Fossil Fuels - University of the Philippines Diliman

Energy Energy

The ultimate addiction of civilisation The ultimate addiction of civilisation

Energy consumption Energy consumption

 90% of energy consumed in developed 90% of energy consumed in developed countries is from fossil fuels

countries is from fossil fuels

 10% are from hydropower, nuclear, solar, 10% are from hydropower, nuclear, solar, windwind

 Renewable sources are Renewable sources are alternative sources

alternative sources

Energy efficiency: 1

Energy efficiency: 1

^stst

law law

 First law efficiencyFirst law efficiency – amount of E without – amount of E without

consideration of its quality. Expressed as a %.

consideration of its quality. Expressed as a %.

 It is a ratio of the actual amount of energy It is a ratio of the actual amount of energy

delivered where it is needed to the amount of delivered where it is needed to the amount of

energy supplied to meet that need energy supplied to meet that need

 A fluorescent bulb converts 1/5 of electrical A fluorescent bulb converts 1/5 of electrical energy into light. Thus its 1

energy into light. Thus its 1^stst law efficiency is law efficiency is 20%20%

Energy efficiency: 2

Energy efficiency: 2

^ndnd

law law

 Second law efficiencySecond law efficiency: the ratio of : the ratio of minimum available work needed to minimum available work needed to

perform a particular task to the actual perform a particular task to the actual

work needed to perform that task work needed to perform that task

 A car has a 1A car has a 1^stst law efficiency of 20%. 80% law efficiency of 20%. 80%

is unusable energy.

is unusable energy.

 Out of that 20% 1Out of that 20% 1^stst law efficiency, 10% is law efficiency, 10% is 22^ndnd law efficiency law efficiency

Energy efficiency Energy efficiency

 11^stst law efficiency may be misleading. A high law efficiency may be misleading. A high efficiency may mean no more energy saving efficiency may mean no more energy saving

improvements may be done.

improvements may be done.

 22^ndnd law efficiency takes note of work. That is law efficiency takes note of work. That is energy applied.

energy applied.

 A car has a low 2A car has a low 2^ndnd law efficiency since high law efficiency since high quality gasoline wastes much heat that

quality gasoline wastes much heat that

otherwise may used to do additional work.

otherwise may used to do additional work.

 The solution is to use a fuel that doesn’t waste The solution is to use a fuel that doesn’t waste

REGULAR COMBUSTION REGULAR COMBUSTION

ENGINE ENGINE

A lot of the energy is wasted in the heat A lot of the energy is wasted in the heat of the exhaust as well as in the radiator.

of the exhaust as well as in the radiator.

Pollution (NOPollution (NOxx , SO , SOxx VOC and other) VOC and other)

Has a very low efficiency, about Has a very low efficiency, about 20-25% .*

20-25% .*

What is energy What is energy

conservation?

conservation?

 This refers simply to This refers simply to getting by with more getting by with more work with less demand

work with less demand for energy for energy

 This means improving 2This means improving 2^ndnd law efficiency law efficiency

 Cogeneration: using waste heat to do Cogeneration: using waste heat to do supplementary work

supplementary work

 Example: Have you heard of the guy who Example: Have you heard of the guy who barbecues while driving

barbecues while driving his V8 engine car? his V8 engine car?

Fossil fuels Fossil fuels

 95% of Philippine energy needs95% of Philippine energy needs

 Relatively cheap as of now.Relatively cheap as of now.

 Petroleum is also made into plastics and other Petroleum is also made into plastics and other synthetic materials including fertilizers

synthetic materials including fertilizers

 Only a few countries have enough supplies. Only a few countries have enough supplies.

E.g. Saudi Arabia, Iraq E.g. Saudi Arabia, Iraq

 Some of the countries have political problemsSome of the countries have political problems

Where is the oil?

Where is the oil?

Why is the price of oil Why is the price of oil

going up?

going up?

