimal material for the part could control these cost. Composites provide improved performance benefits over metals due to their inherent properties. Composites are used due to its strength- to weight and stiffness- to -weight ratios. The fiber reinforcements provide good damping characteristics and high resistance to fatigue [3]. Considering types of fiber ection, length of fiber and types of resin use could maximize the impact toughness.
Each year new usage of composites is coming up. From sports, aerospace and military amour the new applications research still ongoing from time to time. At the same time, composite cost trends are highly favorable, especially when the total cost
fabrication is considered. Pultrusion process able to convert the composites material in a single trip through the machinery. Composite sheet fabrication for car
• can be completed in a single press. As for aerospace and marine base industries, teduction in weight is their primary concern. As the designers are trying to upgrade
performance, the composite plays a vital role.
5
fiber
1
1.2 Histories of composites
One of the earliest composites identified is called adobe brick in which straw (a fibrous material) mixed with mud or clay (which act like strong adhesive). The straw allows the water in the clay to evaporate and distributes cracks in the clay unifonnly, greatly improving the strength of this early building material [1]. Plywood
is another known composites where it uses natural materials (thin slabs of wood) bond together with adhesive to improve its strength more that the wood itself.
Bamboo also known as composites because of it structure, combining a cellulose and lignin. Road also known as composites. Reinforced concrete is a combination of two remarkable materials concrete (a composite by itself) and steel that takes advantage of the strengths of each material to overcome their individual limitations in each. Steel has very high tensile strength, while concrete has very high compressive strength [1].
Natural fiber reinforced polymer
Now days, the environmental concerns drive the needs of bio-degradable composites such as plant base natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. These
po ites are fast replacing the conventional materials in various applications. The composites based natural fiber is proven an ideal replacement for the conventional
materials based on previous studies. For instance, automobile industries had turned . intention to use natural base composites because of their advantages in light 0ght, low cost and recyclability [8]. But there's a several technical area
6
jute and
4
applications of these composites in automobile needed to improve that is, surface finish. In this project hybrid composites are developed which consist combinations of
palm fiber reinforced a polymer that is polypropylene (PP). During perfonning this task, there were two types of fiber being used. Treated and untreated jute and palm fiber reinforced PP being studied to obtain its mechanical properties.
The chemical treatment needed to these fibers due to improve its properties. The chemical treatment procedures are discussed further in next chapter.
Objective
The objective of this project is to determine the mechanical properties of Palm and Jute fiber reinforced hybrid Polypropylene composites and the effect of their fiber content. To obtain the objectives, 3 testing were done. There are tensile
flexural test and water absorption test.
These test conducted according to ASTM 0 638-01, ASTM D 790-00 and
o
570 respectively. The tensile and flexural test conducted using Shimadzu Mro&Iraph AG-ISMS series (FE-2-42) machine.7
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Natural fiber
Agro-based resources, also referred to as lignocellulosics contain cellulose, 'celluloses, and lignin. [9]. Lignocellulosics include wood agriculture residues, plants, grasses and other plant substances. When taking lignocellulosics as en , eering materials, there were few basics concepts must be considered. First, llilllOCe1lulosics are hygro copic resources that are designed to perform in nature in a :virontment [9]. Secondly nature is programmed to recycle lignocellulosics in a
way through biological, thermal, aqueous, photochemical, chemical and
l• •Di'leal degrations [9].
lbis.lignocellulosics have similar mechanisms of environmental degradation
• also reflects for all types of natural fibers where it would respond to the same of chemical treatments to overcome these degradation reactions.
PI.,.:eDuiosics are degraded biologically because organisms recognize the IlIloIaydJrate polymers (mainly the hemicelluloses) in the cell wall and have very
2,1 shows types of natural fibres used in reinforcement.
8
Natural Fibers I
.
m-
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Figure 2. 1: Natural Fiber used for reinforcement [10]
lbrough oxidation, hydrolysis and dehydration reactions, the strength of
gtlJUljl)Se polymer could lose. It also undergoes photochemical degradation through
·olet radiation. when exposed outdoors. This degradation takes place primarily lignin component, which is responsible for the characteristic color changes
function like an adhesive by holding the cellulose fibers together.
9 fibers: Bast: Seed/ fruit:
- Flax - Cotton
at -Hemp - Coir
straws - Kenaf - Jute
Grass fibers: Wood fibers - China reed
I
- Bamboo I
- Switch Grass
