BODY 1 BODY 1
4. REFRICEMTION
R e f r l g e r a n t s l ' i t h t h e F r o e n g l o u p ( F - 1 2 a n d T h e s e a r e c a l 1 e d p r i m a r y
t h e n i d e s t a p p l i c s t i o n a t p r e s e n t a r e a m n o n l a ,
F-22,. IsllIIlLLg:ljS, and ua'er vaPo;:- o r d ir : e c t r e f r l s e r a n t s .
B r i n e s a r e u s e d a s s e c o n d a r y r e f r i S e r a n t s ( i n d i r e c t i e f r i g e r a n t s ) a s s h o w n i n F l g . 4 . 1 . t . B r i n e s , E o b e s u i t a b l e a s a s i n p l e r e f r i g e r a t i o n c a r r y l n g n e d i u m , s h o u l d ( a ) r e r i a i n t i q u i d u n d e r a l l t e r n P e r a t u r e E t o t t h i c h t h e y a r e s u b j e c t e d , ( b ) b e e s s e n t i a l l y n o n c o r r o s i v e w h e n i n c o n t a c t l ' i t h m e t a l s , ( c ) h a v e a s u f f l c i e n t l y h i S h s p e c i f i c h e a t t o P r e c l u d e t h e u s e
o f e x c e s s i v e q u a n t t t i e s ; a n d ( d ) u n d e r S o n o c h a n g e s l h e n i n c o n l a c t w i t h r e f r i g e r a n t s o r o t h e r g a s e s i n d i E e n o u s t o t h e a l ' p l i c a t i o n . T h e nost c o l l [ t l o n b r : i n e s w h i c h n e e t t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s t o s o n e e x t e n L a r e c a l c i m c h l o r i d e ( C a C 1 2 ) , a n d s o d l u n c h l o r i d e ( N a C I ) .
4 . 2 . R e f r i g e r a t i o n c y c l e s . 4 . 2 . 1 . D e f i n i t i o n o f a c y c l e .
A s t h e r e f r i e e r a n t c i r c u l a t e s t h r o u g h t h e s y s t e n , i t p a s s e s E h r o u g h a n u m b e r o f c h a n g e s i n s t a t e o r c o n d i t i o n , e a c h o f t h i c h i s c a 1 1 e d a p r o c e s s , T h e r e F r i a € r a n t s t a r t s f r o n a n i n i t i a l s t a t e o r c o n d i t i o n , p a s s i n g t h r o u S h a s e i i e s o f p r o c e s s e s i n a d e f i n i t e n a n n e r o f s e q u e n c e s , a n . i f i n a l l y r e t u r n s t o t h e i n i t i a l c o n d i t r ' o n . T h i s s e r l e s o f p r o c e s s e s i s c a l l e d a c y c l e .
T h e s 1 n p 1 e v a t o r - c o n F r e s s i o n r e f t i S e r a t i o n c y c l e i s c o n p o s e . l o f f o u r f L r n d a m e n t a l p r o c e s s e s : ( 1 ) e x f a D s i o n , ( 2 ) v a p o r i z a t i o n ,
( 3 ) c o n p r e s s r o n , a n d ( 4 ) . o n d e n s a t l o n .
4 . 2 . 2 . S i m D l e s a t u r a t e d r e f r i s e r a t i n E c v c 1 e .
A s i m p l e s a t u r a t e d r e f r i g e r a t i n g c y c l e i s a t h e o r e t i c a l n o d e l , w h e r e l n i t i s a s s u n e d t h s t t h e r e f r i g e r a n t v a p o r l e a v e s t h e e v a p o r a t o r a n d e n t e r s t h e c o m p r e s s o r 3 s s a t u r a t e d v a p o r ( a t t h e v a p o r i z i n B t e n - p e r a t u r e and pressure), and the li.qrid leaves Ehe condenser and enters t h e r e f r i g e r a n t c o n t r o l a s s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d ( a t the condensing tenp€rature a n d p r e s s u r e ) . T h i s i s g r e a t l y s i m p l i f i e d b y t h e u s e o f t a b l e s , c l r a r t s a n d d i a g r a m s u p o n w h i c h t h e c o n D l e t e c y c l e m a y b e s h o l " ' n n u n e r i c a l l y o r g r a p h i c a l l y .
T h e d i a g r a m f r e q u e n t l y u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s o f E h e r e f r i g € r a t i o n c y c l e i s t h e p r e s s u r e - e n t h a l p y ( P h ) d i a g r a m ( M o l l i e r d i a g r a n o r c h a r t ) . A p r e s s ' l r e - e n t h s l p y d i a g r a n f o r a n n o n i a i s s h o r n i n F i B . / + , 2 . 1 . a n d t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s a r u r a t e d a r i n o n i a a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 4 . 2 . 1 . T h e p r e s s u r e - e n t h a l p y d i a g r a n f o r e a c h r e f r l g e r a n t i s d i f f e r e n t , d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e p r o p e r t l e s o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r r e f r i g e r a n t . T h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e r e f r i g e r a n t l n a n y t h e n n o - d ) ' n a n i c s t a t e c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s a p o i n t o n P h d i a g r a n . A s s h o r n b y t h e s k e l e t o n P h d l a g r a n i n F i g . 4 . 2 . 2 . t h e
t ;
d i a g r a m l s d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e a r e a s w h l c h a r e s e p a r a t e d f r : o n e a c h o t h e i b y t h e s a t u r a t e d l l q u i d a n d s a t u r a l e d v a p o r c u r v e s . T h e s e a r e c a l l e d t h e s u b c o o l e d r e g i o n , t h e r e g i o n o f p h a $ e c h a n g e a n d t h e s u p e r - h e a t e d r e g i o n . A t a n y p o t n t i n t h € s u b c o o l e d r e g i o n t h e r e f r i g e r a n t i s l n t h e 1 l q u i d s t a t e a n d l t s t e m p e r a t u r e i s b e l o l r t h e s a l u l a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o l t s p r e s s r i r e . I n t h e s u p e r h e a t e d r : e 8 i o n t h e r e f r i g e r a n t i s i n t h e f o r m o f s u p e r h e a t e d v a p o r . A c a n y p o i n t b e t r e e n t h e t r o c u r v e s t h e r € f r i a e r a n t i s i n t h e f o r n o f l i q u i d - v a p o r n i x t u r e . E x p l a d a t i o $ o n t h e c u r v e s a n d l i n e s i l l u s t r a t e d o n the diagran
i s s h o l r n in F i , g . 4 . 2 . 3 .
T h e s i n p l e saturated cycle for alnnonia is plotted on a Ph chart i n F i g . 4 . 2 . 4 . T h e s y s t e n i s a s s u n e d t o b e o p e r a t i n g u n d e r s u c h c o n d i t i o n s t h e t t h e v a p o r i z i n g t e m p e r a t u r e i n c h e e v a p o r a t o r i s - 2 O o C a n d t h e c o n - d e n s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e l n t h e c o n d e n s e r i s 3 0 " C . T h e p o i n t s A . B . C . D . a n d E o n l h e P h c h a r t c o r r e s p o n d E o t h e p o i n t s i n E h e r e f r i g e r a t i n g s y s t e n a s s h o w n o n t h e f l o w d i a 8 r a m i n n i g . 4 . 2 . 5 ,
1 ) E x p a n s i o n p r o c e s s . T h e p r o c e s s s h o ' m b y A - B i n F i g . 4 . 2 . 4 . o c c u r s i n l h e r e f r i g e r a n t c o n t r o l \ r h e n t h e p r e s s u r e o f t h e liquid 1s reduced f r o n t h e c o t d e n s i n g p r e s s u r e t o t h e e v a p o r a t i n g p r e s s u r e a s t h e l i q u i d p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e c o n t r o l . W h e n th e l i q u i d j s e x p a n d e d in t o l h e e v e p o r a t o r t h r o | g h t h e o r i f i c e o f t h e c o n t r o l , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e l t q u i d i s r e d u c e d f r o n r t h e c o n d e n s i n g t e n f e r a t u r e t o t h e e v a p o r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e b y f l a s h l n g l n t o v a p o r o f a s m a 1 1 p o r t j o n o f t h e 1 l q u i d .
P r o c e s s A - B i s a t h r o t t l l n g t y p e o f a d i a b a t i c e x F a n s i o n , f r e q u e n t l y c a l l e d i r i r e d r a w i n g " . A t t h e p o i n t A , t h € r e f r i g e r a n t i s a s a t u r a t e d l i q u { d i n t h e c o n d e n s e r a n d i t s p r o p e r l i e s a y e :
1 1 , 8 9 5 K g / c n 2
3 0 c
1 3 3 . 8 4 K c a l / K s
1 . 6 8 0 0 1 / K g
1 . 1 1 6 5 K c a l / K s / o K
T h c r p f r l o F r a n r e r f h c n o l n c
P r o P e r ! t e s a r e :
1.94O Ke/cn2 -2ooc
1 3 3 . 8 4 K c a l / K s 0 . 1 1 n 3 / ( g
1 . 3 K c a I / K s / o K
( c o n d e n s i n g tenperature) ( e n r h a l py)
( s p e c i f i c w o l u m e ) ( e n t r o p y )
B i s l i q u i d - v a p o r n i x t u r e l ' h o s e
( v a p o r i z i n s pressure) ( v a p o r i z i n g ternperature) ( e n t h a l p y )
( a p p r o x i m a t e )
2 ) V a p o r i z l o g p r o c e s s . T h e p r o c e s s B - C 1 6 v a p o r i z a t l o n o , f t h e r e f r i g e r s n t l n t h e e v a p o r a t o r . S i n c e v a p o r i z a t i o n t a k e s p l a c e a t c o f l s t a n t t e m p € r a t u r e a n d p r e s a u r e , B - C l s i s o t h e r m a l a s w e l l e s i s o b a r i c . A t t h e p o i n t C t h e r e f r i g € r a n t l s c o n p l e l e l y v a p o r l z e d a n d ls ln saturated vapor at th€ vaporizing temperature and pressure.
