A project thesis submitted to the Civil Engineering Program Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the. This research objective is to determine the performance of coconut shell powder with bitumen compared to base bitumen of grade 60/70 pin and grade 80/100 pin in terms of strength and stability. Coconut husks were chosen because it is a natural waste product that can be recycled and is cheaper.
In addition, it is also a way to reduce the waste product of coconut and to reduce pollution by using natural products. Then the coconut shell powder was added to change the bitumen of grade 60/70 pin and grade 80/100 pin. The base bitumen and modified bitumen were tested with different tests such as penetration test, softening point test and ductility test.
The results obtained for base and modified bitumen are analyzed and compared to determine the rheological properties and physical properties of modified bitumen grade 60/70 pen and modified bitumen grade 80/100 pen. Not to forget, immense thanks go to the laboratory technician who helped me from time to time during the research. A big thanks goes to the support of my friends and family who directly or indirectly helped me in the successful project of the last year.
And not to forget my university, University Technology PETRONAS (UTP), which offers me the opportunity to get acquainted with the real atmosphere based on research.
INTRODUCTION
- Background Study
- Problem Statement
- Objective
- Scope of Study
Coconut shell powder is preferred because it is a waste material that can be recycled. Different proportions of coconut shell powder are added to the bitumen as additives, and certain tests have been carried out to determine the antioxidant properties. Thus, this use of coconut shell is a suitable alternative because the cost of coconut shell powder is not required, which reduces the cost of pavement construction.
The objective of this paper is to determine the performance of coconut shell dust with bitumen compared to base bitumen in terms of strength and durability. To determine the antioxidant potential of coconut shell powder to control the hardening of asphalt according to standards. To evaluate the performance of coconut shell dust with bitumen in physical and engineering properties.
This research aims to study the performance of modified bitumen incorporated into coconut shell powder. A rheological test will be conducted to test the rheological properties of coconut shell powder embedded in bitumen of different grades.
LITERATURE REVIEW
- Asphalt/Bitumen Binder
- Aging of Bitumen
- Coconut Shell
- Previous Research on Natural Materials as Additives
- Research Procedure
- Binder/ Bitumen
- Penetration Test
- Softening Point Test
- Ductility Test
- Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) Test
- Production of Coconut Shell Powder
- Addition of Coconut Shell Powder to Bitumen
- Key Milestone
- Gantt Chart
- Selection of
- Experiment
According to Gunasekaran, Kumar, and Lakshmipathy (2011), research has focused on some agricultural wastes for use as construction materials, and one of the wastes is coconut shell, which is a common solid waste in many tropical countries. Coconut shell is an excellent raw material due to its hardness, which provides good strength. 2011) described that coconut shell has good compressive, flexural, tensile strength and high impact strength, which is suitable for construction. Ting, Jaya, Hassan, Yaacob, and Jayanti (2015) explained that coconut shell is suitable for building materials because it is resistant to weathering.
Coconut shell is also popular as its crush and impact resistance is better than granite aggregate. Al-Mansob, Ismail, Algorafi, Hafezi, and Baghini (2013), investigated the use of coconut shell as an alternative material evolution for stronger asphalt mixture performance and specifically adapted to Malaysian conditions. Moreover, the demand for coconuts is very much needed, which also increases the waste of coconut products.
Since coconut shell powder is a waste, the cost of using this waste is manageable. Modified bitumen also prevents oxidation, moisture penetration and cracking. 2013), investigated the performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) with the addition of palm oil shell and coconut shell as additives. Since the response of coconut shell to the properties of the wheels is more positive, coconut shell acts as a better additive compared to palm oil shell.
The results of the physical properties of the asphalt mixture showed that coconut husks can be an antioxidant for the modified bitumen. The coconut shells are ground into powder using the Los Angeles Abrasion Test to crush the coconut shells. The bitumen of both the class 60/70 pin and the class 80/100 pin is modified by adding coconut powder.
In this test, the ring and ball test is performed to determine the softening point. The desiccated coconut shell is then placed in the Los Angeles abrasion test and spun at 1000 to pulverize. A high shear mixer is used to mix the binder with coconut shell powder at a rotation per second of 3500 rps for 45 minutes.
