Each of their contributions to the completion of this work is very valuable, and it is an honor to make a project that can contribute a lot to the future path of society. The basis of this project was to explore the potential of Malaysian bamboo as a candidate clean energy resource that can be produced renewable. Therefore, this led to the main objective of this study which would be to investigate the yield of Gigantochloa Scortechinii focusing on bio-oil energy properties and conditions affecting bio-oil yield.
Due to time constraints, the scope of this study would be focused on the effect of temperature on bio-oil yield and its properties. Second, the pyrolysis experiment would be performed using the fast pyrolysis technique via a droplet type pyrolyzer. Three types of products should be obtained, namely coal, bio-oil and gas with bio-oil as the main studied product.
The experiment would be repeated with three different temperatures of 450oC, 500oC and 550oC respectively. Ultimately, the results of this study will be treated as a basis for comparison with other similar studies in the future.
INTRODUCTION
- Background of Study
- An Overview of Energy Resources
- Development of Renewable Energy in Malaysia
- Bamboo as Sustainable Biomass Feedstock for Pyrolysis
- Problem Statement
- Objective(s) of Study
- Scope of Study
- Relevancy of Study
- Feasibility of Project
According to the 10MP, one of the progressive steps is the launch of the National Renewable Energy Policy 2010 with some notable measures such as the introduction of Feed in Tariff (FiT) and the creation of the RE fund from FiT. According to one of the world's top five producers of biomass capacity, China, herbaceous plants have very high potential in the derivation of biofuels. Based on calculations, the total biomass supply of the peak part of Gigantochloa Scortechinii is 6.88 million metric tons per year.
The amount of bamboo population is not stated in Malaysia Forestry Inventory, although it is one of the fastest growing crops among herbaceous plants. The impact of finding the energy properties and ability of bamboo for bio-oil production is beneficial to promote bamboo as one of the herbaceous plant biomass available in Malaysia. In order to achieve the aim and objectives of the study, the scope of the study was determined.
The preparation part of the project was completed during FYPI which is the last semester, from January to May 2013. It is sufficient to get the project done within the stipulated time as the campus has sufficient facilities to carry out most of the preparation and analysis work. to feed
LITERATURE REVIEW
- Overview of Biomass Pyrolysis Today
- Fast Pyrolysis Principles and Technologies
- Bamboo Gigantochloa Scortechinii Chemical Composition
- Current Study on Bamboo Pyrolysis
- Main Product under Study: Bio-Oil
- Proximate and Ultimate Analysis
This technology has gained wide attention in recent years, as condensable liquid, bio-oil is considered as a promising petroleum fuel candidate (Balat, 2011). By comparing two biomasses that are rice straw and bamboo, it is concluded that the higher level of cellulose and lower ash content in bamboo led to the production of more volatile substances and a higher conversion to bio- the oil. Bio-oil is not as stable as conventional fuels; is a low-grade liquid fuel that can be upgraded by various chemical and physical methods, for example emulsification with diesel (Qiang, et al., 2012).
Bio-oil produced from different types of biomass can be very different in terms of chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, since these raw materials come from different sources and therefore, they have different characteristics. Currently, bio-oil is mainly used in boilers and furnaces, but it can hardly be used directly as transportation fuel, diesel engines and gas turbines, mainly due to the nature of the oil itself, which is inhomogeneity, high. Bio-oil has not yet become a high demand product in the market due to its high acidity, high viscosity, high water content and high inorganic content (Imam & Capareda, 2011).
Bio-oil production using pyrolysis has been underway to achieve a goal, which is to utilize bio-oil as a future transport fuel. However, various studies regarding reactor design, pyrolysis mode, characterization, quality improvement and production have not yet overcome the problematic conditions of bio-oils.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- Research Methodology
- Project Activities
- Feedstock Preparation
- Moisture Content Analysis
- Ash Content Analysis
- Calorific Content
- CHNS Analysis
- Bulk Density
- Volatile Matter
- Fixed Carbon
- Water Content
- GC-MS Analysis
- GC-TCD Analysis
- Equipment and Apparatus
- Key Milestones
- Gantt Chart/Study Plan
Ash content analysis is performed for raw material samples and also products which are bio-oil and carbon, in order to investigate the amount of mineral residues after combustion. Following the ASTM E711-87 standard, a weighed sample is burned in a model C5003 series bomb calorimeter manufactured by IKA Werker. The calorific value is calculated from temperature observations made before and after combustion, taking appropriate measures for the thermometer and thermochemical reactions. Each sample is repeated 3 times to obtain the average calorific value.