T h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e r e f r i g e r a n t a t t h e p o i n t C a r e : p = 1.940 Kg/cm' ( v a p o r i z i n g p r e s s u r e ) t = - 2 o o c ( v a p o r t z l n g tenperature) h c = 3 9 5 . 4 6 K c a l / K g ( e n t h a l p y )
\ ! = 0.6236 ri,'lKg ( s p e c i f i c v o l u m e ) s = 2 . 1 7 1 0 K c a l /K g l - K ( e n t r o p y )
T h e q u a n E i t y o f h e a ! a b s o r b e d b y t h e r e f r i g e r a n t i n t h e e v a p o r a t o r i s c a 1 l e d r e f r i g e r a t l n g e f f e c t ( q 1 ) a n d i s g t v e n b y t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t c r e e n t h e e n t h a l p y of the refrigerant a t L h e p o i n t C ( h ^ ) a n d I ( \ , = h - ) v i z . , a - - l r - , , .' I
C
3 ) C o m p r e s s i o n p r o c e s s . ? r o c e s s C - D takes plac€ tn the conpressor as t h e p r e s s u r e of the vapor is lncreased by compres s io n , . c h a n g i n g from t h e v a p o r i z i n g p r e s s u r e to the condenslng pressure, T h e c o m p . e s s i o n p r o c e s s C-D is assumed to be isentropic, n h i c h t s a s p e c l a l typ€ of a d i a b a t i c p r o c e s s taking place wirhout frlctlon. I t t s s o m e r i i n e € e s p r e s s e d a s a r r f r l c t i o n l e s s a d i a b a t l c i : or'rconsranr-enlropyii c o m -
pression. At the point D, the refriserant tT-G'AiliifrEE1tf vapor
w h o s e p r o p e r : t i e s are:
p = 1 1 . 8 9 5 K 8 / c r n - { c o n d e n s i n . ; p r e s s u r e )
t = loBoc ( a p p r o x t n a t e )
h a = 4 5 8 K c a l / K g ( a p p r o x i m a r e ) v = 0.23 m-/Kg ( a p p r o x i n a t e )
s = 2 . 1 7 1 0 Kcal/Kg/oK ( s e n e as at point C)
T h e h e a t energy equivalenr to the rrrork durtng the compresslon i s o f t e n referred to as the heat of cotrlDlesston (o-) and is eoual to ihe difference in the enil;i;;;?-il;-;?ilE;;nt jE the polnis D(h,) a n d c ( h - ) v i z , q " = h , - h .
4 9
4. Coodens{flg process. Usuelly, both processes D-B end E-A take place ln the condenser as the hot gas dischelged frod the compresGor ts
cooleC dolr.rl to the condensing teDpelature aod condensed. proceds D-E representa coollng of the vapor frol! the dlschalge tenperature to the condensing temperature as the vapoi Eejects heat to the condenslnt nedium. At the polnt E the refrigerant ls ln aetutdted veDor at the c o n d e n s l n g temperature end pressure. I t s p r o p e r t l e s ere:
p - 11.895 rg/cmZ t - 30oc
he = 407.43 Kcal/K8 v = o . 1 l 0 7 n 3 / K g s = 2.0191 Kcat /Ks,/oK
T e b l e 4 . 3 . ! . R e f r i g € r a t i o n s y s t e m s o n b o e r d a flshing boat Process E-A is condensatlon of the vapor in the condenser.
In returnlng to the poinr A, the refrlgerent completes one cycle anat its lroperties are the same as rhose prevlously rnentioned at the point A.
T h e t o t a l h e a t ( q 1 ) rejected by the refligerent i n r h e c o n i t e n s e r 1s the dlff€r€nce bet$ee; the enthelpy of the superheated vepo! at th€ potnt D ( h d ) e n d the seturated llquid er the potnr A(h.) vtz., q3 = hd _ ha.
4 . 3 . R e f r l g e r e t L o n System of F{shlng Boats.
4 . 3 . 1 . v a r l e t y o f r e f r t g e r a t t o n s y s r e m s .
R e f r i g e r a t i o n s y s t e f i s a p p l i e d for preservlng fish cstch are c l a s s l f l e d t n t o t h r e e n a i o r g r o u p s ( l ) c h i l l i n c ( 2 ) f r e e z J n s a n d
( 3 ) cold 6torage. T h e s e s y s r e n g ere fuiTttrer ctassif tii'ET6-ttrose , s e o i n f t s h t n g boats ss given ln teble 4.3,1
(cond6nslng pressure) (condenslng tempereture) (enthalpy)
(speciftc volune) (entropy)
C o l d stOtage
lirith
qtorege lrith crushed ice (dry type)
s t o r a g e wlth see earer ctrilled wirh ice (wet tyDe) s t o r e g e uith lce end chllled water by ref. nachtne W t t h o u t
l c e
s t o r e g e ln chllled s e a w.ter
s t o r e s e ln chilled etr by cooltng cott tn flsh hold!
Freezing A i r
S e d l - a l r
b l a s t f r e e z l n P with forced chilled air
A i r b l a s t f r e e z i f l s nlth the blast of chilled air B r i n e f r e e z l n E \rith cht Iled brine
C o n t a c t fteet- i n g
B r l n e flat tank
f r e e z l n g wlth flat C e n k i n which chilled b r i n e is circulated
D i r e c t f l e t t a n k
f r e e z l n g wlth flat l e n k i n n h l c h refrlgerent i a c i r c u l a t e d
l ) S t o r a g e wlth lce. T h e teDperature of so-called qreen ice iust taken o " E ; f i c - ; ; ; ; ; ; J s a b o u t - 5 r c . r t i s d e s i r a b t e , i;iEiEilthat t i . e t e m p e r e t u r e in the flsh holds ls kept at - 1 2 , - J - 1 8 o A , because of easy h a r d l l n g a n d longer effec!{veness. T h e q u a n t i t y of lce mrsr be sufftcient f o r nreserving e flsh catch and usually as nuch ss t h;If of the fish c e t c h i n n e i g h t is iequlred for storage. W h e n i c e l s u s e d in 6ea narer, t i m e l y a n d p r o p e ! adalltlofl o f i c e and salt is essential .
u s u e b l e f o r l e t e n t h e a t 5 K c e l /Kg.
f r o n - 2 " c t o
S i n c e t h e weigh! of lce r e l g h t ) , a v a l l a b l e heat 16 only
l n c h i 1 1 e d s e e $ r a t e r . H e a t q u a n t i t y o f c h i l t e d s e a w e t e r v e r y small in conparison wtth thar of lce. T h e 8 0 ( c a l l K g , w h i l e in the case of chilted see nater q u e n t i t y corresponds to a temperature rise of 5oC o f i c e l s
T h , s h e a t
3 o c .
h a l f o f s e a nat€r in f o l ! o \ r i n g :
1 - 8 : l
f l a k e - t c e mechlne is 3 ) F r e e z l n g . C o I d a l r b l e s ! beloe -3OoC in temperature wlth the speed o f 2 to 3 n/sec 16 applied to the fish cetch for freezlng in the eir
b l r a t t y p € f r e e z i n g . T t t r l e f o r fre€zlng tenges flom !O to 40 hrs, dependtng u p o n t h e ^ s { z e of flsn. T € r n p e r a t u r e at the center of a flsh body reaches - IEry- 3 5"c .
In brlne freezlng, tenperature of the bltne ts about - l4'i-- l7oc by thl8 nethod the center of e ftsh body ts lowered to les6 than -10oC.
A f t e r t h i s p r o c e s s , the^flsh ls further cooled doen to -18lv-35oc by the c h t l l e d a t r of -25--40-C i n t b e d r y f i s h h o l d . I n c o n t e c t f r e e z e r s , l i q u l i l r e f r l g e r a n t o f - 2 5 & - 4 O o C or brine is ctrculaltng. T i r n e f o r
f r e e z l n g ls about 4-5 hrs, so freezing can be carrled out 3-5 ttmes a day, t s
l
soo Ksd ( a
as shown in the
8 0 ( c a l / K g x 0.5 : 5 Kcal/Kg x I n oider to overcome thls dlsadvantage, e coffironly in use on bo6rd.
3.2. Rcf.lgeEallon eystcEa by klnds of flehetles.
A p p l i c e t t o n o f rcfrlgeretlon B y s t e n s 16 given ln Teble 4.3.2.
f o r t h e r e s p e c t l v e f l s h e r i e G .
T a b t e 4 . 3 . 2 . R e f r l g e r a t l o n E y E t e n s b y klnds of fisherleo
f r l g e r e t l o n Ktnd of
ftshery
S t o r a g e F r e € z i n g
I c e
tsater I.'i rh ice
l c e &
c h l 1 1 e d Chllled lta te!
Air
S€rDi elt b l e s t
A l r b l a s t
Brlne
C o n t e c t fteez- S n e l l f l s h i n g
b o e t e leEB than
r0 e/T
Sktpleck pole .nd llne fishlng boats
Squtd ensling boats
Pulae selners Flsh cerrlers
(for purse a€lDera)
lune long lloers Off shore trewlers Deep Bea tretrtcrs
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
o
0
0
o
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
5 . 1 . 1 . F i e l d observation notebook. S e v e r a l t y p e s of field observation n o t etoot-Zil-T66ar e--?i-ilElEc6Ta ln s t o t he re s pec t iv e pur po s e s o f o b s e r v a t l o n . I n a n y c a s e , t h e f o l l o l r i r g r e q u i r e m e n r s s h o u l d b e f u l f i l l e d f o r t h e notebooks and forms:
1 ) A f i e l d notebook should be bound flrmly.
2 ) l f p o s s i b l e , a d u r a b l e c o v e r s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d f o r i c , 3 ) W h i l e o n b o a r d , the notebook should be clipped ro a
i r o o d e n b o a r d s o that it will f l o a t even if ir is dropped i n t o t h e s e a a c c i d e n t a l l v ,
5 . 1 . 2 . O b s e r v a t i o n d i a r y . A n o b s e r v a t i o n d i a r y i s a u s e f u l r e f e r e n c e f o r : naking reports later and foi planning observation schedules. The u s e o f t h i s d i a r y i s s l r o n g l y recoflEnended e s p e c i a l l y f o r a c h i e f s c i e n t i s t w h o i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a r e s e a r c h cruis€.
I t c o n t a i n s i e c o i d s on processes and ewenrs during the observation, a n d unusual phenomena occuring during the ctuise or the period of observa- t i o n . F o r exarnpl.e, oc€anogiaphic and mereorologlcal condirions, p e r s o n a l d i v i s l o n s o f o b s e r i v a t i o n , locations of observation, date, tine of srarr a n d f t n i s h , a n d lroubles rith i n s t r u m e n t s s h o u l d b e included.
W h e n recordlng such malters, it ts desirable to acquire rhe habit o f r € c o r d t n g t h e t l n e and date together with the descriptions.
5 , 1 . 3 . c e n e r a l r u 1 € s f o r i [ t r o d u c t o r y p a r r . D a t e a n d t i n e a r e v e r y
i n p o r t a n f f i n u s r a 1 \ r a y s b e f i l l e d i n
p r i o r to ary observation. T h e s e dara are so faniliar t o t h e o b s e r v e r s t h a t t h e y a r e apt to rhink they could record then later on, In nost cases, h o w e v e r , the Dore clearly known the fact the easi€r ro forg€t recording
N e e d l e s s t o s a y , the year should be included as well as the day a n d m o n t h when recording dales. R e c o r d l n g s of time should clearly
d i s c r i n l n a t e b e t w e e n t h e n o r n i n g and rhe afternoon, T h e r i m e in lhe a f t e r n o o n c a $ b e conveniently expressed by adding 12 hours to it, e.A., 0 3 . 3 0 p . n . i s b e s t e x p r e s s e d 1 5 . 3 0 .
I n f o r m a t i o n which can eastly be obtained, for example, lrealher c o n d t t i o n s , s h o u l d also be recorded.
