Removal of Zn(II), Cu(II), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Colour from Anaerobically Treated Palm Oil Mill Effiuent (POME) using
Microwave Incinerated Rice Husk Ash (MIRHA)
By
Khairil Asrafbin Che Amat (10236)
Supervisor: AP Dr Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of The requirement for the
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) (Civil Engineering)
JAN 2011
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar
31750 Tronoh Perak Darul Ridzuan
CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL
Removal of Zn(II), Cu(II), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Colour from Anaerobically Treated Palm Oil Mill Eftluent (POME) using
Microwave Incinerated Rice Husk Ash (MIRHA)
Approved by,
by
Khairil Asrafbin Che Amat (10236)
A Project Dissertation submitted to the Civil Engineering Programme Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Hons) (CIVIL ENGINEERING)
amsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS TRONOH, PERAK
JANUARY 2011
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the original work is my own except as specified in the references and acknowledgements, and that the originality work contained herein have not been undertaken nor done unspecified sources or persons.
KHAIRILF ASRAF BIN CHE AMAT
ABSTRACT
Many have known and may have realized what heavy metals can cause to human bodies and the environment. The effect caused by heavy metals has become more severe day by day because of the rapid growth of technology which requires usage of these materials and low awareness upon minimizing their effect to human bodies.
Nonetheless, research has been conducted in many parts of the world to remove or minimize the effect of heavy metals toward the environment. Therefore we have seen that many technologies have been introduced to attain its purpose. Effective coagulation technology, membrane filtration technology, ion exchange, electro dialysis, and reverse osmosis are some examples of removing heavy metals from the water. About 3 tonnes of POME was produced for every ton of oil extracted in an oil mill. The POME produced contains high concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and color. The objective of this paper was to use the microwave incinerated rice husk ash (MIRRA) as a recycled adsorbent in removing Cu(II), Zn(II), COD and color from treated POME wastewater. Rice husk were burned at 800°C temperature to produce MIRRA and it was then soaked overnight in H2S04. The effect of various dosages of MIRRA and contact time on removal of Zn(II), Cu(II), COD and colour from POME were conducted by batch study. The highest Cu(II) removal of 88% was achieved at 50000 mg/L dosage of MIRRA at 12 hr contact time. While for Zn(II), 74% removal was achieved at 50000 mg!L dosage of MIRRA at 18 hr contact time. Optimum removal of COD ( 41%) and colour (88%) was achieved at 40000 mg/L and 50000 mg/L dosage of MlRHA at 6 hf: contact time, respectively. MIRRA proved to be effective in removing Zn(II), Cu(II), COD and colour from POME wastewater.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My greatest payers and thanks to God, Allah s.w.t whom helped me through all the processes of experiments and report a relism. My sincere greatfulness and love to my adored parents Mr. Che Amat bin Che Puteh and Mrs. Zubaidah binti Abdullah for their great motivation, endless love, and continuing support to pursue resume and successfully accomplish my studies.
To the infinite perserverance, enthusiasm and patient guidance of my dearest supervisors Assoc. Prof Dr. Shamsul Rahman bin Mohamed Kutty and Miss Nor Asiah binti Johan. I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude for all the pep talk, lessons taught, advise and time spent during these two semesters.
Thank you very much.
My best regards to University Teknologi Petronas for their best facilities and eqnipments which helped me completed my project successfully. My special acknowledgement goes to technical staffs of Civil Engineering Department, especially Mr. Anuar, Mr. Zaaba, and Mrs. Yusmawati for their warmest helping hands and most welcoming services.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE
PAGELIST OF FIGURES I
LIST OF TABLES III
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objective 4
1.4 Scope of Study 4
CIIAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Heavy Metals 5
2.1.1 Copper 5
2.1.2 Zinc 6
2.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 7
2.3 Adsorption 8
2.3.1 Adsorption on Industrial By-products 9
2.4 Rice Husk and Rice Husk Ash 9
2.5Adosprtion Isotherms 11
2.5.1 Freundlich Isotherm 11
2.5.2 Langmuir Isotherm 12
2.6 Adsorption Kinetics 14
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Health, Safety and Environment 15
3.3 Materials
3.3.1 Chemicals 15
3.3.2 Adsorbent 16
3.4 Equipment 16
3.5 Methodology
3.5.1 Preparation ofMIRHA 17
3.5.2 Preparation of Stock Solution 17
3.5.3 Batch Adsorption Studies 17
3.5.4 Flow Chart of Methodology 18
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 19
4.2 Characteristics ofPOME 19
4.3 Characteristics ofMIRHA 20
4.4 Batch Study Analysis on Adsorption of Copper(Cu) 22 4.5 Batch Study Analysis on Adsorption of Zinc (Zn) 25 4.6 Batch Study Analysis on Adsorption of Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) 27
4.7 Batch Study Analysis on Adsorption of Color 30
4.8 Adsorption Isotherms 33
4.8.1 Adsorption Isotherms for Cu 33
4.8.2 Adsorption Isotherms for Zn 34
4.8.3 Adsorption Isotherms for COD 35
4.8.4 Adsorption Isotherms for Color 36
4.9 Kinetics Study 37
4.9.1 Pseudo-first Order Kinetics for Copper, Zinc, COD and
Color 37
4.9.2 Pseudo-second-order Kinetics for Copper, Zinc, COD
and Color 40
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 44
5.2 Recommendations 45
REFERENCES 46
APPENDIX 50
APPENDIX A 51
APPENDIXB 57
APPENDIXC 59
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Solubility curve for heavy metals (Source: www.hoffland.net).
Figure 4.1: The SEM micrographs of MIRRA 800°C at 200x.
Figure 4.2: The SEM micrographs ofMIRHA 800°C at lOOOx.
Figure 4.3: The SEM micrographs of MIRRA 800°C at 5000x.
Figure 4.4: The SEM micrographs of MIRRA 800°C at lOOOOx.
Figure 4.5: Residual Cu concentration vs. Time (hours) with varied adsorbent dosage.
Figure 4.6: Residual Cu concentration (mg/L) vs. dosage (mg/L) with varied contact time.
Figure 4.7: Residual concentration ofCu (mg/L) vs. time (min) with varied adsorbent dosage.
Figure 4.8: Residual Zn concentration vs. time (hour) with varied adsorbent dosage.
Figure 4.9: Residual Zn concentration vs. dosage (mg/L) with varied contact time.
Figure 4.10: Residual concentration of Zn (mg!L) vs. time (min), with varied adsorbent dosage.
Figure 4.11: Residual concentration of COD (mg/L) vs. time (hours), with varied adsorbent dosage.
Figure 4.12: Percentage removal of COD (mg/L) vs. contact time (hours), with varied adsorbent dosage.
Figure 4.13: Residual concentration of COD (mg/L) vs. dosage (mg/L), with varied contact time.
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