JEROME MONDALA JOPIA
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY DIVISION INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Major in Agricultural Power and Machinery Engineering
APRIL 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL PAGE ii
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF APPENDICES xii
ABSTRACT xiii
INTRODUCTION 1
Significance of the Study 2
Objectives of the Study 3
Scope and Limitation of the Study 3
Time and Place of Study 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5
Duck Industry 5
Duck Egg 5
Balut and Penoy 6
Egg Candling 7
Human Vision 10
Machine Vision 11
Cameras and Optics 12
Lighting 13
Frame Grabber 13
Computer 14
Software 14
Image Processing 15
Image Acquisition 15
Image Pre-processing 15
Segmentation 16
Object Interpretation 16
PAGE
Classification 16
Accuracy and Precision 17
MATERIALS AND METHODS 19
Materials 19
Camera 19
Egg Candling Chamber 19
Video Capture Card 20
Computer 21
Software 21
Methods 22
Design of Candling System 22
Development of Software 23
Identification of Parameters 23
Software Development 23
Experimental Procedure 23
Test for Precision 23
Test for Accuracy 24
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25
Development of Software 25
Identification of Parameters 25
Designing the Graphical User Interface (GUI) 26
Process Flow 29
Image Acquisition 30
Image Pre-processing 31
Image Segmentation 32
Object Interpretation 33
Classification 34
Test for Precision 35
Test for Precision in Measuring the Egg Size 35 Coefficient of Variance in Measuring the Egg Size 37 Analysis of Variance in Measuring the Egg Size 39
Test for Precision in Measuring Embryo Size 40
Test for Accuracy 42
Test for Accuracy in Classifying the Fertility of Duck Eggs Based from the Expert
42
PAGE Test for Accuracy in Classifying the Fertility of Duck Eggs Based
on Actual Classification
45
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 47
RECOMMENDATIONS 49
LIST OF REFERENCES 50
APPENDICES 53
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Number of egg pixels at 24 orientation angles 38 2 Summary of the ANOVA for the variability of egg sized among egg
samples and on the different orientation angles
39
3 Software’s classification and expert’s classification of a 10-day old duck egg
43
4 Software’s classification and expert’s classification of a 17-day old duck egg
44
4 Comparison of the software's classification and expert's classification from the actual classification
46
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 Parts of an egg 6
2 Manual egg candling 7
3 Interpretation of candled chicken images 9
4 Parts of the human eye with an enlargement of the retina 10
5 Accuracy and precision target analogy 17
6 SONY DCR-TRV460 digital video camera recorder 19
7 Egg candling chamber 20
8 Video capture card 20
9 Computer 21
10 Candling system 22
11 Images of candled duck eggs at different stages 26
12 Main form 28
13 Background settings form 28
14 Flow chart of image processing 29
15 Acquired image of duck eggs at different stages 30 16 Pre-processed image of duck eggs at different stages 31 17 Segmented image of duck eggs at different stages 32 18 Interpreted image of duck eggs at different stages 34 19 Maximum, minimum, and average egg pixels of ten egg samples 36 20 Egg pixel of egg samples at 24 orientation angles 36 21 Maximum, minimum, and average embryo percentage of ten egg
samples
40
PAGE 22 Embryo percentage of egg samples at 24 orientation angles 41
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX PAGE
A Images of a duck egg at 24 orientation angles 54
B Measurements of conditional parameter 56
C Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 58
ABSTRACT
JOPIA, JEROME MONDALA. University of the Philippines Los Baños, April 2010.
Determination of Duck Egg Fertility Using Machine Vision.
Adviser: Marvin C. Petingco
A machine vision system, which consists of a Sony DCR - TRV 460 Digital Video Cam Recorder, an egg candling chamber, a TV capture card, a Pentium 4 personal computer at 2.66 Ghz speed, and software (EC 1.0) for determining duck egg fertility was developed and tested.
Ten samples of 10-day old eggs were used to test the precision of the software in measuring the size of the egg at 24 orientation angles. On the other hand, 30, 10-day old egg samples (15 fertile and 15 infertile) and 30, 17-day old egg samples (15 fertile and 15 infertile) were used to test precision of the software in classifying the fertility of duck eggs. For the accuracy of the software in classifying the duck egg fertility, 30, 17-day old duck eggs were used.
The results showed that the developed software has a 99.4 percent precision in measuring the size of the egg. The percent accuracies, using the expert’s classification as standard, were 93.33% and 96.67% for the 10-day old and 17-day old duck egg, respectively. The results also showed a hundred percent accuracy in classifying the fertility of a 17-day old duck egg.
