This manual, entitled "Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) Hatchery Operations Using Enhanced Biosecurity Measures," includes modifications to shrimp hatchery operations conducted by the Aquaculture Department of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center to provide high-quality postlarvae for shrimp farming . The production of the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) began when it was discovered as an accidental crop in milkfish culture.
Water Supply
Cultivation should be located in an area suitable for black tiger shrimp culture. It should be away from potential pollution areas such as domestic, industrial and agricultural discharges or runoff.
Source of Spawner or Broodstock
Accessibility and Availability of Electric Power
The male then turns ventral side up and attaches to the female, aligning the thoraco-abdominal junction with the posterior thorax of the female. The male turns perpendicular to the female and rotates on the back of the thorax.
Eggs
The deposited spermatozoa remain within the lycum for several weeks until the female releases them along with the eggs.
Nauplius Stage
Protozoea Stage
Mysis Stage
Postlarval Stage
Filtration System, Seawater Reservoir, and UV Sterilization System
The seawater from the tank goes through various stages of filtration and sterilization before reaching the larval rearing and natural food tanks.
Aeration System
Spawning/Hatching Tanks
Larval Rearing Tanks
Natural Food Tanks
Generator Set
Office and Technicians’ Quarters
Wastewater Treatment Tank
Other Materials and Equipment
It will be a separate area from the shrimp hatchery that will be used to quarantine spawners while they are processed and sampled for pathogen detection. Prior to the arrival of the spawners or broodstock, the entire area will be prepared, cleaned and disinfected, including facilities and equipment. Two hundred (200) ppm chlorine solution will be prepared and sprayed into the tank and reservoir.
Other materials such as air hoses, air stones, buckets, basins, sinks, filter bags, filter nets and other equipment will be soaked in chlorine solution before starting operation. After disinfection, the egg tanks will be prepared by installing ventilation lines and covering them individually with black nets and black bags. It is recommended that each tank should be equipped with all necessary materials, such as filter bags, scoop nets, buckets and dippers, separately from other tanks to prevent any cross-contamination.
Signs, footbaths and hand sanitizers will be provided at the main entrance of the hatchery (Figure 21). Slippers or rubber boots will be provided and will only be used inside the facility (Figure 22). Only authorized staff or hatchery staff will be allowed to enter the facility and handle the stock.
Tank Preparation and Disinfection
Natural Food Production
Add fertilizer at 1ml per liter to the container and follow by adding the starter. Provide aeration and lighting until the culture is ready to be fed or scaled up to larger containers. To harvest diatoms, attach a double-lined harvesting bag to the end of the drain pipe of the algae tank (Figure 25).
Hydrate the Artemia cysts in a bucket provided with aeration and UV-sterilized seawater for one hour. Rinse the cysts with running UV-treated seawater until the odor of sodium hypochlorite disappears. Incubate the cysts in a 250 L incubation tank filled with UV-sterilized seawater with aeration for 24 hours.
Before harvesting, remove the aeration and cover the top of the incubation tank for at least 30 minutes to separate the unhatched cysts from the nauplii. The unhatched cysts will float while the nauplii will accumulate at the bottom of the tank (Figure 27). Open the outlet of the incubation tank slowly to avoid mixing unhatched cysts and nauplii.
Selection and Processing of Spawners
When the salts of the two waters have already been equalized, the eggs will be allowed to acclimatize for two hours. After two hours, disinfect the eggs using 50 ppm povidone-iodine (added to the basin water).
Early maturing) — Ovaries observed through the exoskeleton as a linear band as these start to increase in size, particularly in the anterior
Late maturing) — Ovaries visible through the exoskeleton as a thick, solid, dark linear band as these expand considerably from
Mature or ripe) — The diamond-shaped expansion at the first abdominal segment is larger and more distinct; the linear band is thicker
Spent) — Completely spent ovaries are limp and thin and outwardly appear similar to Stage I (immature) ovaries. Dissected ovaries
Only healthy animals with clean shells, intact legs and tails and uninfected gills should be removed. The thelycum will be closely examined for the presence (swollen, with a vertical white band on each side) or absence (depressed, evenly colored without a white band) of sperm sacs. Only females that appear to have sperm deposited in the thelicum will be removed; the rest will be returned to the holding tank for mating with the males.
However, an already infected or damaged eye will be removed to leave a healthy eye untouched. The eye stalk heals even without the use of antibiotics; the outer layer (corneal) forms scar tissue within a week. Ligature - The eye stalk is tied with a thread at the base near the carapace, to fall off within a few days.
This process requires two people: one to hold the shrimp while another ties the eye stalk. Cauterization - The eyestalk is removed by squeezing it with red-hot tweezers or by using an electric cauterizer (nichrome wire, 5 volts). Cutting - The eyestalk is cut with sharp scissors approximately 3-5mm from the base.