However, for liquid samples, which will be bio-oil, if the water content of bio-oil is too high, methanol will be added to increase the flammability of bio-oil. The elemental analysis of the mass fractions of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur of sample is carried out with Perkin Elmer CHNS/O Analyzer model 2400. A cylinder's volume must be determined within 16.39cm3 as per ASTM E873-82 and sample is the cylinder filled in
The weighed sample is quickly introduced into the muffle furnace at this temperature and continues to burn for 7 minutes. The sample is allowed to cool until ambient temperature and the final weight of the bamboo is reached. Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis is the qualitative analysis of the bio-oil product.
Bio-oil will be analyzed by GC-MS type Agilent Technology 7890A to identify the organic compounds. Bio-oil sample will be injected into a HP5 fused silica (5% phenyl polysylphenylene siloxane) capillary column BPX5 with 30m, 0.25mm and 0.25 of its length, internal diameter and film thickness respectively. The individual chemical compounds of the bio-oil are identified by matching their mass spectra with the NIST0.8L Mass Spectral Database.
Sample preparation is performed by injecting bio-oil and methanol into a 2 ml vial in a ratio of 1:9. Any remaining non-condensable vapors will be collected in a Teflon gas sampling bag located at the outlet of the ice trap. After the reaction, the coal and tar will be collected in the reactor, the biodiesel will be collected in the ice traps, and the gas will be collected in the gas bag.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Results for characterization of bamboo
Results for product analysis
- Product Yield vs. Temperature
- Moisture/Water and Ash Content comparison
- Characteristics of bio-oil derived from pyrolysis
- GC-MS Analysis of Bio-Oil Components
- Characteristics of char derived from pyrolysis
- Gas composition area vs. temperature
Discussion and Recommendation
- Characterization of bamboo
- Product Analysis
Also lower mineral content, which means that the ash residue will favor bio-oil yield (Friedl et. al., 2005). Compared to the literature review, the oxygen content in bamboo is higher, which indicates that bamboo is not very suitable for bio-oil production. From table 9 under section 4.2.2, the moisture content and ash content of bamboo before pyrolysis, bio-oil and char are analysed.
In addition, based on the literature review, the water content of bio-oil can come from two sources: the moisture in the biomass and the water produced as a result of the dehydration reaction that occurs during pyrolysis. Based on the observation from figure 11, the bio-oil extracted from the pyrolysis experiment is observed to contain two distinct phases during the normal state. First, when the water content and oxygen content of the bio-waste is decreasing, the HHV and carbon content of the bio-waste will increase.
This indicates that water content and oxygen content are one of the few factors that reduce the energy content of bio-oil. Although the energy content can be increased by reducing the moisture content of biomass below 5 wt% (Siemons, 2010), this increases the risk of low quality bio-oil such as low pH and high viscosity. This shows that the bio-oil is more flammable at temperature 500oC with the lowest amount of water and oxygen level.
The carbon content is higher in heavy phase bio-oil with a lower oxygen level compared to light phase bio-oil. In total, the amount of acid concentration is the highest of all other bio-oil components. This is consistent with literature research that the fast pyrolysis process will produce bio-oil with a high acid concentration.
Phase separation occurs as a result of chemical composition whereby the greater molecular weight of components will sink to the bottom of the bio-oil. Second, the char still has a high amount of HHV, which suggests that improvement should be done to improve the yield of bio-oil with higher HHV. f) Gas composition area vs. This is due to mass balance of the products, as the yield of bio-oil decreases with increasing temperature, therefore the gas increase with increasing temperature is valid.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Fivga, Antzela “Comparison of the Effect of Pretreatment and Catalysts on Fluid Quality by Rapid Pyrolysis of Biomass” (2011). Bamboo Characterization for Thermochemical Conversion and Feasibility Study of Bamboo-Based Gasification and Charcoal Production. Characterization of Bio-Oil, Syn-Gas and Bio char from Switchgrass pyrolysis at different temperatures.
Li, Xiaobo, "Physical, Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo and Its Utilization Potential for Fibreboard Manufacturing" (2004). Catalytic upgrading of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors with nanometal oxides: An analytical Py-GC/MS study. Concentration of acetic acid and phenol in bio-oil derived from palm kernel shell using fluid bed pyrolyzer.
Zhang, Jing, "Fast pyrolysis behavior of various celluloses and lignocellulosic biopolymer interaction during fast pyrolysis. Appendix B: A table of Malaysia's key focus on energy development from the 7th MP to the 10th MP. Encouraging the use of new and alternative resources as well as efficient utilization of energy.
Emphasis on strengthening initiatives for EE especially in transport, commercial and industrial sectors, and in government buildings. Increased public awareness and commitment for the adoption and application of green technology through programs. Widespread availability and recognition of green technology in terms of products, devices, equipment, a system in the local market through standards, rating and labeling programs.
Avr = Average; DBH=Diameter at chest height; ha=hectare; dry weight of the crown=biomass content of the crown part of the bamboo.
Volatile Matter
Type Dried bamboo Dried bamboo Dried bamboo Dried bamboo Dried bamboo Dried bamboo Dried bamboo.