5 3
5 . 1 . 4 . R e c o r d i n g o f d a r a . w h e n r e c o r d i n g d a r a i n a f i e l d n o t e b o o k , i t i s not sL,fficient o n l t ' r o f i t l o u t r h e p r e s c r i b e d items. A n v m a t r a r ^ b \ e r r a d I n ( \ e f i e l d s h o u l d b e r p c o r d e d i T n e d t a r e t y a n d d j r e c t l y i n r h e f i e l d n o t e b o o k , e v e n i f j t l o o k s t r i v i a l . W h e n o n l y n u m e r l c a l data of prescribed items arerecorded. and rhese are recorded i n a disorderly f a s h i o n , the notebook cannot be regarded as a proper f i e l d notebook. A s t h e p r o p e r nethod of naking and r:ecording
o b s e r v a t i o n s h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d t h r o u g h b i t t e r e x p e r i e n c e s o f
| r e d e c e s s o r s , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f p l o t e r h a b i t s o f o b s e r v a t i o n a n d r e c o r d i n B i n t h e f i e l d i s r e c o m e n d e d .
1 ) U s e o f c o l u m n s , T h e u s e o f c o l u n n s i s e s s e n t i a l f o r r e c o r d i n g , e s p e c i a l l y f o r b e g i n n e r s . D u r t n g r h e c o u r s e o f o b s e r v a t i o n , d a r a s h o u l d b e f i 1 1 e d i n s i d e r h e c o t u m n s i n d u e order. T h e c o l u n n s h e l p in indicating if there i s a n y onmission in recordlngs. T h e u s e of colunns can, t h e r e f o r e , b e regarded as a guide during observarion.
3 )
2 )
C a r e in recordtnP. R e c o i d ing should
R e c o r d i n g o t h e r r e l e v a n t d a r a , A 1 1 n a t r e r s o b s e r v e d , e v e n i f c o l , l n r n s are not pr:ovided for them, should be recorded w i t h o u t omrission. S u c h descriptions s o n e t i n e s sive hints
f r o n l r h i c h a n e w a s p e c L o f r h e p r o b t e m c a n b e d e ; e t o p e d . T h e r : e should be no hesitation about recordine these
a d d i tional remarks.
R e c o r d i n g directly i n n o t e b o o k . The use of toose papers for r e c o r d i n g observations tn rhe field is not recomnended. It j s inportant that the data is recorded directly in the field n o t e b o o k , When rhe data can not be recorded directlv i n t h e f ' e l d n o t e b o o k u n d e r s p e c i a l c i r c u n s t a n c e s . r h e i o o s e p a p e r used for the record should be pasted in the notebook a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e .
i t w i t h D o n o t
P e n c i l . W h e n a l r r o n g entry a f a i n t l i n e a n d record the o b l i t e l a t € t h e e r r o r ,
b e m a d e nith a good h a s b e e n m a d e , d e l e t e c o r r e c t value nearby, 5 ) C s r e in taking data. I n t h e f i e l d of observarion, usuatly
o n e p e r s o n rakes the reading and another person nakes the r e c o r d . U n d e r w i n d s w e p r c o n d i t i o n s a s o n 6 o a r d . r h e
c o m r n u n i c a t i o n between obselvers is sonetimes nisheard. T o a v o i d lroub1e, the folloi"ing nethod of comnunication
s h o u l d be adopted. The person who records nust repear rhe r e a d i n g loud1y and th€ person who reads nust conftlln it.
D u r i n g o b s e r v a r i o n , rhese persons nust interchanse their r o l e s o f o b s e r v a t i o n a n d c o n f i r n r h e r e s u t c s o f ; a c h . 6 ) R e c o r d i n g non-mental1y calculated values. D o not atrempt
t o r e c o r d mentally calculated values unril al1 observed ' data have been recorded.
l e n g t h n e a s u r e i n e n t s i n c e n t l m e l e r s n a y b e c o n f u s e d i i t h n i l l i n e t e r s -
C o r r e c t l o n of observed data. T h e o b s e r : v e d d a t a s h o u l d n o t b e a l t e r e d q r i t h o u t s u f f l . c l e n t r e a s o n . l l h e n d o u b t o n t h e o b s e r v e d d e t a a r i s e s . a second observatlon should be c a r r i e d out innediately. I f C h e f l r s t r e a d l n g i s i n c o r r e c t , i t s h o u l d b e d e l e t e d b y a fatnt line and tbe correcE value s h o u l d b e i n s e r t e d nearby. D e s c r i b e c l e a r l y t h e r e a s o n f o r t h € c o r r e c t i o t r o u t s i d e the colutnn. Tl c error sl!.:r]:l n o t b e e r s s e d or rendered illegible.
C h e c k i n g befoie cornpletion. 0 n c o n p l e t i o n o f o b s e r v a t l o n s a t the station, t h € e n t r i e s should be carefully c h e c k e d f o r a n y error ot onmission, I f a n iten iras not observed, t h e s p a c e p r o v l d e d for it should be filled, f o r e x a m p l € , w i L h r x r o r r - r .
1 0 ) C l e a r d e s c r i p t i o n . S i n c e a f i e l d n o t e b o o k i s a v a l u a b l e d o c u n e n t , a n d s h o u l d b e k € p t f o r f u t u r e r e f e r e n c e , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h s t all natters recorded in the fle1d notebook s h o u l d b e e a s 1 1 y understood by any person uEing it. Particu- 1 a r a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d b e Faid to style of \rritlng especially w h e n r e c o r d l n g figures.
l l ) C a r e d u i i n g c r u i s e . N e e d l e s s t o s a y , f i e l d n o t e s s h o u l d a h r a y s b e stored in a safe place during a cruise.
1 2 ) P u t t i n g d a t a t n o r d e r . A f t e r o b s e r v a t i o n , t h e f i e l d n o t e s s h o u l d be transf€rred i n t o a n appropriare forn, e.g., a t a b l e o r a dlagram, while nenorles are stil1 fresh.
1 3 )
o f f i e l d n o t e b o o k .8 )
9 )
i t h a s
T h e f i e l d n o t e b o o k , even after o r d e r , s h o u l d b e treated carefully.
R e c o r d i n g o f r a e d a t a in the field notebook trrust be regarded as s t i 1 1 p i c t u r e s in a nrovie sequence. 1t should be borne ln mind tha!
s u c h r a w data are qulte different i n q u a l t t y f r o n r h a t oblalned thlough c a l c ' r l a t i o n , a t l d t h a t they are also dlfferent f r o n lhose of conrrolled e x p e r i n e n t s p e r f o r m e d in laboraCories, I n t h e f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t , it is n e v e r : e x p e c t e d that identical d a t a c a n be collecred by subsequent
I n o t l ' e r l r o r d s , t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d b y r h e f i e l d o b s e r v a r i o n s h o u l d be regarded as unlque at rhat lnstan! and in that position.
5 5
F r o n r h e a b o v e , y o u c a n u n d e r s r a n d t h e r e a s o n w h y i n t h e f i e l d c a r e f u l o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d r e c o r d i n g s s h o u l d b e p i a c t i s e d . U n n e c e s s a r y m i s t a k e s c a n b e a v o i d e d i f o n e a c q u i r e s p r o p e r h a b i t s d u r i n g o b s e i v a t i o n s
5 , 1 . 5 . C a l c u l a t i o n a n d d a t a p r o c e s s i n g . C a l c u l a t i o n s o n t h e r a r . t d a t a c a n b e n a d e b y s e v e r a l m e t h o d s s u c h a s m e n t a l c a l c u l a t i o n s , c i p h e r i n 8 , r e a d i n g s o n n u n e r i c a l t a b l e s , s l i d e r u l e s a n d u s i n g c a l c u l a t o r s , T h e p r o c e s s o f c a l c u l a t i o n s h o u l d b e s u c h t h a t i t c a n b e e a s i l y t r a c e d . A d i s o . d e r l y p r o c e s s o f c a l c u l a t i o n i s n o t e n c o u r a g e d .
I t i c g e n e r a l l y d i f f i c u l t t o g r a s p c h e g e n e r a l t r e n d o r
r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n sets ol numerical data. H o r q e v e r , t h e t e n d e n c y c a n b e s e e n c l e a r l l i i f t h e d a t a w e r e p l o t t e d o n s e c t i o n Papers, Graphs not o n l y s h o w t r e n d s b u t a l s o s e r v e a s a m e a n s o f c h e c k i n g t h e v a l i d i t y o f l h e o b s e r v e d d a t a . Y o u s h o u l d a l w a y s d r a w g r a p h s a h e n e v e r p o s s l b l e .
T h e p u r p o s e o f a n y o b s e r v a l i o n i s t o r e a c h a r e s u l t . E v e n i f i t i s o n l y a g r a p h o r a n u r n e r l c a l v a 1 u e , i t i s a v a l u a b l e r e s u l t . W h e n a r e s u l l i s o b t a i n e d j s t u d y t h e Braph or lhe value visually and then r e v i e w 1 n n i n d r e p e a t e d l y t h e w h o l e p r o c e s s f r o n l h e b e g i n n i n g t o t h e f i n a l r e s u l t ,
F i n a l l y , i f y o u h a v e a n y c r i t i c i s n o f t h e r e s u l t s ' y o u s h o u l d d e s c r i b e t h e r n . T h i s i n c l u d e s a n y o p i n i o n a s t o n o d i f i c a t i o n o f n e t h o d s o f o b s e r v a t i o n s , i n s t r u m e n t s , e L . .
5 . 2 W a t e r S a m p l i n g a n d T e m p e t a t u l e M e a s u r e m e n t
W a t e r s a n p l i n g a n d t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t a r e m o s ! i m P o r t a n t a n d a r e b a s i c i t e m s o f o c e a n o g r a p h i c o b s e f l a l i o n . M e l h o d s o f s a n P l i n g w a t e r a n d n e a s u r i n g t e m p e r a t u r e o f d e e p a n d s u r f a c e l a y e r s a r e r e m a r k a - b l y d i f f e r e n t .
E o r t h e d e e t e r l a y e r s b e l o \ r t h e s u r f a c e , s a n p l e s o f t h e o c e a n u a t e r c a n b e t a k e n i n N a n s e n r e w e r s i n g b o t t 1 e s . T h e c y l i n d r i c a l m e t a l b o t r l e i s o p " " a t u o t t r - l i a " , t , r t t r " s crp" or
" e a l s t h a t c a n b e c l o s e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y . W h € n a t t a c h e d t o a w i r e a n d s u b n e r g e d , l t a t e r f l o w s f r e e l y t h r o ( g h t h e b o t l l e u n t i l i t h a s t € a c h e d t h e d e s i r e d d e p t h s . s v e i s h t c a l l e d a 19$9199! is dropped down along the wire ro a devlce w h i c h c l o s e s t h e t o p a n d b o t t o n o f t h e b o t t l e , t r a p P i n g t h e w a t e r \ t i t h i n
i t . W h e n t h i s h a p p e n s , t h e b o t t l e t u r n s o v e r a n d t h i s r n o v e m e n t fi x e s t h e f , e r c u r y c o l u n n i n a t h e r n o m e t e r f a s t e n e d l o t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e b o t t l e . T h e r e v € r s i n g t h e r m o m e t e r : t h u s r e c o r d s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e w a t e r a t t h e
i n s t a n r u h e n t h e b o t t l e w a s t u r n e d o v e r . I n t h i s ! . / a y , t h e t e n p e r a t u r e o f t h e o c e a n a t a n y d e p t h c a n b e m e a s u r e d . A s a r u 1 e , a n u n b e r o f s u c h b o t t l e s a r e e m p l o y e d a t t h e s a n e t i m e a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s . E a c h b c t t l e , a s i t c l o s e s , r e l e a s e s a s e c o n d r n e s s e n g e r w h i c h d r o p s t o t h e b o t t l e b e l o w ,
F o r r h e s u r f a c e l a y e r , t h e i r a t e r s a n p l e i s l a k e n s a m p l i n g b u c k e t , T h e t e m p e r a t u r e i s m e a s u r e d i m e r s i n g t h e r o o n e t e r : i n t h e u a t e r s a m p l e d o n b o a r d iust after the b e e n h e a v e d u p .
i n t h e w a t e r
a r99-l]!9
The water saropled is transfered fron the Nansen bottle or the sanpling bucket into ggllSllLlg1t. These phials ele stoppered and stored in a storage box upslde-down.
