GAS-IN-LIQUID FLOW DETECTOR USING ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY{ECT)
by
Maisarah Binti Mustafa 10052
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) (Electrical & Electronics Engineering)
MAY2011
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar
31750 Tronoh
Perak Darul Ridzuan
CERTiFICATION OF APPROVAL
GAS-IN-LIQUID FLOW DETECTOR USING ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY (ECT)
by
Maisarah Binti Mustafa
A final year project report submitted to tbe Electrical & Electronics Engineering Programme
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in partial fulfilment of tbe requirement for the
Project Supervisor
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) (Electrical
&
Electronics Engineering)UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS TRONOH, PERAK
MAY2011
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CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the original work is my own except as specified in the references and acknowledgements, and that the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by unspecified sources or persons.
MAISARAH BINTI MUSTAFA
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ABSTRACT
The multiphase flow characterization is a significant task for monitoring, measuring or controlling industrial processes especially in petroleum industry.
The flow structures are classified in flow regimes, whose precise characteristics depend on a number of parameters which are velocity of gas and flow rate of the water. The various flow regimes are formed based on the distribution of the fluid phases in space and time differs. The objective of this study is to visualize the flow of gas in liquid phase which is capable in assisting operation which is flow regime identification. Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) is a technique for obtaining information about the distribution of the contents of closed pipes or vessels by measuring variations in the dielectric properties of the material inside the vessel. 12-electrode ECT sensor is being used in order to capture the flow structure where the cross section is to be imaged fonned from simple metal plates. The basic principle of designing ECT sensor including the number of length of electrodes, earthed screen, stray capacitance effect and the connection issues must take into account. In this project, the author used inner pipe diameter of 2.1cm, outer pipe diameter is 2.5cm, electrode length of 5cm, electrode width of0.4cm and space between the electrodes is 0.3cm The online ECT sensor measures the voltage and capacitance for the varying flow regime.
From the measurements, the permittivity image can be produced. In this project, the amount of the air flow is varying while the amount of water is constant. The author analyzed the results and compared with the physical observation. The reliability and verification of method is demonstrated by comparison of deionized water and normal water. By implementing this method, the visualization of the cross-sectional of the flow will be detem1ined and this method is important for industrial process monitoring.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express the most gratitude to Almighty God. I would like to take this opportw1ity to thank all parties involved in making this project successful. Deepest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Ir.
Idris Bin Ismail for the continuous guidance, support and encouragement from the begi.lllling until the final phase of my project. I would also like to thank the Final Year Project committee for their respective professionalism and contribution together with their support in providing quality education during the execution of the project. Special thanks to all the technicians and postgraduate students who had given their help, guidance and advice throughout this project. Last but not least, not forgetting my family members and friends who had gave me moral support and motivation. Thank You.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL . . . ii
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY... . . . iii
ABSTRACT . . . iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... . . . v
LIST OF FIGURES . . . IX LIST OF TABLES . . . X CHAPTER! INTRODUCTION. . . . 1
1.1 Background .
1.2 Problem Statement ...
1.3 Objectives ..
1.4 Scope of study ... .
1.4.1 The Relevancy ofProject. .. ... . 1.4.2 Feasibility of the Project within the Scope and Time frame ... .
CHAPTER2 LITERATURE REVIEWS ... .
2.1 Gas-liquid flows ...
2.2 Flow Regime .
2.3 Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) . 2.4 Capacitance and permittivity .. .
2.5 ECT Sensor Design ... .
2.5.1 Number of electrodes.... .... .. .... .. .... . .. .... ...
2.5.2 Length qf electrodes ...
2.5.3 External or internal ... ..
2.5.4 Earthed screens ....
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I 3 3 4 4
4 6 6 6 10 11 12 13 14 14 14
2.6 Image Construction ... . 2.7 Pixel distribution ... .
CHAPTER3 METH ODO LOGY ... . 3.1 Research Methodology ... .
3.2 Procedure Identification ... . 3.3 COMSOL simulation ... . 3 .4 ECT Sensor Design Criteria ... . 3.5 Construction of a test rig ...
3.6 Tools and equipment required.
15 16
18 18 19
20 23 25 26
CHAPTER4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS . . . .. . . 28
4.1 Sensor design ... . 4.2 Calibration... . ... . 4.2.1 Low and high calibration .. 4.3 Dynamic tests ... . 4.4 Normalization of measured capacitance .. CHAPTERS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... . 5.1 Conclusions ... . 5 .2 Recommendations . 28 29 30 32 35 39 39 40 REFERENCES . . . 41
APPENDICES . . . 43
APPENDIX A GANTT CHART . . . . . . .. . . . . 44
APPENDIXB DATA CABLE.. ... 45
APPENDIXC STRAIGHT FEMALE CRAMP PLUG ... . 46
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