Then the laboratory testing activities will be carried out by comparing the results of the base binder with coconut powder bitumen. Experimental research is being conducted to determine the performance of modified bitumen with standard bitumen.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
- Coconut Shell Powder Preparation
- Base/ Virgin Bitumen
- Modified Bitumen
The table below shows the physical properties of both bitumen grade 60/70 pin and grade 80/100 pin after the experiment was carried out. They are tested before and after aging process where the aging process is done by undergoing RTFOT for short-term aging and PAV test for long-term aging simulation. The results obtained will later be compared with the results of modified bitumen to determine if the coconut shell powder succeeds in controlling the oxidation process that occurs during the application of the road pavement.
The addition of coconut shell powder for and 8% is carried out to study the difference of modified bitumen. Then the mixing process is carried out by High Shear Mixer for 45 minutes of all the sample. Once the modified bitumen was prepared, the experiment was conducted to compare the results of modified bitumen with base bitumen before and after aging.
Before Aging Softening Point (˚C) vs Amount of Coconut Shell Powder (%)
After Aging Softening Point (°C) vs Amount of Coconut Shell Powder (%)
Before Aging Ductility (cm) vs Amount of Coconut Shell Powder (%)
After Aging Ductility (cm) vs Amount of Coconut Shell Powder (%)
Before Aging Penetration (dmm) vs Amount of Coconut Shell Powder (%)
After Aging Penetration (dmm) vs Amount of Coconut Shell Powder (%)
Before Aging Softening Point (°C) vs Amount of Coconut Shell Powder (%)
Before Aging Ductility (cm) vs Amount of Coconut Shell Powder (%)
After Aging Ductility (cm) vs Amount of Coconut Shell Powder (%)
Discussion
These results were validated by comparing virgin bitumen with modified bitumen of and 8% before aging and after the aging process of bitumen from class 80/100 pins and class 60/70 pins. Firstly, the graph of Figure 11 for the bitumen grade 80/100 pin indicates that the virgin bitumen before aging is 93 dmm, which is higher compared to the modified bitumen. The same results from the graph can be observed in Figure 12 of the bitumen aging process, where the virgin bitumen is 75.5 dmm higher compared to the modified bitumen of 8%.
While from the results of bitumen grade 60/70 pin, the graph of Figure 19 shows that the penetration of new bitumen is 64.5 dmm, which is higher than the modified bitumen up to 6%, with the exception of 8% which has a penetration of 65.5 dmm. As for the graph of the pin of bitumen grade 60/70 after aging from Figure 20, the penetration of new bitumen is 44 dmm, which is less than the modified bitumen up to 8%. These penetration results of both grade 80/100 pin and grade 60/70 pin bitumen also showed that the coconut shell powder could act as an antioxidant for the modified bitumen as the difference between modified bitumen is smaller than that of virgin bitumen .
Regarding the softener test, for 80/100 pen grade bitumen, Figure 15 shows that the softener temperature before aging of pure bitumen is 43 °C, and for modified bitumen and 8%, the temperature is higher than the basic one. bitumen. The same flow of results can be observed in Figure 16, which is after aging, where the pure bitumen has a temperature of 48 °C and the temperature of the modified bitumen is higher. While for the 60/70 grade bitumen feather before aging from Figure 21, it can be observed that the primary bitumen has a temperature of 45.5 °C and the modified bitumen has a higher value than the primary bitumen.
However, after aging as in figure 22 shows another results where there is an increase in temperature for softening point for 4%, 6% and 8% compared to the stomach bitumen temperature of 51 °C from figure 22. Finally from the ductility test results, for bitumen of grade 80/100 pin before aging of figure 17 shows the elongation is 150cm for virgin bitumen, 2% and 6% of modified bitumen. From figure 18, the bitumen tends to become more brittle, showing the results of modified binder breaking earlier than the virgin bitumen reading of 142cm after aging.
For bitumen grade 60/70 pen, Figure 23 for bitumen before aging shows a reading where it was able to extend an average length of 145 cm for both pure and modified bitumen. The results after aging based on Figure 24 show the lowest reading for the modified bitumen breaking at 132 cm for 6% and 128 cm for 8%. Therefore, these ductility results indicate that the brittleness of both modified bitumens increases after the aging process.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Effect of field aging on the chemistry and rheology of asphalt binders and rheological predictions for field aging.
APPENDICES
