Upon inspection of the municipal water system, breaks were found in the distribution pipes, some of which were submerged in river water. A single water sample (500 ml) was collected from each of the three inlet tanks and two reservoirs of the municipal water system. Of the 39 rectal swab samples collected for cases, 11 (28%) were positive for the following bacterial pathogens: Aeromonas hydrophila (four or 10%), Campylobacter jejuni (three or 8%), Campylobacter coli (three or 8%) and Shigella sonnei (one or 3%).
Also, after the typhoon, a family built a temporary shelter on the wall of one of the two municipal water supply tanks. The fact that the same bacteria were found in the municipal water supply and in some cases provides strong evidence for the source of the infection. However, after inspection of the municipal water system during the investigation of the explosion, breaks were found in the distribution pipes with some of them submerged in the river water.
The chlorine used in the tank was inadequate after the typhoon, which most likely allowed bacteria to grow. This study analyzes surveillance data from the National Tuberculosis Control Program in Vietnam for a six-year period from 2007 to 2012.
DISCUSSION
There was a significant decrease in the smear positive notification rate between 2007 and 2012 for all age groups except for men aged 0-14 years and women aged 15-24 years. This is in contrast to the proportion of persons in the population aged 45 and over, which was only 28%. Demographic changes in population over time may influence trends in TB notification rates.8 Vietnam population data showed an increase in the proportion of persons aged 45 and over from 25% in 2007 to 28% in 2012.7 This increase in the older population may causes a lower-than-expected decline in overall case notification rates of TB, as older people have higher TB notification rates, and younger persons have lower TB notification rates but make up a smaller proportion of the population.
Tuberculosis epidemiology and control in the Western Pacific Region: analysis of case notification data from 2012. For the results to truly reflect the epidemiology of TB in Vietnam, they depend not only on the quality of the surveillance system, but also on the capacity of the NTP to detect and treat all TB cases in the community. Higher CNRs were found in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the country and were higher for men, especially in the older age groups.
The increase in TB screening, the decrease in the positive smear rate, and the decrease in notified smear-positive TB cases likely reflect a long-term positive impact of the NTP. Age-specific and province-specific population data are obtained from the Census-estimated population.
RESULTS
A decrease in new smear-positive cases provides an indication of the long-term impact of the Cambodian NTP. Washington, DC, Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, 2012 (http://www. Conclusion: We concluded that turtle poisoning (also called chelonitoxism) was the cause of the outbreak on Murilo.
All persons present at the turtle party and their family members were from the island nation of the Federated States of. Key informants from the community were interviewed about the foods consumed as part of the turtle festival. Of the 20 sick people who did not eat the turtles, 10 were diagnosed with flu-like illnesses.
He was kept alive on land but died in the early part of the day of the holiday, presumably from heat exhaustion. The two adult brothers who died participated in the slaughtering and cooking of the turtle. Of the 120 people who consumed turtle (or who were breastfed by mothers who ate turtle), 101 sick people met the case definition.
During the evening the patient became agitated and belligerent and required sedation. No leftover turtle meat was found - the community ate most of the turtle and threw the rest into the sea. Methods: The workshop was jointly developed by the Philippine Department of Health and the country office of the World Health Organization.
The goal of the workshop was for the participants to provide safer care for patients with EVD and prevent the transmission of disease in the healthcare system and community. Ebola – basics, natural history and epidemiology of the West African outbreak; Reston Ebola virus in the Philippines. Pre- and post-workshop test: If an answer to one of the 10 knowledge questions was missing, it was marked as wrong.
Participants' confidence in the safe care of an EVD patient increased significantly at the end of the workshop (P = 0.018). Limitations include use of the same pre- and post-workshop test, meaning increases in knowledge may be test- rather than disease-specific; and the 27.7 per cent
CONCLUSIONS
Guidance on hand hygiene in healthcare in the context of the response to outbreaks of filovirus disease. An overview of handwashing facilities at the outpatient clinic of a tertiary care teaching hospital in India. Results: Of the 314 participants, the infections were as follows: Trichuris trichiura (86%); hookworm, mainly Ancylostoma duodenale (36%); Entamoeba spp.
