IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.2. First period LULC Change Detection Analysis
In the first 10-year period, LULC changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental have shown some noteworthy information presented in Table 4.2 and Figure 4.7. Degree (or rate) of LULCC in this period reached 39.85% which is distributed as follows:
(1) Significant increase of built-up areas by 39.76%. Built-up environments in the study area significantly increased by 221.08 ha (2.21 km2) from 556.03 ha (5.56 km2) in 2001 to 777.11 ha (7.77 km2) in 2011 (Figure 4.7). In fact, this class dominates the landscape changes in the study area although development is confined within the city center. Moreover, population census data show that the population grew from 141,954 in 2000 to 151,500 in 2010 ( Cadiz, Province of Negros Occidental , n.d.) which further explains the changes contributed by human settlements.
Table 4.2
First period LULCC in Cadiz City, Negros Occidental
M ID No.
Classification
km2
LULCC
ha %
1 2 3 4 5
Clouds Built-up Water Canopy Short vegetation
Total
0 2.21 0.34 (5.60)
3.05
0 221.08
34.00 (560.08)
305.00
0 39.76
4.48 (5.67)
1.28 39.85
LULC Changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 2001, 2011 and 2021 28
Figure 4.7. Graph of first period LULC transition in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental.
(2) Increase of water body by 4.48%. Water bodies in the study area increased by 34.00 ha (0.34 km2) from 759.50 ha (7.60 km2) in 2001 to 793.50 ha (7.94 km2) in 2011.
(3) Decrease of canopy by 5.67%. This class is reduced by 560.08 ha (5.60 km2) from 9,880.78 ha (98.81 km2) in 2001 down to 9,320.70 ha (93.21 km2) in 2011.
The reduction of this class is largely due to the increase in short vegetation (expansion of agricultural sugarcane fields) in both lowlands and uplands as well as the significant increase in built-up areas.
(4) Increase of short vegetation by 1.28%. The increase of this class is the result of the expansion of agricultural lands (sugarcane fields) as these are pushed higher in the upland areas reaching the lower extremities of the Northern Negros Natural Park (NNNP). This accounts for an equivalent increase of 305.00 ha (3.05 km2) from 23,802.78 ha (238.03 km2) in 2001 to 24,107.78 ha (241.08 km2) in 2011. This is
LULC Changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 2001, 2011 and 2021 29
relative to the report of the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) of the Department of Agriculture (DA) on the issued Philippine Sugar Statistics Crop Year 2013-2014 (Appendix A) showing increasing trend of sugarcane areas milled in the last five years (2009 to 2014) (SRA, n.d.).
4.3. Second period LULC Change Detection Analysis
Another 10-year period analysis in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental reveals further LULCC occurred at a rate of 74.58%. Moreover, it is worth noting that the rate of LULCC in second period is almost twice as fast relative to the first period with the difference of 34.73%. Hence, this can help explain urban and rural landscape change dynamics using available data in Table 4.3 and Figure 4.8.
Table 4.3
Second period LULCC in Cadiz City, Negros Occidental
M ID No.
Classification
km2
LULCC
ha %
1 2 3 4 5
Clouds Built-up Water Canopy Short vegetation
Total
0 3.60 0.68 32.63 (36.91)
0 360.14
67.79 3,263.44 (3,691.37)
0 46.34
8.54 35.01 (15.31)
74.58
LULC Changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 2001, 2011 and 2021 30
Figure 4.8. Graph of second period LULC transition in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental.
(1) Significant increase of built-up areas by 46.34%. The built-up class further increased by 360.14 ha (3.60 km2) from 777.11 ha (7.77 km2) in 2011 to 1,137.25 ha (11.37 km2) in 2021 (Figure 4.8). Such increase was significant during this period as built environments were further expanded to nearby sugarcane fields. These outward expansions led to the establishments of 132.5 MW Solar Project in Cadiz City which is considered as Southeast A ia la ge ola fa m in 170 ha of land (Embassy of France in Manila, n.d.; Vena Energy, 2019), the establishment of 8,742 housing unit- Yolanda Resettlement Projects across 10 sites in the study area (Samillano, 2017) and the constructions of malls, and subdivisions taking place along major and secondary road networks. Access to new places after establishment of concrete roads has opened new opportunities especially into the uplands expanding further the built environment. Also, the population grows from 151,500 in 2010 to 158,544 based on the 2020 census ( Cadiz, Province of Negros Occidental , n.d.).