5 , 2 . 1 .
the surface.
T h e s e l e c t l o n o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n l a y e r s i s n o t a l w a y s d e f h l t e ; t h e l a y e r s s h o u l d b e d e c i d e d c o n s i d e r i n g t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s . T h e f o l l o w i n g d e p t h s , i n m e t e r s , h a v e b e e n r e c o m n e n d e d b y t h e I n t e r n a t l o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f P h y s t c a l o c e a n o g r a p h y ( 1 9 3 6 ) ;
0 , 1 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 5 0 , 7 5 , 1 0 0 , 1 5 0 , 2 0 0 , ( 2 5 0 ) , 3 0 0 , . . . P r o c e d u r e
1 . A f t e r t h e s h i p h a s s t o p p e d a t t h e s t a t i o r l / i t h h e r b o e r d o f o b s e i v a t i o n f a c i n g lhe weather, read the depth on an echo- s o u n d e r a n d l h e n d e c i d e t h e l a y e r s t o b e o b s e r v e d .
2. Pay out the i/ire fron the winch through the depth gsuge
s u s p e n d e d f r o n t h e d a v i t . A t t a c h a weight to the end of the wlre a n d l o w e ! t h e \ r e t g h l i n t o t h e l r a t e r s o t h a t l t a c t s a a a s t e - b i l i z e r t o t h e w i r e . W h e n t h e s h i p i s r o 1 1 l n g , 1 ! l s p i e f e r a b l e t o p a y o u t m o r e w i l e .
3 . W h e n a sufficient l e n g l h o f r h e w i r e l s p a i d o u t , a i t a c h t h e N a n s e n b o t t l e t o t h e w l r e . B e f o r e l o w e r i n g , l n s p e c t e a c h p e r t of the bottle end set the hends of the geuge to zero.
W h e n iflspecting, s p e c l a l atlenlioD should be paid to the t h e r m o n e t e r s , t h e s e a l s a n d t h e s c r e \ , o f t h e d e v l c e b y r h l c h t h e b o t t l e l s a t t a c h e d t o t h e r d l r e .
4 . l - o w e r t h e b o t t l e u n t i l l t h a s r e a c h e d t h e d e s i r e d d e p t h , t h e n a t t a c h the s€cond bottle to the nire. I n s p e c t l o n l s t h e s a n e a s ln the flrs! l n s t a n c e , n e v e r f o r g e t t o a t t a c h a m e s s e n g e r , T h e s a m e p r o c e s s i s r e p e a t e d u n t t l t h e f i n a l b o t t l e i s
a t t a c h e d , W h e n t h e f i n a l b o t t l e i s a t t a c h e d , r e e d t h e d e p l h g a u g e before 1olrerlng the bottle.
5 . L o w e r t h e f i n a l b o t t l e u n t i l i t s r 0 i d d l e p a r t r € a c h e s t h e s u r f a c e , t h e n s t o p t h e i r i n c h a o d t e a d t h e d e p t h g a u g e . The d i f f e f e n c e o f t h ; s r e a d i n g f r o n t h a t w h e n t h e f i n a l b o t t l e w a s a t t a c b e d c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e h e i g h t f r o m t h e 1 e v e l a t i { h i c h t h e b o l t l e s l r e r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e r i r e t o t h e s e a s u r f a c e . I n o r d e r t h a t each bot!1e reaches their desired deDlhs. thls l e n g t h m u 6 t b e a d d e d .
6. Five minutes are enough for the mercury coludn of the lherno- m e t € r t o e q u l l i b r a t e . W h 1 l e \ r a i t l n g , neasure the slope angle
of the wire and carry out lemperature measurenent and rrater sampling for lhe surface water 1-l. When 5 minutes have elepsed f r o n t h e c o m p l e t i o n of the lowetlng of botrles, c a s t d o w n t h e 1 / Refer to rhe related secrion.
m e s s e n g e r a n d c o n f i r n ( b y feeling the \rire) if lhe nessengers b u n p s u c c e s s i v e l y i n t o t h e b o ! ! 1 e s .
7 . W h e n t h e w i r e i s h e a v e d u p , a p e r s o n m u s t s u e e p o f f t h e n a t e r f r o m t h e w l r e a n d a n o t h e l p e r s o n m u s t c o a t l h e w i r e w l t h g r e e s € , T a k e c a r e n o t t o b u n p t h e b o t t l e a g a i n s t t h e
s h i p w h e n i t l s c o m i n g u p .
8 . D e t a c h l h e b o t t l e a n d m e s s e n g e r f r : o n t h e w i l e a n d h a n g t h e b o t t l e o n t h e r a c k . R e p e a t t h e p r o c e s s .
5 l
A f t e r l h e t e m p e r e t u r e l n s i d e t h e t h e r m o m e t e r h a s r e a c h e d s t e a d y , r e a d f l r s t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e e u x i l i a r y
thernometer and then lhe maln thermoneter. N€ver give the t h e r m o m e t e r a D y E h o c k w h e n i t i s i n t h e r e v e r s e d p o s i t i o n "
W h e n t h € observer is reading the lhernometer, he should r e p o r t l o u d l y t o t h e r e c o r d e r a n d t h e r e c o r d e r m u s l r e p e s t t h e v a l u e r e a d . T h e observer must read again lo confirin it.
I t t s p r e f e r s b l e f o r t h e t e m p e r a t r i r e t o b e r e a d a g a h b y a n o t h e r observer. T h e t e f i r p e r a t u r e n u s l b e lead to the order o f 1/1O0oC for the naln thermorneter and 1/1OoC for lhe
a u x i l i a r y t h e r m o n e l e r . T h e o r d e r o f r e p o r t l n g 1 s a s f o l l o w s : ( 1 ) D e p t h
( 2 ) N a n s e n b o t t l e n u m b e r
(3) Th€rmometer numb€r
( 4 ) A ' - l x i l l a r y t h e r r o m e t e r ( A u x . ) - C --..!c
1 0 .
(5) Msln thermodeter (Main)
1 1 . A f t e r t h e t e n p e r a t u r e s o f a l 1 l a y e r s h a v e b e e n r e a d , t h e s a d p l e w a t e r o f e a c h l a y e r s h o u l d b e t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o p h i a l s . F l r s t p o u r ou! the water which has been kept in rhe phails 2/.
R i n s e t h e p h i a l t w o o r t h r e e t i m e s w i t h t h e w a t e r c o l l e c t e d . T h e r u b b e r s t o p p € r m u s t b e c l e a n e d l r h e n t h e r i n s e d rater is
D o u r e d o u t .
2 / T h e p h t a l u s e d f o r t h e s s l l n l t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n ls usually e g l a s e b o t t l e w h l c h t s b r o \ r n in colour snd can be plugged
$ l t h a i u b b e r s t o p p e r : ; n e v e r a 1 1 o n i h e b o t t l e ! o d r y u p , s o m e v o l u n e o f s e a w a t e r n u s l a l w a y s b e kept ilr the phlal, e v e n a f t e r t h e s a l t n i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n h a s a l r e a d y b e € n c o m p l e l e d . T h i s ntll p r e v e n ! the formatiol of salt particles l n t h e b o t t l e . O n r h e o t h e r h a n d , d o n o t r i n s e rlth f r e s h w a t e r . I n e i t h e r c a s e , t h e s a l l n l l y o f t h e s e r n p l e water w 1 1 1 b e e f f e c t e d .
T 2 , P o u r t h e s a m p l e w e t e r i n t o l h e p h i a l , l e a v i n g a L i t t l e s D a c e . N e v e r f 1 1 1 t h e D h t a l t o t h e b r i n .
5 . 2 . 2 . w a t e r s a m p l i n g a n d t e m p e r a t u r e n e a s u r e r n e n t f o r the surfac€
l e y e ! .
P l u g t h e p h i a l f i r m l y l r i t h a r u b b e r s l o p p e r , t h e n k e e p E h e p h i a l i n t h e b o x u p s i d € d o n n . T h e p h i a l n u n b e r m u s t b e r e c o r d e d . C a r e nust be lsken ilr reporting as in r e p o r t i n g t e o P e r a l u r e a .
After the temperature has been read end the semple \,rster h a s b e e n t a k e n , t h e r e v € r s i n g t h e r m o m e t e r n u s t b e k e p t l n i t s n o t l n a l p o s i t l o n . K e e p l n g i t l n t h e r e v e r s e d p o s l l i o n f o r a 10 e tloe leads to trouble.
C o 1 l e c ! t h e s u r f a C e l r a t e r i n t h e w a r e r s a r n p l l n g b u c k e t , t h e n p o u r l ! o u t . R e p e a t t h e p r o c e s s t w o t o t h r e e t i n e s . T h l s p r o c e s s oi1] allow the tenperature of rhe sarnpllng b u c k e t to appro:<imate that of the water.
The tenn surfsce water generally means lhe r,re11-!rlr(ed \rater d o l ' n l o 1 - 2 m b e l o \ r t h e s u r f e c e ,
P r o c € d u r e
D i P u p t h e w e t e r a g e i n , t h e n inmerse the tod type therno- m e l e r i n t o t h e eater sanpled and stir r,rell in a shady place, a l , a y f r o r n ldnds. W a t e r s a m p l l n g i s p x e f e r a b l e f r o n t h e
\ r e a t h e r s i d e o f t h e E h i p , n e a r t h e b o w . Never colLect the w a t e r n e a r d i s c h a r g e p i p e s .
R e a d the lemperature just after it has becorne stationary,
\ t i t h the melcury column as fu11y in the water as poEsible.
T h e tine intervel t o r e a c h s t e a d y i s u s u a l l y lrlthin 40-60 sec.
T e m p e r a l u r e feading fron the surface water is tak€n to the
T e n p e r a t u r e r e a d i n g m u s ! b e c s E r i e d out as quickly as p o s s i b l e .
Sample water must be teken fron the water fron which the t e r n p e r a t u r e h a s b e e n m e a a u r e d . The nethod of reportlng is t h e s a m e s a itl the preceding section,
s .3 gl4!e:-!esPl:re.
