PDF Mohd. Rizal Abdul Rashid

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THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND UTILIZATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WIND

ENERGY AT TELUK I IELANO

MOHD. RIZAL ABDUL RASHID

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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

TK 2002

1087 M697

2002

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THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND UTILIZATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WIND

ENERGY AT TELUK MELANO

P. KMIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMAS

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BORANG PENYERAHAN LAPORAN PROJEK

Judul: THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND UTILIZATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WIND ENERGY AT TELUK MELANO

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2000/ 2004

Saya MOHD. RIZAL ABDUL RASHID

mengaku membenarkan tesis ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah milik penulis clan UNIMAS.

2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada UNIMAS atau penulis.

3. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka.

4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis atau UNIMAS. Bayaran royalty adalah mengikut kadar yang dipersetujui kelak.

5. * Saya membenarkan/ tidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salman kertas projek ini sebagai bahan pertukaran di antara mstitusi pengajian tinggi.

6. ** Sila tandakan (ý) di mana kotak yang berkenaan

SULIT

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(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdagah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD vang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana periyelidikan dijalankan).

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh

/ýi nQ U (TANI3ATANGAN PENULIS)

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(TANDVANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat tetap: 90 LIAN HUA GDN.. EN. NAZERI ABDUL RAHMAN

LRG. CAPITAL GDN 10. BT. 4 Nama Penvelia

JLN. PENRISSEN. 93250 KUCHING.

SARAWAK.

Tarikh: 22 M.

., 1602

CATATAN *

**

Tankh: 2.1 okf a. M. ti

Potong yang tidak berkenaan

Jika Kertas Projek ini SULIT stau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/ or=anisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

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APPROVAL SHEET

This project entitled "The Feasibility Study Of The Implementation And Utilization Of Photovoltaic And Wind Energy At Teluk Melano" was prepared and submitted by Mohd. Rizal Abdul Rashid as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in Mechanical and Manufacturing System is hereby read and approved by:

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Date:

AA Oct ao'b-

(SUPERVISOR)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author would like to thank En. Nazeri Abd. Rahman for his guidance, patience and support, which has enable the project to run smoothly.

Many thanks to the staff of the Sarawak Wildlife and Natural Park Department, as well as the Malaysia Meteorological Department (Sarawak branch) for their invaluable assistance. Not forgetting, the kind people of Teluk Melano without whom this project will not be successful, thank you. Finally, to the author's family and friends, a heartfelt gratitude for their existence and

love.

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ABSTRAK

Tenaga dari sumber yang boleh dan akan habis telah menyebabkan berbagai masalah seperti pencemaran udara, pemanasan global, risiko nuklear, krisis tenaga dan bermacam-macam lagi. Oleh itu, adalah logik untuk manusia mencari sumber tenaga alternatif. Tenaga dari matahari dalam bentuk langsung atau tidak langsung, seperti tenaga angin, semakin dikenali sebagai sumber untuk menjana elektrik di merata tempat. Bagaimanapun, di Sarawak, bentuk tenaga alternatif ini belum digunakan dengan meluas biarpun di tempat terpencil. Kawasan seperti ini adalah terpisah dari grid nasional dan oleh itu, lebih gemar menggunakan penjana elektrik enjin diesel. Kajian ini

adalah bertujuan untuk menentukan sama ada penggunaan tenaga alternatif boleh dijalankan di satu kawasan terpencil iaitu Teluk Melano. Teluk Melano

adalah terletak di daerah Lundu, Sarawak. Perkampungan ini terdiri daripada 50 buah rumah, sebuah sekolah rendah dan sebuah balai polis. Satu kajian penggunaan tenaga di Teluk Melano telah dijalankan sebelum satu sistem photovoltaic dan satu sistem turbin angin ditentukan saiznya. Keputusan kajian im mencadangkan bahawa satu sistem penjanaan elektrik yang berskala besar perlu diadakan sekiranya menggunakan tenaga alternatif tersebut.

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ABSTRACT

In view of the many problems such as air pollutions, global warming, nuclear risks, energy crisis and many others associated with the currently available exhaustible energy forms; it is therefore only logical to look for alternatives. Energy from the sun, be it in direct or indirect form such as the wind energy, are getting more recognized in terms of its capabilities in providing sources for electricity generation in many parts of the world. In Sarawak, however, these forms of alternatives have yet to gain much use even in the less densely populated area. These mostly rural areas are disconnected from the national grid and therefore rely mainly on diesel generators for electricity generation. As such, this study will attempt to determine the feasibility of these alternative energies for electricity generation in one such

area, Teluk Melano. Teluk Melano is located in the Lundu district of Sarawak.

