PENGENALAN JABATAN KIMIA DAN ANALISA DNA FORENSIK
LAWATAN PELAJAR PERUBATAN UMS
2
P.Pinang
Ipoh
Petaling Jaya
Melaka Johor Baru Kuching
Bintulu K. Kinabalu
Kuantan Alor Setar Kota Baru
Sibu Kuala T’gganu
Tawau
JABATAN KIMIA DI SABAH
Kota Kinabalu
Tawau
OVERVIEW
PERKHIDMATAN ANALISIS
SAINTIFIK
JABATAN KIMIA MALAYSIA KOTA
KINABALU
BAHAGIAN FORENSIK
BAHAGIAN KESIHATAN ALAM
SEKITAR NARKOT
TOKSIKOLOIK DNAGI KRIMINALIS
DOKUMETIK N
MAKANA IKTDN
ALAM AIR SEKITAR MIKROBIOLO
GI
NARKOTIK
• POLIS
• KASTAM
6
CANNABIS-GANJA
Heroin Syabu
Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952
Heroin, Ganja, Syabu (ATS), Ketamine. Ketum?
TOKSIKOLOGI
• POLIS
• POLIS TRAFIK
• ANGKATAN TENTERA
• HOSPITAL
ALKOHOL
DADAH (DRUG)
LOGAM BERAT (HEAVY METAL) RACUN (PESTICIDE,
INSECTICIDE)
UBAT (MEDICINE)
CO- CARBON MONOCIDE
KEMALANGAN MATI MENGEJUT HIDUPAN LIAR (KERACUNAN) ROGOL
KRIMINALISTIK
• POLIS (SIASATAN JENAYAH)
• POLIS TRAFIK
• JPJ
• KASTAM
Perbandingan Peluru dan kelonsong
(DITEMBAK DARI SENAPANG/PISTO L YANG SAMA) Menimbulk an No enjin dan chasis kenderaan DAN
MENGENAL PASTI
KERETA POTONG
Siasatan Kemalanga n
(POINT OF IMPACT)
DOKUMEN
• POLIS (SIASATAN JENAYAH KOMERSIAL)
• SPRM
• PERSENDIRIAN
Perbandingan Tandatangan-Cek, dOKUMEN
Perbandingan Tulisan tangan-CEK, DOKUMEN, Nota Bunuh Diri
Pindaan-Cek
FORENSIC DNA: INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS DNA?
• WHERE WE CAN GET DNA
• APPLICATION OF DNA IN FORENSIC FIELD
• CONCLUSION
MAKMAL-MAKMAL DNA DI MALAYSIA
11
P.Pinang
Ipoh
Petaling Jaya
Melaka Johor Baru Kuching
K. Kinabalu-2014
WHAT IS DNA?
• DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in living form. It presence in every cell.
• DNA adalah satu unit perwarisan yang diwarisi dari satu generasi
ke satu generasi.
CONT.
• IN HUMAN/ANIMAL, DNA CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO TWO TYPES; GENOMIC DNA AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA.
•
THE IMPORTANCE FEATURES OF DNA:
I. UNIQUENESS: EVERY HUMAN BEING HAVE DIFFERENT DNA PROFILE (EVEN THOUGH 99% OF OUR DNA REMAIN SAME). EXCEPT IDENTICAL/SIAM TWINS.
II.OUR DNA BEING PASSED DOWN FROM FATHER AND MOTHER
WHERE WE CAN GET DNA?
Blood
Sperm
Saliva
Bone
Sweat and Hair Skin
BLOOD
-MOST COMMON
-REFERENCE SPECIMEN (FIRST CHOICE)
-BUCCAL SWAB AND BONE (SECOND CHOICE)
-AVAILABALITY
-LARGE AMOUNT/QUANTITY -EASY TO KEEP
HAIR
• Scalp Hair
• Armpit Hair
• Pubic Hair
gDNA only
can found at
the root
BONE AND TOOTH
Sternum
Femur Mandible and tooth
New Born Baby
-KES MELIBATKAN ORANG MATI DAN SPESIMEN TIDAK DIDAPATI. (BODY ID, MURDER, MISSING PERSON).