Egg Disinfection and Treatment
Spent spawners (A) are inspected (B), placed in labeled plastic containers (C) and sent to the fish health laboratory for PCR tests (D). The next morning, remove the brood from the spawning area and check to see if they have hatched. Place the spent spawn in a labeled resealable plastic bag and send to the fish health laboratory for PCR tests (Figure 31).
The disinfectant will be prepared by mixing 1 ml of povidone-iodine solution in 20 L of water in the basin. After the first wash (5 minutes), the harvest box with the eggs is placed in the second basin supplied with UV-sterilized and aerated seawater with disinfectant for 1 minute. The eggs are again placed in the third basin to rinse for another five minutes.
The washed eggs will then be collected in another clean tank supplied with sterilized, UV-aerated seawater to facilitate hatching.
Harvesting and Stocking of Nauplii
The nauplii will then be transported in clean and covered buckets from the Spawner/Broodstock Facility to the shrimp hatchery. The nauplii are gradually collected from the hatching container (A), placed in a bucket (B), counted (C) and released into the larval rearing containers (D).
Feeding
Water Management
Water and Fry Quality Monitoring
Shrimp larvae will also be sampled to determine estimated numbers during different shrimp stages. A clean, appropriately labeled sampling bottle should be prepared to be used to collect water from larval rearing tanks. The bottle will then be capped and sent to a fish health laboratory (Figure 34).
The fry that accumulate at the center will be collected, placed in a pre-labeled plastic container (D) and sent to a fish health laboratory for bacterial and PCR tests (Figure 35). On the other hand, the fry in the tanks will be observed and monitored regularly to determine their stage and condition, as well as to monitor their survival at all stages. A liter of water is taken from the tank using a beaker and the brood will then be observed (Figure 36).
They will be counted by hand by placing them in a white bowl and will be returned to the tanks after counting.
Harvesting, Packing and Transport of Shrimp Fry
Before harvesting, the water level in the tanks will be reduced to about 1/4 of the total volume to reduce the pressure on the drain pipe during water discharge and thereby reduce stress on the post-larvae. After lowering the water level, the stand will be partially removed and placed in an inclined position, and the remaining contents of the tank will drain in a controlled manner into the collection net inside the collection pit or box. The PL will be collected and concentrated with a clean scoop net and then transferred to a pool of UV-sterilized and carbonated seawater.
The harvested fry are placed in tanks with UV-sterilized seawater and provided with aeration. The estimated fry are distributed among the other tanks based on the counted fry density. After the assessment, the fry are transferred from the tanks to double polyethylene (PE) bags.
The inner bag will contain 1/3 UV-sterilized seawater and 2/3 oxygen by volume, and the inner and outer bags will be tied separately with rubber bands (Figure 38). If the travel time exceeds 6 hours, the water temperature will be lowered to 25 °C by placing ice packs on top of the inner plastic bags. For long-distance transport or air transport, the chips will be packed in double-lined PE bags with ice wrapped on the side of the first bag, placed inside boxes and styrocuts and sealed with packing tape (Figure 39). .
Shrimp Fry Production
Hatchery
Investment items, costs, depreciation and reinvestment requirements in Shrimp Hatchery Operations in the Philippines. Monetary values are in Philippine Pesos (PHP). Investment items Total cost Economic life Annual depreciation expense Reinvestment in years 6, 11 and 16. Outbreaks of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus mondon cultivated in the Philippines.
Design, operation and economics of a small-scale hatchery for larval rearing of sugpo, Penaeus monodon Fab. Ablation – incision and removal of the contents of the eye and eyestalk to induce maturation of the gonads. Density – number of individuals or units per volume Density, algae – number of algal cells per volume Diatoms – microscopic algae with siliceous cell walls.
Disinfect - get rid of harmful microorganisms Dorsal - refers to the upper side of the shrimp. Starter (algae) – inoculum; a small amount of pure algae culture used to start mass production. UV Sterilizer - UV disinfection or ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) that effectively inactivates microorganisms by damaging the DNA of cells.
Also, our heartfelt thanks to the staff of the Fish Health Section, SEAFDEC/AQD for performing the fry quality monitoring, PCR and bacterial analysis of rearing water and shrimp fry. He earned his Master of Science degree in Fisheries (Aquaculture major) from the University of the Philippines in 1978. Tambirao graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Fisheries from the University of the Philippines Visayas in 2018.
She obtained her Bachelor of Science in Fisheries degree from the University of the Philippines Visayas in 2017. She is an alumna of the University of San Agustin with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Education. Navarro has been with SEAFDEC/AQD since 2019 and is currently a Technical Assistant with the Technology Verification and Extension Division.
He received his Bachelor of Science in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (cum laude) from the University of the Philippines Diliman in 2018. He received his Bachelor of Science in Economics from the University of the Philippines Visayas in 2016. SEAFDEC is the Board of Directors , composed of representatives of the Member States.
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