LULC Changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 2001, 2011 and 2021 31
(2) Increase of water body by 8.54%. Water bodies in the study area increased by 67.79 ha (0.68 km2) from 793.50 ha (7.94 km2) in 2011 to 861.29 ha (8.61 km2) in 2021. The increase of this class can be attributed to the increasing sea water level where more water is confined in the lowland which is converted into commercial ponds for aquaculture industry.
(3) Increase of canopy by 35.01%. This class increased significantly at such rate equivalent to 3,263.44 ha (32.63 km2) gain of trees and other long vegetation cover from 9,320.70 ha (93.21 km2) in 2011 to 12,584.14 ha (125.84 km2) in 2021.
The increase of this class is due to the efforts of the national and local government units through the implementation of various environmental programs, such as National Greening Program (NGP), Community-based Forest Management (CBFM), and strengthening the protected area management through NIPAS/E-NIPAS (current amendment) which are all aimed at reversing forest and biodiversity losses while improving ecological integrity of the upland areas and the livelihood of the people.
Conversely, this contributed to the decrease of short vegetation matrix.
(4) Decrease of short vegetation by 15.31%. The decrease of this class by 3,691.37 ha (36.91 km2) from 24,107.78 ha (241.08 km2) in 2011 to 20,416.41 ha (204.16 km2) in 2021 is due to the significant increase in built-up areas in the lowland and the canopy in the uplands as previously discussed. Moreover, the Sugar Statistics report (Appendix B) of the SRA-DA shows decreasing sugarcane milled areas in the last five consecutive years (2016-2021) (SRA, n.d.).
LULC Changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 2001, 2011 and 2021 32
4.4. Overall LULC Change Detection Analysis
The two-period analysis in 10-year interval has presented the degree of changes within these periods. Data show LULCC rate is nearly doubled in the second period relative to the first one while the overall LULCC rate occurs at 114.43% in 20 years (Table 4.4).
Table 4.4
LULC changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 20 years
M ID No.
Classification
2001-2011
% LULCC
2011-2021 2001-2021
Annual change 1
2 3 4 5
Clouds Built-up Water Canopy Short vegetation
Total
0 39.76
4.48 (5.67)
1.28
0 46.34
8.54 35.01 (15.31)
0 86.10 13.02 29.34 (14.03) 114.43
0 4.31 0.65 1.47 (0.70)
5.72
Overall findings show that built-up areas indeed dominated LULC changes in the landscape of the study area. It has reached a rate of 86.10% in 20 years or is equivalent to an annual change of 4.31%. Landscape changes due to built-up area occurred mostly in the lowland. Further, this simply strengthens the observation that urbanization progresses at a rapidly increasing rate as supported by the data in both periods.
LULC Changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 2001, 2011 and 2021 33
In terms of the water areas, the rate is increasing by nearly double when two- period data are compared reaching a 20-year change of 13.02% or 0.65% annually.
This is largely due to the increasing sea water level confined in the lower portions of the city landscape which are converted into commercial aquaculture sites.
For the canopy, the net change is positive as manifested by a gain of canopy areas or its expansion as a result of concerted efforts of the concerned stakeholders.
In 20 years, 29.34% net gain in canopy area has been recorded recovering from the observed forest loss during first period.
In terms of the short vegetation, at first it is observed to increase as a result of expanding sugarcane fields as a way of augmenting the sugar production in the mill district. However, the significant increase of built-up and canopy areas has drastically decreased short vegetation area with a net loss of 14.03% in 20 years.
4.5. Implications of LULCC to Environmental Management
Consistent with the assertions of all authors conducting LULC studies, urbanization is identified as the major cause of LULC changes due to myriad socio- economic factors such as population growth, economic and political characteristics of the study area. These are anthropogenic in nature and have implications to environmental management.
During the first period, urbanization was limited within the city center but second period findings reveal that it has been pushed outward wherein expansion of built-up areas resulted to conversion of sugarcane fields and grasslands (collectively referred to as short vegetation in this study). Majority of these built environments was
LULC Changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 2001, 2011 and 2021 34
established along major and secondary road networks creating more landscape fragments. The roads per se have been widened and new ones have been created.
This in turn affected urban migration patterns in the area as this opened new opportunities for the people.