The village consists of 50 houses, a primary school and a police station. An energy consumption study of Teluk Melano has been carried out before sizing of a photovoltaic system and a wind turbine system can begin. The results of this

study suggested that a large-scale electricity generator system is required in order to provide electrification by means of alternative energy.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4-1 Daily Energy Consumption Of 20 Houses As Gathered 39

From Survey

Table 4-2 Daily Energy Consumption Of Primary School And Police 39

Station

Table 4-3 Current Estimated Energy Consumption For Different 41 Premises

Table 4-4 Typical Use Of Electricity For Appliances When Home Is 42 Connected To Mains Supply

Table 4-5 Future Estimated Energy Consumption With Varying 42 Elements

Table 4-6 Specifications Of The Solar Modules For Sizing Purposes 45

Table 4-7 Specifications Of The Solar Modules For Sizing Purposes 46

Table 4-8 Wind Data For The Year 2001 47

Table 4-9 Wind Turbine Specification 51

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Table 5-1 Estimated Energy Consumption Of The Whole Of Teluk 53 Melano

Table 5-2 Resulting Daily Output Of One Module For Various 55 Types Of Modules

Table 5-3 Resulting Minimum Number Of Modules Required For 56 Current Energy Consumption

Table 5-4 Resulting Minimum Number Of Modules Required For 58 Future Energy Consumption

Table 5-5 Results Of Total Usable Capacity Needed According To 59 Consumption

Table 5-6 Resulting Minimum Number Of Batteries Required For 59 Gelled Battery

Table 5-7 Resulting Minimum Number Of Batteries Required For 60

Lead-Acid Battery

Table 5-8 Inverter Specification 61

Table 5-9 Generated Theoretical Maximum Power Available From 65 Maximum Surface Wind Speed Of Year 2001

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Table 5-10 Generated Theoretical Actual Power Available From 66 Maximum Surface Wind Speed Of Year 2001

Table 5-11 Average theoretical Energy Generated For Each Turbine 68 With Assumption of 0.5-hour/day Maximum Surface

Wind Speed Occurrences

Table 5-12 Percentage Of Energy Consumption To Energy 71 Generation By A Single Turbine

Table 5-13 Percentage Of Energy Consumption To Energy 71 Generation By Two Turbines

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 World Potovoltaic Usage (megawatts), 1971 With 3 Projections To 2005

Figure 1-2 Mono-crystalline Silicon Solar Cell's Features 5

Figure 1-3 Solar Modules Of Various Shapes And Sizes 6

Figure 1-4 Basic Requirements For a PV System 10

Figure 1-5 World Wind Energy Generating Capacity (megawatts) 12

1981 With Projections To 2005

Figure 1-6 Graph Of Altitude (feet) Vs. Wind Speed (mph) 16

Figure 1-7 Graph Of Energy Per Square Meter (W/m2) Vs. Wind 17 Speed (m/s)

Figure 1-8 Graph Of Relationship Between Energy Output, Wind 17 Speed And Rotor

Figure 2-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 22

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Figure 2-2 19th Century American Approximation Of `Panemone', a 27 Vertical Persian Windmill, To Pump Water

Figure 2-3 Upwind And Downwind Configurations For Horizontal 32

Axis Turbines

Figure 2-4 Wind Farm Of Zond-40 600kW Wind Turbines In Texas 33

Figure 4-1 Daily Insolation As Monthly Averages Of Sites In Lundu 43 District

Figure 4-2 Graphical Representation Of Wind Data For Year Of 48

2001

Figure 5-1 Graphical Representation Of Table 5-3 Exaggerates Even 56 More The Differences In The Minimum Number Of

Modules For The Different Types Of Modules

Figure 5-2 Monthly Mean Wind Speed For Year 2001 63

Figure 5-3 Graphical Representation Of Generated Theoretical 67 Maximum Power Available From Maximum Surface

Wind Speed Of Year 2001

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Figure 5-4 Graphical Representation Of Generated Theoretical 67 Actual Power Available From Maximum Surface Wind

Speed Of Year 2001

Figure 5-5 Comparison Between The Current Estimated Energy 69 Consumption And The Energy Generated By The

Respective Wind Turbines

Figure 5-6 Comparison Between The Future Estimated Energy 70 Consumption And The Energy Generated By The

Respective Wind Turbines

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NOMENCLATURES

Roman

A: Area normal to the wind (m22)

CFWI : Full capacity of battery (Ah at 12V)

CT12 : Total usable capacity needed (Ah at 12V) DOD : Depth of discharge (%)

Ei, : Daily requirement of one appliance (Wh) EMod : Daily output of one module at 12V (Wh)

ET : Total daily power requirement (Wh) H: Duration of daily use (h)

IMod : Module current (A)

NBatt ; Minimum number of batteries required NMod : Minimum number of modules required

PHD : Peak hours per day (equivalent to kWh/m2) PA : Power of appliance (W)

pn, t : Theoretical actual obtainable power from wind (W) Fern, Atmospheric pressure (mbar)