T h e n o s t w i d € 1 y u s e d a p p a r e t u s f o r c o l l e c t i n g p l a n k t o n is a p l a n k t o n nel. P l a n k t o n n e t i B essentially a c o n e m a d e o f f i n e m e s h b o l t l i g s t l k or ny1on. The front part of the net is attsched to a n e t a l ring by \rhich the ne! ls towed through rhe rarer and the tenninal
e n d o f t h e n e t is attached to a b u c k e t ln nhlch the plankton is elloired t o s e t t l e . T h e n e t m a y b e towed horizontally o r h a u l e d vertically
t h r o u g h the water. I f t o v e d horizontally f r o n o n b o a r d , t h e d e p t b c a n b e 3 .
1 .
2 .
5 ,
5 9
s e t b y depressors or paravanes. Vertlcal h a u l s m e y b € c o n t l n u o u s f r o m t h e b o t t o t n o r f r o n ! I f i x e d d e p t h t o t h e s u r f a c e , o r d i v i d e d , u s i n g a r n e c h a n i s m to c l o s e t h e n e t a t a g i v e n d e p t h .
Q u a l i t a t l v e s a n p l l n g e l t h e s u r f a c e is a sinple natter, A s u i t a b l e n e t i s t o w e d at about 1a to 2 knots foi ten ninutes which usually suffices t o g i v e a n a d e q u a t € a m o u l 1 t of planklon. H o w e v e r , t h e q u a n t l t a t i v e
d e t e r m l n a t i o n o f p l a d k t o n b r i s t l e s w i t h d i f f i c u l t i e s . T o a s s e s s . n e s r n o u n t of plankton ln a given uate! colutrn is never possible with any r e a l a c c u r a c y . T h i 6 i s b e c a u s e s o m e o f t h e w a t e r i s s p i l l e d o u t b e f o r e i t h e s b e e n f l l t e r e d d u r l n g the operation. P a r t i c u l a r l y w h e n norking w i t h a f i n e - m e s h n e t in oater rlch in phytoplankton, rhe meshes get p r o g r e s s l v e l y c l o g g e d a n d s o t h e f i l t r a t i o n i a t e f a l l s o f f i n t i m e w i t h n o r e a n d n o r e w a t e r s p i l l i n g f r o d t h e front of the net as resisrance
l n c r e a s e . I n o l d e r t o overcone chese difficulties, a f 1 o ! r - n e ! e r is p l a c e d in the mouth of the net so that the watet passing inro the net a c t l v a l e s a s r n a l 1 p r o p e l l e r attached to a counting mechanisn. When p r o P e r l y calibrated, t h e numbel of revolutions of the propeller 1s taken t o i n d i c a t e t h € a r n o u n t of r,rater which has passed through lhe net. F r o m t h i s , t h e p l a n k t o n b i o m e s s c a n be calculated, H o w e v e r , o w i n g t o u n - a v o l d a b l e irregularilies i n f l l t r a t i o n o n a n a l y s i s , t h e f i g u r e s o b t a i n e d u s u a l l y a r e a l b e B t only an approximation.
V e r t i c e l h a u 1 l n g ,
1 . B e f o r e the operation starrs, f i r n l y t i e a f 1 o l r - m e t e r a t lhe c e n t r a l p e r t o f t h e nouth of the plankron net and suspend a d e p t h g a u g e u n d e ! the davit which is projecled from the hull e t e rlght angle,
2 . W h e n the vess€1 h6s stopped at the starion, switch on the e c h o - s o u n d e r a n d r e a d the depth of the starion fron the
3 . T i e a chain of weights to the r:ope a! lhe lower end of the D l a n k t o n n e t .
Pay out the wtre fron the l{lnch through the a t t a c h the net to the end loop of the wire.
d e t l h E a u g e ^ n d
t h e b u c k e t a n d B e f o r e lo\rering the net, inspecr the tap of
t h e f l o n - m e t e r !o rnake sure:
( a )
( b )
T h e tap (opener) 1s parallel t o t h e b u c k e t p o s i t i o n ( i . e . t h e b u c k e t i s k e p t c l o s e d ) .
T h e flor-neter i s s e t to zefo.
6 . l - o w e r t h e p l a n k t o n n e ! l n t o t h e s e a u n t l l i t r e a c h e s t h e d e s l t e d d e p i h . T h e d e p t h d e s i r e d l B u s u a l l y 3 n a b o v e t h e s e a floo!. T h u s , t h e l e n g t h o f l d r e r e l e s s e d d e p e n d s o n t h e sea coadition. I f l h e c u r l e n t I s s t r o n g , l t 1 6 prefersble to pay out lr.rre rrlre to enable the plankton net to reach the 10r€r vater
7 . T h e p l e n k t o n n e t t a k e s 1 - 2 r d n u t e s t o l e t u r n t o e s t r a i g h t v e r t l c a l p o s l t l o n i n w e t e r . D u r i n g t h e l p e r l o d , u s e t h e clinonete! to messure the slope engle of the rdr€.
8 . H a u l up the plankton ne! at a t h e wlre, use a cloth to ('lpe g r e a s e it.
9 . A 6 soon as the plankton net lB t h e f l o s - n e t e r i r d n e d l e t e l y a n d
s p e e d o f 1 n / 6 e c . W h e n h e a v l n g the rrater fron lhe wlre and to
p u l 1 e d up onto the deck, Eead r e c o r d l t .
1 0 . D e t e c h t h e p l e n k t o n n e ! f r o m t h e w i r e e n d r e l e e B e t h e w e l g h t t l e d on the rope of the net.
1 1 . L i m e l s e t h e l o w e r e n d o f t h e p l a n k t o n net in water codlalned l n a p l a s t l c v e s s e l f o r s a m p l e s . T h e n wash off the plankton s p e c l m e n s e t t e c h e d t o the net lnto the bucke!. O p e n t h e t e p of lhe buckel and 1et the eater frosr lhe bucket drain into a 2 5 0 n1. plasllc s a n p l e b o t t l e . C l o s e t h e t e p a n d r e p e e t
t h e s a m e p r o c e d u t e u n t l l a l l l h e s p e c l m e n s h a v e b e e n c o l l e c t e d . ( I n cese lhe tube of e bucket ls blocked by le11y-ftsh or other
n a c l o p l a n k t o n , p r e s s the cylindllcal p l e s t l c t u b e o f t h e b u c k e t c a r : e f u l ] y . T h e n p o u i t h e b u c k e t - r a r e r i n t o t h e s a n p l e b o t t l e ) .
1 2 . A d d n e u t r a l s o l u t i o r o f f o r u a l d e h y d e t o t h e s a n p l e to 4-57"
o f l h e t o t a l v o l u m e 1 / .
1 3 . R e c o r d t h e d a ! e , t l m e , d e p t h , l r t r e length, stsllon number ard sample nunber on the record fonn.
i.3.2. &E&9!!gl--!9si!9,
Procedure
1. Connect the plankton net and !.eight to the towlng rope whtch i s t i e d a t t h e d a v i ! p r o i e c l e d fron the hu1l.
2. when the vessel is et a unlforh speed of 2 knots, lolrer the planktori net to the sea. The nouth of lhe plenkton net rnust b e e d j u s t e d to inherse complelely in the sutface weter.
1 / T h e a b s o l u t e f o r a l d e h y d e s o l u t l o f l is ebout 402. E l g h t to ten t l n e s d l l u t i o n o f t h e s o l u t i o n id11 elve a 4-5% concentratlon.
6 1
3 . A f t e r t o r d l n g f o r e x a c t l y 1 0 m i n u t e s , p u 1 l u p t h e net onlo t h e d e c k a n d read the flow-meter lsmedlately.
4 . C o l l e c t t h e p l a n k t o n s p e c l m e n in e 250 n1. plastlc bottle a n d p r e s e n e the sample in 4-5% formaldehyde.
5 . R e c o r d t h e d a t e , tine and period of towing, the station nsr0be., Eamp1e botlle number end floe-merer reading on the record form.
! 9 e : I n b o t h v e r t i c a l h e u l l n g a n d h o r i z o n t a l t o \ r ' l n g , a f t e r c o l l e c t i n g t h e p l a n k t o n s a m p l e , never forget to do the
f o l l o w l n s :
( a ) W a s h t h e p l a n k t o n n e t t h r o u g h l y . ( b ) S e t t h e f l o w - m e l e r ! o z e r o .
( c ) T u r n r h e t a p t o p a r a l 1 e 1 p o s i t l o n t o the bucket.
5 . 3 . 3 . C a l ib r a t l o n o f f l o w - m e c e r
T h e r e v o l u l i o n s p e e d o f a f l o w - n e r e r is related to the lubrication o f t h e p r o p e l l e r , t h u s , t h e f l o w - r n e t e r should be callbrated i n e v e r y o c c a n o g r a p h l c s u r v e y c r u i s e , T h e d e p t h of the sea is preferably not less t h a n 7 0 r n , T h e c a l l b r a t i o n c a n be done when the sea is fairly c a l r n .
P r o c e d u r e
1 . T e s t t h e r e v o l u t i o n o f t h e w l n g s of the flow-meter by b1olring b e f o r e c a l i b r a r i o n ,
2 . T h e f l o w - m e l e r ls nounted at the centre of the mouth rlng f t o m w h i c h t h e n e t i s r e n o v e d .
3. Lower the nouth ring mounted \rith the flow-meter by paytng o u t t h e w i r e - t o . t h e d e s i r e d len€lth. The desired length is 5 m l e s s t h a n t h e d e p t h o f t h e s e a o r n o t exceeding 150 m.
4 , A s s o o n a s t h e desired length of wire is paid out, neasure t h e ei.e angle wlth a cllnoneler a n d haul up the lrire at a s p e e d o f 1 n / s e c .
5 . W h e n t b e r i n g i s r a l s e d on deck, r€ad the dlal gauge of the f l o \ r - m e t e r and record the reedlng. A n g l e o f I ' t r e l s recorded f o r i n f o r m a l i o n , b u t not for calculation o f t h e d e p t h o f h a u l . 6 . R e p e a t t h e a b o v e p r o c e d u r e u n t i l n e a r l y c o n s t a n t r e v o l u t l o n s
a r e o b t a i n e d -
7 . T h e r e v o l u t i o n r a t e , r - , o f t h e f l o r r r - n e t e r ls calculared a s f o 1 1 o n 6 :
r e v o l u t l o n vlthout net
v - o.t6 : -l9g = 10.8 n3
1 0 , 4
wire le$gth paid out during callbration
8 . V o l u n e o f w a t e r f l l t e r e d b y t h e net ls calculated as f o l l o \ r s ;
- - - 2 R d
where V ls the flltratlon volume, r th€ radius of net rlng, and Rd the rotatlon of flow-x0eter ln sanpllng t{lth ne! fron a depth d. CSK standard net is 45 cm id nouth dlarneter and Japan atandard net is 23 cll, thus the nouth exeas of the two nets
c s K n r 2 = 3 . 1 4 x 2 2 . 5 2 = 1 5 9 0 c m 2 - 0 , 1 6 n 2 J e p a n I t t2 = 3.14 x 11.52 = 415 cm2 - 0.04 ur2
9. If the mean revolutlon of the flolr-neter without net for 8 0 n h a u l i s 834 end lhe revolution of the flo\r-ioeter ln a 75 !r pladkton sampling haul ldth CSK ner is 700, the[
t h e fl1lration v o l u m e ls:
. _ = r y = 1 s . a 2
8 06 3
6 4
3
A 9
E
3 ; 3 a
: s
3 g
. l :
3 3
x 3 -
A 6 B ;
s
R 3 "13
g
BE-
F I
€ s
I_ !