Moreover, urban growth is manifested in the constructions of new concrete building (impermeable surfaces) at the expense of green spaces resulting to a shift in urban microclimate characterized by higher temperatures wherein temperature gradient is observed as one enters the city center. This leads to the phenomenon most authors referred to as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. These observations are also consistent with the findings in Hossain et al. (2021), Buyade et al. (2013), Ibrahim Mahmoud et al. (2016), and Del Mundo and Tiburan (2019).
Likewise, urban modifications in the study area have worsened flooding especially during rainy days. Flood water has reached a new level high as drainage geography is much altered such as in Ibrahim Mahmoud et al. (2016). This presented important policy considerations for the local government in the context of disaster risk reduction management and climate change adaptation strategy as cited in the work of Ishtiaque et al. (2017).
Other policy directions are area specific. In the lowland, Cadiz City is also vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Large population live in the open coastal areas where strong wind, storm surges, and big waves ravage their homes exposing the people to potential environmental hazards. As mitigation measures, establishment of development control areas, sustainable projects such as mangrove expansion, sea wall constructions, increase easement areas and establish good drainage system can make a huge difference. While in the upland, controlling sugarcane field expansion
LULC Changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 2001, 2011 and 2021 35
and ensuring tree canopy cover to further increase, particularly in NIPAS Forest Areas, can provide another line of mitigation measures for both the lowland and upland communities.
LULC Changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 2001, 2011 and 2021 36
Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study provided the assessment of LULC changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental from 2001 to 2021 by analyzing LULC classes and by determining and comparing the degree of LULCC in 10 year-interval two-period analysis and an overall analysis in 20 years using geo-spatial techniques.
The 66.72% or 34,999.09 ha (349.99 km2) delineated portion of the study area is characterized by a matrix of short vegetation as the dominating land cover class (58.33-68.88%) in both the lowland and upland, patches of canopy (26.63-35.96%), water (2.17-2.46%) and built-up areas (1.59-3.25%). Furthermore, the canopy class is concentrated in the upland portion while built-up and water areas in the lowland.
The study also reveals in a two-period analysis the dominating increase of built- up environment at the expense of short vegetation class which is faster during the last 10 years (second period) than the previous years (first period). The canopy, however, is observed to have increased particularly during the second period which is a positive indication of the successful implementation of various environmental programs aimed at reversing forest and biodiversity losses. Whereas water areas were observed to follow an increasing trend in the last 20 years as more seawater is confined in the lower portion of the city landscape which, in turn, have been converted into commercial aquaculture sites. Overall, the degree (or rate) of LULCC occurred at an increasing trend as changes during second period are almost twice as fast than the first period.
Anticipating the rapid landscape transformations based on the present findings, policies on sustainable urban development can address matters concerning disaster
LULC Changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 2001, 2011 and 2021 37
risk reduction and climate change adaptation particularly in the lowland areas dominated by fragmented landscape of built-up areas. Moreover, sustainable natural resource management can look into the dynamics of natural resources, their utilization, and distribution to ensure food security, water sufficiency, and the fair utilization and distribution.
Based on the conclusions made, the study presents some noteworthy information about the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 20 years. The findings are remarkable particularly towards environmental management.
However, the findings of the study were only based on 66.72% or 349.99 km2 delineated areas relative to the total area of 524.57 km2 while 33.28% or 174.58 km2 were covered with clouds which is excluded in the generalizations. If the location were to be based, most of the clouds are covering the upland area dominated by short vegetation and canopy classes. This means that these classes are still expected to change significantly as well as the built-up areas. Hence, landscape metrics and generalizations based on the findings are expected to change but towards the same direction as were asserted. Moreover, the degrees of LULCC are also expected to vary but still towards the same direction as were asserted in the findings.
It is recommended that future studies in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental should be done using lesser to none, if possible, cloud cover so that generalizations can be made for the entire study area to arrive at proper and more conclusive findings to better link LULCC towards environmental management as pre- requisite to a pro-active decision-making.
Other recommendations include the use of different technological methods such as the Boolean Operation in studying LULCC in the study area to quantify the
LULC Changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 2001, 2011 and 2021 38
changes that one class undergoes, i.e. forest areas becoming built-up areas or agricultural areas, etc., and the conduct of a ground validation to assess the accuracy of the LULC classes and the generated LULC Map.
LULC Changes in the landscape of Cadiz City, Negros Occidental in 2001, 2011 and 2021 39
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