PMsx : Theoretical maximum obtainable power from wind (W) Kind : Power from wind (W)

RTB : Radius of wind turbine blade (m)

T Temperature (°K)

Ti)., : Period of storage required (days) uW : Wind velocity (m/s)

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Greek

p: Density of air (kg/m3)

cBc Battery charging efficiency (%)

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ABBREVIATIONS

AC Alternating current DC Direct current

NA Not available PV Photovoltaic

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CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

With the advancement of society and its surroundings, the need for electricity energy arises steadily for developing countries like Malaysia. It is however economically unfeasible for electricity to be supplied to the whole nation by means of a national grid alone. There will always be rural areas that are too remote and cut-off from the grid; and therefore could not be connected to the grid (not economically justifiable anyway), and yet with enough population convinced of the need for electricity. Providing these rural areas with conventional power plant is totally out of the question, and so in many cases, diesel gen-sets have been employed to produce the much-needed power.

However, with awareness towards the availability (or unavailability) of fossil fuel in the indefinite future and also the environmental impacts caused such as global warming, acid rain and generally, air pollution; it is only right that one should consider the many alternatives of clean yet non-depletable energy.

The sun has always been life's main energy source in the form of light, thermal and more recently, electricity. The direct approach of generating electricity from the sun is by harnessing the radiant energy transmitted by the

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sun (photovoltaic effect) whereas the indirect category is when the sun's energy is transform into a different form such as the wind, and will therefore be

manipulated in that form to produce electricity.

1.1 Solar Energy

Solar energy has been used for thousands of years to many ends from the drying of food to its usage as fuel. With its enormous capacity, this

abundance resource has been utilized all over the world to generate electricity to homes in remote areas. According to Solar Electric Light Fund (2001),

approximately 400,000 families in the developing world are already using small, household solar photovoltaic systems to power fluorescent lights, radio-cassette players, 12 volt black-and-white TVs, and other small appliances. These families, living mostly in remote rural areas, already constitute the largest

group of domestic users of solar electricity in the world.

The abundance of solar energy available in the atmosphere makes this method of electrical energy conversion very promising. According to Schwafler & Giflberti (1996), researchers at the United States Department of Energy has noted that on a global scale, the amount of solar energy that arrives in a two-week period is equivalent to the fossil energy stored in all the known reserves of coal, oil and natural gas. They also claimed that the total amount of solar energy striking the earth's atmosphere in a year is equivalent to 35,000 times the energy used annually by humans. These are the enticing capabilities of the solar energy that should humans be capable of capturing and utilizing

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this energy fully, there will be no more global energy shortage. Figure 1-1 shows the global photovoltaic usage since 1971 with projection to 2005. The steady increment of photovoltaic usage clearly shows that this form of energy generation is getting popular by the year and will contribute significantly to the power generation of the future.

400 375

350 325

300 275 ý 250 m 225

200 E 175 150 125 100 75 50 25

0r

1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Date

Figure 1-1: World Photovoltaic Usage (megawatts), 1971 with projections to 2005 [Schwaller& Gilberti, 19961

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1.2 Solar Photovoltaic System

A solar photovoltaic system is a system that converts direct solar energy into electricity. The electricity is either used to power appliances or charge batteries for used when no direct sunlight is available. Such a system can either be an individual system (used in individual residential) or a grid connected, to power a larger size community.

1.2.1 Photovoltaic Fundamentals

Solar energy can be converted directly into electricity by means of a photovoltaic system. This can be achieved by utilizing the solar cell, which reacts to the light from the sun by energizing the photons in proportion to the intensity and spectral distribution of the sunlight. When their energy level reaches a certain level, a potential difference, or open circuit voltage, is established across the cell. This in turn drives a current through an external load. According to Derrick, Francis & Bokalders (1994), almost all modern photovoltaic devices use silicon as the base material mainly as mono-crystalline or multi-crystalline cells but also in amorphous form. As shown in figure 1-2, a mono-crystalline silicon cell is made from a wafer thin high purity silicon crystal, doped with a minute quantity of boron. Phosphorous is diffused into the active surface of the wafer. A metallic grid makes the front electrical contact and the back usually covers the whole surface. An anti-reflective coating is applied to the front surface. According to Solstice (2001), modern solar cells can convert approximately 12 per cent of the solar energy they receive into electrical

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PDF Mohd. Rizal Abdul Rashid

THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND UTILIZATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WIND

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2000/ 2004

Saya MOHD. RIZAL ABDUL RASHID

4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis atau UNIMAS. Bayaran royalty adalah mengikut kadar yang dipersetujui kelak.

Tarikh: 22 M.

ABSTRAK

ABSTRACT

CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

Lead-Acid Battery

LIST OF FIGURES

1981 With Projections To 2005

Axis Turbines

Modules For The Different Types Of Modules

NOMENCLATURES

cBc Battery charging efficiency (%)