4. Results and Discussion
4.5 Overall Vulnerability Profile of the Island Physical Parameters
Physical variables
Zones Core Zones
(C)
General Use Zones (G) Tourism Zones (T) Alung
Banoa (C) (P1)
Liang Inti (P4)
Alung Banoa (G) (P2)
Bunaken Village
(P6)
Ray- monds
(P8)
Liang West (P3)
Lekuan Liang
(P5)
Panga- isang (P7)
PCVI 21 19 11 19 20 16 19 14
Average PCVI/zone
20 16.68 16.33
Vulnerability Rating
High Moderate Moderate
Overall Average PCVI
17.38
Vulnerability Moderate
As shown in Table 19, Bunaken Island has an average vulnerability rating of 17 indicating that the island is moderately vulnerable and is potentially at risk when exposed to natural physical threats such as waves or currents which may come from different directions. Limited dune landforms and mild slope are the
Physical Vulnerability Assessment of Bunaken Island, North Sulawesi 37
main factors that contribute to its vulnerability. Long beach width and presence of natural sea defenses in the forms of rocks, diverse coral and seagrass habitat provide a layer of protection and improves the island’s resilience.
Chapter V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The assessment of the physical vulnerability of Bunaken Island was carried out by integrating spatial survey and analysis using Google Earth map images and findings on coral composition study presented by Nafil Rabbani Attamimi and Ratna Saraswati (2019). The use of CVI values proved helpful in determining the overall vulnerability of the island, as well as determining the relative vulnerability of each of the management zones and eight (8) sites on the island. Comparison of the PCVI scores of the individual parameters and the sites provided insights on the vulnerability profile of the island.
The assessment suggests that the island has an average rating of moderate vulnerability which may be deemed as a fair score. However, as it is a protected site with diverse marine life, a rating of low or very low would be ideal and will help ensure the resilience of the island. Moreover, even the highly restricted core zones consisting of Alung Banoa and Liang Inti were identified to be highly vulnerable. Two other general use zones, Raymonds and Lekuan Kiang, were also identified to be highly vulnerable. Alung Banoa G had the lowest PCVI score and was the least vulnerable sites on the island. In general, the island is vulnerable due to having limited dune landforms and mild slope. On the other hand, the long beach width and presence of natural sea defenses such as healthy coral and seagrass habitat along the shallow water protects the island.
These features help protect the shoreline from erosion and reduce adverse impacts from strong waves and currents. Meanwhile, other factors such as vegetation cover, presence of structures for human dwelling and commercial establishments and coral reef condition should be managed effectively so that
Physical Vulnerability Assessment of Bunaken Island, North Sulawesi 39
they can be utilized to protect the island rather than becoming factors that exacerbates the vulnerability of the island. These parameters may be linked with tourism as structures may increase to accommodate a higher number of visitors and tourism activities. Indirectly, this may also result in increased population on the island. With better living conditions and opportunities to earn a living, villages may expand with the need for more residential houses and community infrastructures. Strict implementation of effective conservation and development policies and continual monitoring will play a key role in protecting the vulnerable management zones and maintaining or even improving the resilience of the island.
Analysis of the PCVI scores in this study proved to be useful in determining the relative vulnerability of the different management zones and specific sites.
It can give insights on coastal areas that are more vulnerable and areas which are resilient due to their given physical features. This information may aid in guiding both future conservation and development plans. Intervention initiatives can be identified to mitigate specific risks appropriate for aspects where high scores of vulnerability ratings are obtained.
Chapter VI RECOMMENDATIONS
This study can be further improved by enhancing the methodology of the geospatial analysis through use of more sophisticated satellite maps analysis tools. To make the analysis more comprehensive, the vulnerability analysis may also cover fiscal, socioeconomic, and other environmental parameters. This will provide a more holistic view of the vulnerability of each of the sections and can also capture the impact of different economic activities that are allowed in each of the sites. This will also aid in in developing a more comprehensive coastal management strategy to protect the island. In addition, this study may also be replicated and expanded to include other nearby islands within the Bunaken National Park.
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