There was a decrease in the proportion positive for hookworm over the two-year period, but not for the other parasite species. Intestinal parasites in children and adults in a remote Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory, Australia, 1994–1996. Vermiculite cultures of 10 faecal samples with a significant number of eggs in the direct smear were prepared to determine the species of hookworm based on the morphology of the cultured filariform larvae.20.
There was no significant variation in the geometric mean egg counts of positive samples across the seven hookworm studies (Table 1). Of the 314 participants, the overall percentage positive for intestinal parasites was 89% and for one or more helminth species 88%. Of the 314 participants were infected with more than one helminth species, and 109 (35%) were infected with one or more helminth species and one or more protozoan species (Figure 2).
No attempt was made to distinguish between new infections and those found in previous surveys. Despite the above limitations, this study highlights the very high prevalence of intestinal parasite infection, often with more than one species, in this remote Aboriginal community in the 1990s, particularly among schoolchildren. Research data showed that after the introduction of an annual program of single-dose albendazole treatment for children, the percentage of participants positive for hookworm significantly decreased, but there was no significant change in
Efficacy of albendazole against Giardia and hookworm in a remote Aboriginal community in northern Western Australia. FSWs, PWID and MSM contacted by the harm reduction prevention programs in the past six months. Interviews were conducted in the local language; the questionnaire included items on socio-demography, sexual risk.
Enterovirus C105 (EV-C105) is a member of the human enterovirus group C species and was first identified in the Democratic Republic of Congo in late 2010 in a fecal sample collected from a fatal acute.
CASE REPORT
We classified the citizen of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (seat 12D) as a close contact (within two lines of the index case: seat 10F); he was the tour guide for 42 other Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passengers. The Regional Office has informed through the IHR mechanism of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region within three days of the diagnosis of the case. We would like to thank all the staff of the Surveillance and Epidemiology Branch of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Center for Health Protection who contributed to the investigation and control of this outbreak.
The World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific recently conducted two activities: an online EVD preparedness survey and an EVD simulation exercise to determine the overall level of EVD preparedness in the region. Taken together, the survey and exercise indicate that there is a good overall level of preparedness for a potential imported case of EVD in the Western Pacific region. As part of its support to Member States and within the framework of the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005)6 and the Asia-Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases (APSED 2010, Strategy for Capacity Building for Public Health Events in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific Region),7 it The WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific recently conducted two activities to assess preparedness for EVD in the region.
The second was a simulation exercise conducted with the participation of the National IHL Contact Points in the Member States, the WHO Country Offices and the WHO Regional Office. In the surveillance, risk assessment and response component, an EVD surveillance protocol had been developed and disseminated to public health officials and hospitals in 92% of Asian countries compared to 15% of the Pacific Islands. On September 29, 2014, invitations for the web-based Ebola Preparedness Survey were sent to all 27 WHO National IHR Western Pacific Contact Points.
Invitations to participate were sent to all 27 national IHR focal points in the Western Pacific region. Fifteen countries notified WHO that the individual meets a presumptive case definition in the scenario (9/11 Asian countries; 6/10 Pacific Island countries) and 17 notified WHO of the confirmed case (9/11 Asian countries; 8/10 Pacific Island countries) ). In the same respective categories, 31%, 23% and 31% of Pacific Island countries reported having completed these preparations.
Twenty-three National IHR Focal Points participated in the exercise; 11 from Asian countries on October 8 and 12 from Pacific Island countries on October 9. The survey and simulation exercise indicate that there is a good overall level of preparedness in the Western Pacific region in the event of an imported case of EVD. The WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific Ebola Emergency Support Team acknowledges all Member States in the Western Pacific for their contribution and support to the Ebola Preparedness Survey and Ebola Simulation Exercise.