5 B E
c . 9
e
3?e e r
4 . 3 P
3 3
€
! I I
I
3
3
5
3
3 3
H I
t
i a
z
d
i
:;
n
d ).
a
t
E
E 1 {
i
t a
5
a
€
!
x
i
g
8
E 2 t
T I
6
€
z
s F
6 i i H
q ! E
'n
3 6
4,f,
- g
E
6 B
x E
3 E
a
.fi
.;
€'.t
fl
q
S
3
s H
)E g
> E
3
3 6
i g v. a
3
'd F I
6
g
€
R
'i
E
5 . F
e E
I
;9
9 E
6 6
s
E
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I
6
a
f
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6
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o?.
t E
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.E
R
E
g
T a b l e 1 . 2 . 5 , w e i g h L a n d b u o y a n c y o f f l o a t s .
Material specific gravity Buoyancy per Buoyancy per kg
weight in air (kg) cork
Paulownia
Pine
vinyfon/sponge ( s o f t )
Vinyl,/sponge (hard)
rubber/sponge Synthetic cork Ebonite
i n d i a . c l a s s / 3 0 c m i n alia.
0 . 1 7 5 ( 0 . 3 2 1 ) o . 2 9 4 ( O . 7 4 5 ) 0 . 5 0 0
0 . 5 9 8 0 . 0 9 9
r29
243
o . 2 9 4 0 . 3 7 5 0 . 3 7 9 0 . 3 4 8
2 4 4
2 4 5 ( 6 7 9 )
106 (2rs)
5 0 0 402 9 0 1
4 7 1 ' 7 5 7
706 625 6 2 I 6 5 2 '756
4 . 7 r 1 2 . L 2 ) 2 . 4 A 1 O . 2 1 ) 1 , 0 0
o . 6 7 9 . 1 0
6 . 7 5
3 . 0 3
2 . 4 0
t . 6 4 1 . 8 7
3 . t 0
*) Figures in parenthesis shovr the values after beinq in water for 30 days,
68
Tab1e 1".2.6. sinhing power of, sinkers.
MateliaL Specific gtavity
Sirikj.ng polrer p€!
Iite! ( kg ) Sinking pcrre! per
kg lreight in aLr ( k g )
Lead Ilon Brass GIa6a Stolre Bricl<
Sand Soll
?orcelain Conc].ete
1 1 . . 3 5
?. a5 7 . a 2
2 . 7 0
r.90
1 . 8 0
r . 5 0 2 . 1 3
2 , 6 0
r . 7 2
3 . 0 0
6 . 8 3
f,. 70 1 . 7 0 o . 9 0 o . g 0 0 . 5 0
2 . 7 5 1 . 6 0
o . 7 2
2 . 0 0
0.861
o . a ? 2 o . 4 7 2
o . 6 3 0 0 . 6 3 0 o . 4 7 4 o . 4 4 4
0 . 5 3 0 0 . 6 8 2 o.42O
0,666
lrable 1.3.!. PlopelLie6 of stntletic fl-ber6 dit cottd.
l.iatdials are dyed before the tjble6 nahinq pro@55 is dde.
----__._.\"*.t.
PlorElties -\\
I ""t"-
1 . 1 4 1 . ? t 1 . 3 9 1 . 3 a 0 , 9 5 1 . 3 0 0 . 9 1
2 , 5 - 4 . 4 6 , 4 - 4 . 4 4 . 2 - 6 . 4 5 . 0 - 9 . 0
5 . 9 - 6 . 9 t . 5 - 2 . 6 2 . 1 - 3 . 7 5 . 0 - 9 . 0 3 . 2 - 4 . 5 5 . 0 - 9 . 0
bleakirs Pt./d!y (l) 16-22 16-33 1 5 - 3 0 10-40 L 7 - 2 6 25-60
bleal<ins pt./€t(t) a 15-30 7-13 10-40 1 9 - 3 0 25-60
4 . 5 0 . 2
(kslm2,J 400 320-510 300-450
1AO L4o-140 60-100 234-240 105-115 r40
n5 260 125-130
Resistance to acials
7 0
Trble 1.3.2. P.rtlcElas of senerat klnda of gi1l net.
N>t Paltlcula!€
"r.o}>r
r..{Ddls of c111
Flying llsh
coil
DliJr gill net
Drift gIlL n.r
2 , 5 - 4 . 5 5 . 5 - 7 . 5 4 . 5 - 6 . 0 6 , 0 - r 0 . 5
? . 0 - 1 0 . o
9 . 0 - 1 2 . 0
? . 5 - 1 4 . 0
5 . 0 - 3 0 . 0
5 . 0 - 5 5 , O
8 . 0 - 1 4 . 0 2 . O - L 7 . O s . o - 2 0 . 0 4 . 0 - 1 0 . 0
4 . O 5 . 0
a . o
4 . 0 t 2 , 0 1 0 , 0
r 0 . 0
7 . 5 2 0 . 0
4 5 . 0
1 5 . 0 1 2 . o 1 2 . 0
5 . 0
4 - 6 4 - 9 4 - 6 6-14 4-LA t2-15
s-L2 I2-30
4 - 9 r5-45
1 5 - 2 4
9-ra
9-24 3 - 6
9 5 l 5
I A
2 \ 2 7
lrlo-?o0 60-200 40-200 40-500 60-500 60- 75 25- 75 40-200
20-100 20- 40
6- 15
5- a0 15- 40 lo- 45 10-150
200
60 5 5
r50
2 5
7
20
T r b l € . 2 . 1 , 1 . F i n a n e s s C o € f f l c l c n t ! o f F l l h t n S B o . t r .
T . b h . 2 . 1 . 2 . c o c f f l c l e n t K l n Irtarnatlonrl Fordtl. of CT I{al6urcocnt , Type of a16h1n8
B o a t
E l o c k
C o e f f l c l e n t c o e f f l c l e d t
U t d s h l p
C o e f f i c l e n t c o e f f l c l e n t
Flshe!y Parr.I
B o a t Lhale Catcher
T(dla- ed BonltF
Fl;hlns Boat
EuIt Trsrler
Tla\rl Boat R o I I N e t F l s h l n a B o a t ( P u r s e S e l n e ! )
4 6 - 0 4 8 - 0 6 3-0
54
5 6
72 0 , 5 9 - 0 0 . 6 1 - 0 0 . 5 7 - 0
6 6 7 0 7 0 57-06 8
5 8 - 0 6 0 - 0
6 6 - 0 6 6 - 0 6 5 - 0
6 3
0 0
7 l 7 7 1 4
7 2 - O 8 0 - 0 9 l - 0
l 9
0 8 8
o
9 10 0
9 1 - 0 . 9 3 8 8 - 0 . 9 6 0 90-0
9 1 - 0 9 6
0 9 5
7 6 - O 8 3 - 0
1 9 8 l
9 0 0
0
8 1 - 0 . 8 6 a 3 - o . 9 2 79-O 8 6
0 94
;.,
; l
; ; ;i
12
T.blc. 2,2,1. Spced of li.shing Bo.tl.
Type of Ftshlng Boat I€ngth of
a Boat
Speed 1n Knots
Speed-I€ngth Itatlo
Flshery t.tr.l Boat
Flshery 1ralnlng Boat llhale Catcher Mother B o a t
llhale Catcber Boat Tune-fishing LonS-Llnlng B o a t
B o n l t o - F i s h l n g B o a ! . Trawler
D u l I T r a w l e r llediuh size lra$l F l s h i n g B o a t Purse Seiner
(Others for ConlParlson) Deatroyer
Larte Slze Passenge!
Liner
Itlgh-Speed CarSo Boa I Regular cargo Doat
24,50 6 8 , 0 0
59. 15 5 2 . 0 0 2 4 , 3 r 4 1 . 7 0
2 4 . 3 9 L26 330 130
L 5 . 0 0 1 6 . 5 6 1 8 , 0 2 1 3 , 7 8 9 . 4 4 1 2 . 5 0
9 . 8 5 9 . 9 3
40
2 0 I5
t . 8 2
2 . 3 4 1 . 9 1
r . 9 2 t . 7 8 2 . I 9 2 . 0 9 2 . 0 r
3 . 6 0
1 , 6 6
L . 3 2
" - . / r . ' . .
T.ble. 2.?.2(b). Vlrlou! Coefflc1.nt. of fl.hlng Borte.
LIB L.B.D
^lfuu lo.d) L . B . D . lEp.ction ot r.F.rch bo.r Grccl)
Filh eri.r boal Gr..l) . d , l t o . { * o o d )
. d i r l o . ( * o o d )
l-borr pur4 r.iot {3r..1)
sricl h.ld dip n t borl (sood)
M$l.rc .nllnt borl ($ood) Squid.n!li.S bo.t (rood)
5 4 1 6 4 . 5 5 5 . 7 8 8 5 , 8 1 5 . 5 6 8 4 . 5 6 5 . 3 3 4 , 8 0 5 , 9 5 5 , l l 5 . 2 0 ,l.El 1 . 7 4 4.211 1 . 2 1 1.2E 4.66 4 . 6 8 4 . 2 7
i|.94
t 0 . 6 9 r 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 5 6 I I . 4 O
9,60 1 0 , 9 2
9 . ! 6 10.40
9 . 0 7 l l , l 5 1 0 . t 4
9.30 1 0 , 2 2
9 . E E 9 . 2 1 6 . s 2 9 . 5 1 9-90 9 . ? 0 9 . 9 9 9 . 8 0
7 . 1 1 t . 8 5 l , 9 l 2.04 1 , 9 6 2 , 0 1 t . 9 5 t , 8 9 I , 8 ? 2 , 0 1
\ . 1 9 2 . t 2 2.05 2 . t 5 2.O7 2,24 2 . t 2 2 0 7 2.06 2 . n 2 2 . t o
o.263 0.2s 0 _ 2 5 4 0 . 1 2 0 . 2 7 0 . 1 0 0 . 2 5 5 0.19 0 . 2 5 6 o . 2 1 0.26) 0,245 0 , 1 5 8 0 . : 1 6 0 , 2 1 0 . 2 8 0.215 0 . t 6 5 0 . 2 4 2 0 , 2 7 6 0 . 1 2 4 0 , 2 3 4
0 _ 3 5 1 0 . 3 6 5 o . 1 1 1 0 . 1 5 1 0.349 0 , 1 6 1 0.J16 0_145 0 . 3 6 1 0 _ 3 6 2 0 . 1 3 7 0_405 0.369 0.360 0 . 1 E 3 0.370 0,413 0.t25 0 . 1 5 1 0 . 1 1 4 0 . 3 4 4
0 . 4 5 1 0 . 5 1 6 0,613 0 5 2 1 0 _ 5 9 2 0 . 5 ? 0 0 . 5 9 8 0 . 5 4 9
0.s00
0.540 0,552 0 . J 7 5 0.565 0 . 4 ? l 0.585 0.540 0 . 5 l 7 {r_468 0 . 5 1 5 o . 4 1 2
7 4
f . b 1 e , 2 . 3 , 1 .