-TULANG (STERNUM, FEMUR)
-GIGI
SPERM CELLS
-MELIBATKAN KES ROGOL, SODOMI -CLOTHING, SWAB FROM PRIVATE PART (VAGINAL, PENIS)
-SPERM CAN SURVIVE IN THE FOREIGN FOR 3 DAYS (72 HOURS)
SWEAT AND SALIVA (TRACE)
Hand Armpit
Saliva from drunk can
KES TEMBAK
(SHOOTING), DRUG
SMUGGLING, ROBBERY, BULGLARY, BREAK-IN)
FINGERNAIL CLIPPINGS
-KES BUNUH, KES ROGOL (MELIBATKAN MANGSA MELAWAN SUSPEK)
-KES ROGOL YANG MELEBIHI SEHARI, ANALISA DNA TIDAK DIJALANKAN
APPLICATION OF DNA IN FORENSIC FIELD
• ASSIST IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION (CAN BE MAIN AND CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE)
I. MURDER II. RAPE
III.BREAK-IN
IV.DRUG SMUGGLING
V. POSSESSION OF FIREARM
• ASSIST IN PATERNITY CASE (TO DETERMINE THE BIOLOGICAL FATHER, MOTHER AND CHILD)
I. RAPE
II. BABY SWAP
III.BOGUS IDENTIFICATION
APPLICATION OF DNA IN FORENSIC FIELD
• HUMAN REMAIN IDENTIFICATION I. ARSON/FIRE CASE
II. ACCIDENT III.DROWNING
• DISASTER VICTIM IDENTIFICATION (DVI) I. EARTHQUAKE IN RANAU
II. MH370
III.HELICOPTER CRASH (SARAWAK GENERAL ELECTION)
KES MENARIK (PUBLIC INTEREST CASE)
THANK YOU
• Forensic toxicology is the use of toxicology and disciplines such as analytical chemistry, pharmacology and
clinical chemistry to aid medical or legal investigation of death, poisoning, and drug use.
• A toxicological analysis can be done to various kinds of samples.
A forensic toxicologist must consider the context of an
investigation, in particular any physical symptoms recorded, and any evidence collected at a crime scene that may narrow the
search, such as pill bottles, powders, trace residue, and any
available chemicals. Provided with this information and samples with which to work, the forensic toxicologist must determine
which toxic substances are present, in what concentrations, and
the probable effect of those chemicals on the person.
PM PROCEDURE OF THE CASE SUSPECTED INGESTION
• History from police or family members
• Thorough postmortem examination
• Determining the substance ingested is often complicated by the body's natural processes
• Specimens collected; URINE
• BLOOD
• HAIR SAMPLE
• OTHER..
• URINE[EDIT]
• A urine sample is urine that has come from the bladder and can be provided or taken post-mortem.
• Urine is less likely to be infected with viruses such as HIV or hepatitis B than blood samples.[1]
• many drugs have a higher concentration and can remain for much longer in urine than blood.
• Collection of urine samples can be taken in a non-invasive way which does not require professionals for collection.
• Urine is used for qualitative analysis as it cannot give any indication of impairment due to the fact that drug presence in urine only indicates prior exposure.[2]
• BLOOD[EDIT]
• A blood sample of approximately 10 ml (0.35 imp fl oz; 0.34 US fl oz) is usually sufficient to screen and confirm most common toxic substances.
• A blood sample provides the toxicologist with a profile of the substance that the
subject was influenced by at the time of collection; for this reason, it is the sample of choice for measuring blood alcohol content in drunk driving cases.
• HAIR SAMPLE[EDIT]
• Hair is capable of recording medium to long-term or high dosage substance abuse.
Chemicals in the bloodstream may be transferred to the growing hair and stored in the follicle, providing a rough timeline of drug intake events. Head hair grows at rate of approximately 1 to 1.5 cm a month, and so cross sections from different sections of the follicle can give estimates as to when a substance was ingested. Testing for drugs in hair is not standard throughout the population. The darker and coarser the hair the more drug that will be found in the hair. If two people consumed the same amount of drugs, the person with the darker and coarser hair will have more drug in their hair than the lighter haired person when tested. This raises issues of possible racial bias in substance tests with hair samples.[3]
• Other[edit]
• Other bodily fluids and organs may provide samples, particularly samples collected during an autopsy.
• A common autopsy sample is the gastric contents of the deceased, which can be useful for detecting undigested pills or liquids that were ingested prior to death. In highly decomposed bodies, traditional samples may no longer be available.
• The vitreous humour from the eye may be used, as the fibrous layer of the eyeball and the eye socket of the skull protects the sample from trauma and adulteration.
• Other common organs used for toxicology are the brain, liver, and spleen.