 Economic developmentEconomic development

 China, India and Southeast Asian China, India and Southeast Asian

countries have a rising middle class who countries have a rising middle class who

want cars want cars

 Political troubles: Iraq, Saudi ArabiaPolitical troubles: Iraq, Saudi Arabia

 USA- preference for SUVsUSA- preference for SUVs

 New oilfields require more investmentsNew oilfields require more investments

Top 5 consumers of oil Top 5 consumers of oil

1.1. United StatesUnited States 2.2. ChinaChina

3.3. RussiaRussia 4.4. JapanJapan

5. 5. United States’ Automobiles United States’ Automobiles

Two major choices Two major choices

 Change your car for Change your car for cars with new cars with new propulsion technologies

propulsion technologies (hybrids, fuel (hybrids, fuel cells or electric)

cells or electric)

 Change from gasoline or diesel to new Change from gasoline or diesel to new fuels but these

fuels but these new fuels can run your new fuels can run your car without engine modification (

car without engine modification ( biodiesel

biodiesel))..

Easier to Change the Car Easier to Change the Car

Than to Change the Than to Change the

Person!!

Person!!

 Sport Utility Vehicles are a Status SymbolSport Utility Vehicles are a Status Symbol

 Only 10-30% of people who own SUVs actually use Only 10-30% of people who own SUVs actually use them for off-road activities

them for off-road activities

 38% of the cars on the road are SUVs38% of the cars on the road are SUVs

 With Hybrid technology, people can keep their With Hybrid technology, people can keep their

“big” cars while using less fuel.

“big” cars while using less fuel.

 Ford Escape, 2004Ford Escape, 2004

 Dodge Durango SUV, uncertain release dateDodge Durango SUV, uncertain release date

How Hybrids Work How Hybrids Work

 Electric portion of the motor gets power Electric portion of the motor gets power from nickel-metal hydride battery (next to from nickel-metal hydride battery (next to

fuel tank) fuel tank)

 NO PLUGGING IN NEEDED! (battery NO PLUGGING IN NEEDED! (battery maintained by regenerative braking- maintained by regenerative braking-

kinetic energy captured by forward kinetic energy captured by forward

momentum) momentum)

 Gasoline engine made from plastic Gasoline engine made from plastic materials

materials

Other car technologies Other car technologies

 Electric carsElectric cars

 Hybrid cars- gas and electricHybrid cars- gas and electric

 Fuel cell cars Fuel cell cars

Why go alternative?

Why go alternative?

 Mileage- a hybrid car can go 20 km or Mileage- a hybrid car can go 20 km or more to a liter

more to a liter

 More environment friendlyMore environment friendly

 Celebrity appeal: Leo DiCaprio drives 4 Celebrity appeal: Leo DiCaprio drives 4 hybrid cars. Russel Crowe drives one.

hybrid cars. Russel Crowe drives one.

How It Works How It Works

 Two or more sources of power combinedTwo or more sources of power combined

 Ex:Ex:

 Mo-pedMo-ped

 TrainsTrains

 BusesBuses

 Mining trucksMining trucks

 Submarines Submarines

A BATTERY-POWERED CAR A BATTERY-POWERED CAR

Battery efficiency: ~90%Battery efficiency: ~90%

Motor efficiency ~80%Motor efficiency ~80%

TOTAL: TOTAL: 72%72%

No Pollution No Pollution ??????

Remember that the power had to be Remember that the power had to be

generated somewhere else, most likely a generated somewhere else, most likely a

conventional coal plant! ~40%.

conventional coal plant! ~40%.**

Real Efficiency ~29%Real Efficiency ~29%

Comparing the Battery and Comparing the Battery and

Fuel Cell in automobile Fuel Cell in automobile

Fuel cell slightly more efficient and Fuel cell slightly more efficient and without the conventional pollution without the conventional pollution

Fuel cell design offers convenient Fuel cell design offers convenient

“recharge” at a gas station

“recharge” at a gas station

Fuel cell automobiles are still much more Fuel cell automobiles are still much more expensive ($80,000

expensive ($80,000

80mpg/52mpg (Toyota Prius-hybrid)80mpg/52mpg (Toyota Prius-hybrid)

~300

~0

~0

~0

~6-7,000

Components Components

 Gas engineGas engine

 Fuel tankFuel tank

 Electric motorElectric motor

 GeneratorGenerator

 BatteriesBatteries

 Transmission Transmission

Electric Motor Electric Motor

Components Components

 Armature or rotorArmature or rotor

 Thin wire coiled around two or more polesThin wire coiled around two or more poles