T . b l e . 2 , 3 . 3 .
Prlnctp.l Dedenslons T.blc. 2.3,2, of Trev1cr.
F l n e n e s B Coefflclcnt6 o f Traelerr
Prloclpel Dirdenal.ona of Tvo-bort T.erler and Uedluo lrawler.
T r b l c . 2 . 3 . 4 . Fi.neners Coefflclentg of Teo-boat Tr.wler end lledlud Trruler.
! Ltb L I D B I D
' 5 0a5
J J 60
5 . 5 - 5 . E 5 , 6 - 6 , 0 5 , E - 6.2 5 . E - 6.2 5 . 8 - 6 . 2
9 , ? - 1 0 , 3 l 0 . J - t 0 , 9 t 0 . E - 1 1 . 6 l l : r 1 . 8 n . 4 t 2 . 0
1 . 7 - . t.9 t . 1 - 2 . 0 1 . 1 - 2,1 1 . 8 - 2 . 3
0 , 5 8 - 0,67 0.66 - 0.72 0.88 - 0.91
L / B r/D B I D
27, M 2 6 2 8 30
4 . 8 - 5 . 2 4 . 9 - 5 . 1 4.9-5.4 J . 0 - 1 . 6 5 . 0 - 5 . 8
8.4- 8.9 4 . 7 - 9,4 9 . 6 9 , 9 9 . 8 r 0 , 2 1 0 , 5 l 1 . 0
1 . 7 - 1 . 9 1 , 8 - 2 . 0 L E 2 . 0 1 . 9 - 2 . 1 t . 9 2 . 2 l 8
2 0 22 21
4 . 1 4 . 5 4 . 2 , 4 . A 4 . 4 - 5 . 0 4.5 5.2
9.5 10.0 9 , 5 l 0 I 9 . 6 1 0 . 2 9 . 1 , r 0 . t
2 . O - 2 . 6 1 . 9 - 2 . 5 l _ 8 - 2 , 3
cb
c-
0 . 5 0 0 . 5 8 - 0.58- 0.65 0 . 8 3 - 0,920 , 5 8 - 0.67 0 . 6 5 0 . ? l 0.8? - 0.95
0 , 5 2 0 , 6 0 0 . 5 8 - 0.6?
0 8 8 0 , 9 1
0.58 - 0.54 0 . 6 1 - 0.71 0 . 9 0 - 0.93
T.bl.. 2.3.5. TuhlnS C.P.cttY of Purac Seloar.
f.ble. 2.3.6. PrtnclP.l Dtoeo.lotrr of tun. Long Llner.
2 5 >
2 i - 3 0 -
4 0 <
> 2.m
> l.ga
> 1 . 9 0
> 1 . 8 0 30
JO
Teble. 2.3,7, flnen..! co.fftcL.nt.
of luna LooS LlnGl.
Tin. rcqutr.d for runins cird.
2 2 >
2 2 <
3,0
< 1 9 0
. < s.ro
< 5.50
< 6.00
< 10, o0
< rr.o0
< u.50
< 12.-00
c.af
lltht PullStccl
c,
Cs
0. ',-!. 6,1 0.63-0.66 0.90-0.95
0,65-0.70 0 , 6 9 - 0 . 7 3 o.92-0_97
IJaoileo
c,
0.57-0.6'l 0.63-0. m 0 , 8 5 - 0 , 9 l
o.5l-0.72 o 6a-o. ta 0.8E-0.98
? 6
T e b l e , 4.1.1. P r o p e r t i e s o f R e f r i g e r e n l B . t"lethyl
c.h loride
N H 3 cH3cl ccI2E
2 c R c l F 2
Evaporating latent heat (-15oc) (Kcal,/kc)
3 1 3 . 5 1 0 0 . 4 5 2 . O
Boiling point
(atur.p. ) (oc)
- 2 8 . 8 - 4 0 . 8 Evaporating Ptessure
(-rsoc) (xql"^?ub". )
I . 4 9 1 . 8 6 3 . 0 3
Condensing pressure (gooc) (t<q/cm? als. )
1 1 . 9 6 . 6 6
(saturated vapour -15-c)
(mrlkq) 0 . 5 0 9 o . 2 7 9 0 . 0 7 8
Clj.tica1 pressure
. - 2 1 1 6 . O 4 0 . 8 5 0 . 3
Cf,itical tel!)er.ature
( "c)
1 3 3 1 4 3 9 6Cornpression ratj.o 1 : g o s , - 1 5 o s 1
4 . 9 4 4 . 4 8 4 . 0 I 4 . 0 6
Areezing point ( a t n . p . ) ( o o c )
- 7 7 . 7 - 1 5 8
Re frigeration effect (standard c!'cle) (Kcal/'Lq)
2 6 9 . O 8 5 . 4 2 9 , 6 4 0 , 2
llP per ton
(at stanalaral condition)
0 . 9 9 0 , 9 6 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 1
Corrosi\,€ness to othet
tlEtals effect to netals to Cu and Cu alloys
C o r r o s i v e , lf contain in[)uxities t o A 1 ,
i f c o n t a i n Mg. Al a l f o v s .
of P-12
Oi1 niscit ility l€s
E).plosiveness r (volutrE *)
1 6 - 2 5
hflamnability s l-ight
Toxicity 2 6 5
violent
1 . b 1 . . 4 . 2 , 1 . c h . r & t . ! l . t l c . o f s . t u r . t . d A d l o n l a ,
t . 2 9 7 r , 3 5 4 1 . 4 7 4 1 . 6 0 4 1 . 7 4 2 l il,19 2 , 0 4 6 2 . 2 1 3 2 - 3t0 2 . 4 t 3 2 , 5 7 ' 2 . 6 7 4 2 . 7 1 9 2 . n 8 3 2 . t 9 1 3 . 1 0 2 3 . 3 3 2 ) . 4 5 2
1 . 5 7 6 5 . 7 0 3 3 . 8 3 4 3 . 9 6 9 4 , 1 0 8 4 . 2 5 C 4 . 3 6 9 4 , 5 4 6 4 , 7 0 0 4.tl59 5 . 1 3 9 a . 3 3 7 5 . 7 1 l l 5 . t 0 4 6 . 2 u 9 7 . 1 1 9 7 , 5 6 4 7 . 7 9 5 3 . 0 3 1
9 . O 3 t l
Llquld K c . l / 1 . 4 B 9 5
1.4923 1 . 4 9 8 0 1 , 5 0 3 7 1 . 5 0 9 [ l . t t 5 5 1 . 5 1 0 5 1 . 5 2 1 5 7 . 5 2 7 6 r . 5 3 3 8 1 . 5 3 6 9 I.5400 L.5432 1 . 5 4 6 4 1 . 5 4 6 9 1 . 5 5 2 8 1 . 5 5 ^ l 1 . 5 5 9 4 1 , 5 6 2 7 1 . 5 6 6 0 1 . 5 6 9 4 1 . 5 7 2 1 1 . 5 7 6 1 1 . 5 7 9 6 1 . 5 8 3 1 1 . 5 8 6 6 1 . 5 9 0 1 1 , 5 9 3 6 t . 5 9 7 2 l . 6 c G 8 1.6031 1 . 5 1 5 6 t . ^ t 1 3 l . r . 2 3 1 1 . 6 3 0 0 1 . 6 3 8 6 1.6466 1 . 6 5 4 6 1 . 6 5 8 0 1 . 6 6 3 0 1 . 6 7 1 4 1 . 6 8 0 0
o . 7 7 1 2 0 . 7 3 n 5 0 . 6 7 8 2 0 . 6 2 3 6 o . 5 1 4 2 0 . 5 : ? 5 0 , 5 0 8 7 0 . 4 8 8 9 0.4520 0 . 4 1 8 4 o.4028 o-3{178 0 . 3 7 3 5 0 . 3 5 9 t O.3tt59 0 . 3 3 4 4 0 , 3 0 0 2 0.2891
o.2r91 o.2100
0 . 2 t i 0 8 o.2520 0.2435 0 , 2 3 5 3 o , 2 2 7 5 0 . 2 2 0 0 0 . 2 1 2 n 0 . 2 0 5 8 o.1927 0 , 1 8 0 6 0 , 1 7 4 9 0 . 1 t 5 1 0 . 1 4 9 4 0 . 1 4 0 5 0 . 1 3 2 2 o . l 2 r l 3 o . 1 2 4 5 o . l . l r 4 0 . 1 1 0 7
0 , 6 t 1 4 0 . 6 7 0 r 0 . 6 6 7 6 0 . 6 5 5 0 o,6624 o . 6 t r B 0 , 6 5 8 5 0 . 6 5 7 2 0 . 6 5 4 6 0 . 6 5 2 0 0 . 6 5 0 3 o.6491 0 . 6 4 8 0 o . 6 4 ( 7 o.6453 o.6440 0 . 6 4 2 6 0 . 6 4 1 3 0 . 6 3 9 9 0 . 6 3 C 6
o.6372 0 . 1 5 3 5 8 o.6345 0 . 6 3 3 1 0 , 6 3 1 7 c . 6 3 0 3 0 . 6 2 8 9 0 . 6 2 7 5 o.62f.l o.6247 0 . 6 2 1 8 0 . 5 1 9 0 o . 1 5 1 7 5 0 . 6 1 6 1 0,6132 0 , 6 1 0 3 o,6073 0 . 6 0 4 1 o.{ic20 0 . 6 0 r 3 0 . 5 9 8 3 o . 5 9 5 2
7 2 , 7 8 7 3 . 8 6 7 6 . 0 1 7 8 . 1 7 c 0 . 3 3 n 2 , 5 0 8 3 . 5 9 0 4 . 6 8 8 6 . U 5 8 9 . 0 3 , 0 . 1 2 9 1 . 8 1 9 2 . 3 0 9 3 . 4 0 94.50 9 6 . 9 6 9 7 . 7 9 9 8 . 8 9 1 0 0 . 0 0 t o t . 1 0 1 0 2 . 2 1 LO3.32 104,43 1 0 5 . 5 4 1 0 6 , 6 5 1 0 7 , 1 6 1 0 8 . 8 7 10t.19 r t l , l l 1 1 3 . 3 5 1 r 5 , 5 9 t76.72 1 1 7 . 1 1 5 1 2 0 . 1 1 722.3A t24.66 129.64 1 2 8 . 0 9 t29,24
393.72 3 9 4 . 0 ? 394,71 395.46 3 9 6 . 1 3 396,19 3 9 7 . 1 2 3 9 f , 4 4 3 9 8 . 0 6 394.61 3 9 0 . 9 7 399.21 399.56 3 9 9 . a 5 400.14 400.42 4 0 0 . 7 0 400.98 4 0 1 . 2 5 40t.52
4 0 1 . 7 8 402.04 402.30 402.55 4 0 2 . 8 0 4 0 3 . 0 4 403.27 4 0 3 . 5 0 403.13 4 0 3 . 9 5 4 0 4 . 3 8 404.79 404.99 4 0 5 , I t 4 0 5 , 5 1 4 0 5 . 9 3 406.27 4 0 6 . 5 9 406.75 4i5.49 4 0 7 . I t 4 0 7 , 4 3 1 1 3 0 . 5 4
l r i 3 . B 4
Kc.l/'..i{ xc.l/ks - 2 5
-22 -20 - 1 8 - 1 6 - 1 5 -14 - 1 2 - 1 0 - 9 - a - 6 - 5
0 + I + 2 + f , + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 +I0 +14 + 1 t + 1 4 + l B + 2 J +22 +24 +25 +26 { 2 8 + 3 0