• The inspection of the contents of the stomach must be part of every postmortem
examination if possible because it may provide qualitative information concerning the nature of the last meal and the presence of abnormal constituents.
• In a case where a young woman had been stabbed to death, witnesses reported that she had eaten her last meal at a particular fast food restaurant. However, her
stomach contents did not match the limited menu of the restaurant, leading
investigators to conclude that she had eaten at some point after being seen in the
restaurant. The investigation led to the apprehension of a man whom the victim knew, and with whom she had shared her actual final meal (dickison, 2000). Time since
death can be approximated by the state of digestion of the stomach contents
GENERAL ASPECTS OF POISONING
• DUTIES OF DOCTOR IN CASES OF POISONING
• MEDICO-LEGAL AUTOPSY IN POISONING
• PRESERVATION AND DISPATCH OF VISCERA FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
• ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY IN BRIEF
FORENSIC MEDICINE AND MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE INCLUDING TOXICOLOGY
• Goal
• The broad goal of teaching undergraduate students forensic medicine is to produce a physician who is well informed about medico-legal responsibility during his/her practice of medicine.
• He/she will also be capable of making observations and inferring conclusions by logical deductions to set enquiries on the right track in criminal matters and associated medico-legal problems.
• He/she acquires knowledge of law in relation to medical practice, medical negligence and respect for
codes of medical ethics.
CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS
CORROSIVES
• STRONG ACIDS :
• MINERAL OR INORGANIC ACIDS: SULPHURIC, NITRIC, HYDROCHLORIC.
• ORGANIC ACIDS: CARBOLIC, OXALIC, ACETIC, SALICYLIC.
• STRONG ALKALIES :
• HYDRATES AND CARBONATES OF SODIUM,
• POTASSIUM AND AMMONIA.
• METALLIC SALTS:
• ZINC CHLORIDE , FERRIC CHLORIDE , COPPER SULPHATE , SILVER
NITRATE , POTASSIUM CYANIDE , CHROMATES AND BICHROMATES.
IRRITANTS
• AGRICULTURAL
• INORGANIC :
• NON – METALLIC : PHOSPHORUS, IODINE, CHLORINE, BROMINE, CARBONTETRACHLORIDE.
• METALLIC : ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, COPPER, LEAD, MERCURY, SILVER, ZINC.
• MECHANICAL : POWERED GLASS, DIAMOND, DUST, HAIR, ETC.
• ORGANIC :
• VEGATABLE : ABRUS PRECATORIUS, CASTOR, CROTON, CALOTROPIS, ALOES.
• ANIMAL : SNAKE AND INSECT VENOM, CANTHARIDES, PTOMAINE.
SYSTEMIC
• CEREBRAL :
• CNS DEPRESSANTS : ALCOHOLS, GENERAL ANAESTHETICS, OPIOID ANALGESICS , HYPNOTICS, SEDATIVES.
• CNS STIMULANTS : CYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS, AMPHETAMINE, METHYLPHENIDATE, CAFFINE.
• DELIRIANT : DATURA, BELLADONNA, HYOSCYAMUS, CANNABIS, COCAINE, ETC.
• SPINAL : NUX VOMICA , GELSEMIUM .
• PERIPHERAL : CONIUM , CURARE .
• CARDIOVASCULAR : ACONITE , QUININE , OLEANDER , TOBACCO , HYDROCYANIC ACID, DIGITALIS
• ASPHYXIANTS : CO, CO2, HYDROGEN SULPHIDE.
OPIUM ALKALOIDS
• The characteristic action of principal opium alkaloids is their simultaneous depressing and exciting effect on the CNS. The order of action increases-morphine, papavarine, codeine, narcotine and thebane.
is a powerful analgesic and narcotic and also has stimulant action. It especially depresses the thalamus, sensory cortex, respiratory and cough centres. It stimulates the spinal cord, the vagus and vomiting centres and the third nerve centre.
• It increases the tone of involuntary muscles, specially in the sphincters of the alimentary tract.
CODEINE
• Resembles morphine in its general effects but is less narcotic. It stimulates not only the spinal cord, but also the lower parts of the brain.
PAPAVARINE
• Acts chiefly as a relaxant of involuntary muscles and has no marked narcotic or analgesic action. It relaxes the muscles of the intestinal and biliary tracts, bronchial tree, ureter and blood vessels including coronary supply.
NARCOTINE
• It is the most abundant of alkaloids after morphine and has a very mild narcotic effect.
• It has a colchicine like effect.