0 . 8 9 6 0 0 . 9 0 0 3 0 , 9 0 8 9 0 . 9 1 1 7 o . 9 2 5 9 o.9t4J 0 -t 3 e 5 o.9427 0 . 9 5 1 1 0 . 9 5 9 3 0 . 9 6 3 4 0 . 9 6 ? 5 0 . 9 7 1 6 o . 9 7 5 1 0 . 9 7 9 8 o . 9 t t 3 9 0 . 9 8 8 0 0 . 9 9 2 0 0 . 9 9 6 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 4 0 1 . 0 0 8 0 1 !120 1 . 0 1 6 0 1 . 0 2 0 0 1 . 0 2 4 0 1 , 0 2 8 0 1 . 0 3 1 9 r . 0 3 5 8 1 . 0 3 9 7 1 . 0 4 7 5 1 . 0 5 5 1 1 . 0 5 9 2 1 - 0 6 3 1 1 . 0 7 0 9 1 . 0 7 8 5 1 . 0 8 6 2 1. O9t8 1 . 0 9 7 6 l . l 0 l 4 1 . 1 0 9 0 r . 1 1 6 5
? , 1 8 9 6 2 . 1 8 5 3 2 . 1 7 4 4 2 . 1 1 t o 2 . 1 6 3 8 2 . 1 5 6 1 2 . 1 4 9 8 2 , t 4 3 0 2 , 1 3 5 2 2 . 1 3 2 9 2 . L ' ) 6 2.1263 2.t167
1 . 1 1 0 3 2 . 1 0 7 2 2 . l o 4 l 2 . 1 0 1 0 1 . 0 9 7 9 2.0949 2 , 0 9 1 9 2 . O e B g 2 . 0 8 5 9 2.0829 2 . O 7 9 9 2 . O 7 ? O 2 . O 1 4 1 2 . 0 6 8 1 2,0626 2 , 0 5 9 8 2 . 0 7 7 4 2 , 0 5 1 . 2.0459 2 . 0 4 0 5 2 , 0 1 5 t 2.0124 2.0297 2 , 0 2 4 7 2 , 0 t 9 1 1 . 5 4 6
1 . 6 1 9 1 . r 1 4 1 . 9 4 0 2 . 1 0 9 2 , 4 1 0 2 . 5 t 4 2 . 1 3 2 2 . 9 6 6 f . 0 n 9 1 . t 4 7 3 . 4 1 8 X.(tl9 3 . t6 l 3 , 9 0 8 4 . 0 6 0 4 . 2 t 7 4 . 3 7 9
4 . 5 4 5 4 , 7 1 6 4 . 8 9 2
5 . 0 7 3 5 , 2 t 9 5 . 4 5 0 5.449 6 . O 5 1 6 , 2 1 1 6 . 7 1 5 t , l t l J 7 . 4 2 1 1 , 6 7 1 8 . 1 6 9 8 , t 1 4 9 , 3 1 4 9 . 9 1 5 to,22t LO.544 u , 2 0 4 1 l , 8 9 5
3 2 0 . 9 4 320.22 3tt..76 3 1 7 . 2 9 3 1 5 . 8 0 3 1 4 - 2 ' ' 3 1 3 . 5 3 3 t 2 , 7 6 30r.64 3 0 8 . C 5 3 0 8 . 0 5 3 0 7 . 2 5 3 0 6 . 4 5 3 0 5 . 6 4
! 0 4 . 8 3
! 0 4 . 0 1 3 0 3 , 1 9 3 C 2 . 3 6 301,52
i 0 0 . 6 8 2 9 9 . 8 4 294.99 2 9 8 . 1 3 2 9 7 . 2 6 296.39 2 9 5 . 5 1 294.63 293.14 292.i.4 2 9 1 . 0 3 2a9.20 2 t n . 2 7 2 n 1 . 3 4 285.46 283.55 2 8 1 , 6 1 2 7 9 . 6 5 2 7 8 . 6 6 2 7 7 . 6 6 2 7 5 . 6 4 2 7 3 . 5 9
A p p e n d j x 2 ( F i E u r e s )
i 8
2 . O
F i q . 1 , 2 . 1 . R e l a t i o n s h i p h e t w c e n and nunher of si nler.
J . : ( E I n e S l
weight of sinkers the sin](ing velocity
l,lajor Fishing bases fot Purse Seiners anal scasons of operation.
F i g . I . 2 . 2 . .
8 0
6,
g
6
saqssur 008
i n s t r e t c h e d l e n g t h
F i g . 1 . 3 . 1 . D i a s i a r . s of spanish mackeret gi]] n e t .
\ylon 2fo dTte- varn to.z cm
s a r a n l 8 o / 1 8 - Y a r n 1 0
8 2
o
AI
!t
-
d
€E
F i g , 1 , 5 . 1 . G e n e r a l a r r a n g e n e n t of tranl gear,
8 4
H . R . 3 7 - 7 m . c . R . 4 ? . 6 m .
t m r d ( L e = 2 . / r n , ( m i d d l e = 1.6 n)
ts
1 8 0
I
t I
I lao
+ I
1 4 0 f 8 0
+
1 2 A
.t
TI a0
I
I I
6 04 0
t
+
4 0
I
*
T
t 2
+
I
6 9
I I
2 2
t
+
9I
t
10I 5 0t
1 0 0 UPPER
\,-j
$
2 . 7 n . 5 0
( r o )
1 ./ 8
+ I
1 2 6
I
2 2 0
I
eN
t
5 5
F i g . 1 , 5 , 2 , D e s i g n a l i a q r a m o f t w o - s e a m e d t r a w l n e t .
E:
8 6
I o r e 6 h e e r
F l g . 2 . 1 . 1 . L o n g t t u d t n a l c r o 3 8 S e c t l o n o f f i s h l n g B o e t .
B
1 s e o f f l o o ! B a s e l i i e L a t e r e l C r o s s S e c t i o n o f l l s h i n g B o e t . F L E . 2 . 1 . 2 .
f,oA L P P U p p e r d e c k
B l l g e / ' -
F t g . 2 , 1 , 3 ( € ) , P r l n c i P . l Dlmenslons for obt.lnlng Block coefflclent.
F]l
F t g . 2 . 1 . 3 ( c ) . P r l n c i P a l Dloenaions for obtetntng Mtd3htp coefficlent.
F 1 8 . 2 . 1 , 3 ( b ) , P r l n c l p r l Dlmenslong fot o b t a t n l n g PrlBmstlc C o e f f l c i e t r t .
I t g . 2 . 1 . 3 ( d ) , P r l n c l p a l Dloenslons fo!
obta{olng Weter P l e n C o e f f l c l e n t .
8 8
;t-r - r ;l4l---triai*_- r" 6- w
r- l'-r.--- =. +.n,9.-u_=.-3 -l,-=r..r.-'-r"- '- ' t
; 9. ji :ii. : -.,r+:-= ::1,+ ; ii f
O W a t e r t a n k O F l s h h o l d O F u e l o i l L a n k
@ E n s l n e 1 0 6 0 O R e f r l s e r a t l n s r o o m
@ r i s h h o r d ( O Fuel otl tank O I t a t e r tank
6 0 F u e l o l l t a n k O C h a i n l o c k e ! @ F i s h i n g g e a r s t o r a B e ( 3 Radlo room d 4 M a s t e r ' s a c c o m n o d a t l o n
0 3 o f f l c e r s r a c c o r 0 n o d a t i o n d O C r e \ r ' s a c c o n y n o d a r t o n
@ R e f r t g e r a t i n g r o o n 0 3 L i g h t e r
@ D e c k s t o r e 6 v a r e r cank € ) F t s h hold
@ F u e l o 1 1 t a n k 6 C h a l n l o c k e r
F l g . 2 . 2 . 1 . c e n e r e l Arrangenent of Fishing Boar.
Speed (ln knots)
flA. 2,2,2, spe.d ve Eo cPonct Curva.
Indcr of Purac Salllcr.
Ftg,. 2.3,1, Chrr.cterlrtlc
9 0
c2
v^
T t tF l g . 3 , 3 . 1 . o t t o c y c l e o f Internal Combus- tlon Englne,
Ftg. 3.3.3. ssb.the cYcle of Intetn.l Combus- tion Englne.
I L A . 3 . 3 . 2 . D i e s e l C y c l e o f lnternal Combus- tlon EnBlne.
t o l
/,s)\
\/l[1
sgitria{E a
1 , P i s t o n 2 . Cylinder
3 . Connecring rod 4 , Crank shafi
F t g . 3 . 4 . 1 . S t r o k e s D l e B c l
C D
E^PAfls/OH Errr,sf s720EE
5 . B a l a n c t n g nelght 6 . S u c t l o n valve 7 . Exhaust valve 8 . Fuel valve o f !our-stroke-cycle E n g l n e .
FfA. 3,4.2. Stlokc of luo_stroke_cycle Engln€.
9 2
F i g . 3 . 5 , 1 . S c h e n r t l c Representatlon of C o n b u a t i o n T u r b l n e .
( 3 ) ( 4 )
( r )
( 2 )
Anglne room Shaft tunnel
M a l n e n g l n e
S h a f t t n g (5) Propeller
? 1 9 . 3 . 6 . 1 , S c h e m s l l c R e p r e s e n t a t l o n of Propulslon Systen.
Ftg. 4.1.1. Iddlrect Refrlgrr.tlon Sy.tor!.
9 4
; l E '
I :
:
=
A
Sp&rlr enthalp,
Flg. 4.2.2. Sk.lton Ph Chert
?hrae ReSlona .nd PhaSe Chdnglog.
t 11us t ra t lng Dlrectlon of
E 2
Sg..ili hr$r
ElA. 4.2.1. Sk6lton Ph Ch.rt .ho*lng P.thr of conattnt Pre!ture, conatllrt
Telrperatule, Constant Volusc'
Conatant Qurllty, Conatrot EnthllPy' ltrd Constant EntroPY.
L|qU'd ro v.eor -+J
sup€,he.red rea,on
vaeo, ro r'qu'd <-J ,;;;,h;atu;"p",,
',/ / *^o*^
/ / f
:$/ I
I
I .l
I I I I I