 CommutatorCommutator

 Plate pair attached to axlePlate pair attached to axle

 BrushesBrushes

 Provides “flipping” action with the commutator Provides “flipping” action with the commutator

 AxleAxle

 Field magnetField magnet

Poles Poles

 Car motors usually have 3 poles…Car motors usually have 3 poles…

 Better dynamics in the car (magnet cannot Better dynamics in the car (magnet cannot get “stuck” b/w the poles)

get “stuck” b/w the poles)

 Avoids wasting energy and wasting the Avoids wasting energy and wasting the battery

battery

Generator Generator

 Similar to electric motor, but only Similar to electric motor, but only produces electrical power

produces electrical power

 Used in series hybridsUsed in series hybrids

 Electric motor acts like a generator when Electric motor acts like a generator when it slows car down to charge the batteries it slows car down to charge the batteries

Batteries Batteries

 Higher voltagesHigher voltages serial serial

 Higher currentsHigher currents parallel parallel

 Energy storage device for electric motorEnergy storage device for electric motor

 Electric motor: puts energy into batteries Electric motor: puts energy into batteries and draws from them

and draws from them

 Gives that extra “help”Gives that extra “help”

The upper arrangement is called a parallel arrangement. If you assume that each cell produces 1.5 volts, then four batteries in parallel will also produce 1.5 volts, but the current supplied will be four times that of a single cell. The lower arrangement is called a serial arrangement. The four voltages add together to produce 6 volts.

Types of Hybrids Types of Hybrids

 Parallel hybridParallel hybrid

 Fuel tank provides gasoline to engineFuel tank provides gasoline to engine

 Batteries supply power to electric motorBatteries supply power to electric motor

 Engine and electric motor work together to Engine and electric motor work together to turn transmission simultaneously

turn transmission simultaneously

 Transmission turns the wheelsTransmission turns the wheels

Parallel Hybrid Parallel Hybrid

 Fuel tank and gas engine connect to Fuel tank and gas engine connect to transmission

transmission

 Batteries and electric motor connect to Batteries and electric motor connect to transmission independently

transmission independently

 Thus, electric motor and gas engine Thus, electric motor and gas engine propel auto

propel auto

Civic Hybrid Stats Civic Hybrid Stats

 48 mpg city/47 mpg highway (ULEV)48 mpg city/47 mpg highway (ULEV)

 Actual: 43 mpg city / 52 mpg highway Actual: 43 mpg city / 52 mpg highway

 City fuel efficiency decreases in winter when temps City fuel efficiency decreases in winter when temps are below freezing; closer to 35 mpg in city; highway are below freezing; closer to 35 mpg in city; highway

stays the same stays the same

 47 mpg city/48 mpg highway (SULEV)47 mpg city/48 mpg highway (SULEV)

 1/03: SULEV marketed in California1/03: SULEV marketed in California

 650 miles per tank of gasoline650 miles per tank of gasoline

 IMA technology; 1.3 L VTEC 4-cylinder engineIMA technology; 1.3 L VTEC 4-cylinder engine

 10 year battery life10 year battery life

Toyota Prius Toyota Prius

 Parallel hybridParallel hybrid

 Electric motor starts the carElectric motor starts the car

 Power Split DevicePower Split Device

 Series hybridSeries hybrid

 Only Available in a Continuously Variable Only Available in a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)

Transmission (CVT)

How to make the most of How to make the most of

your hybrid your hybrid

 Don’t speedDon’t speed

 Keep speed constantKeep speed constant

 Don’t stop abruptlyDon’t stop abruptly

 Manual transmissions: let the Manual transmissions: let the

regenerative braking work before putting regenerative braking work before putting

in the clutch in the clutch

WHAT IS A FUEL CELL WHAT IS A FUEL CELL

 Reversed Electrolysis Reversed Electrolysis Device

Device

 Pt coated electrodesPt coated electrodes

 Use air as a source of Use air as a source of OO22

How Does it Work How Does it Work

 Electrolyte- proton-Electrolyte- proton-

exchange-membrane exchange-membrane

(PEM), Phosphoric Acid (PEM), Phosphoric Acid

 Combines Fuel and Combines Fuel and Oxygen

Oxygen

 Produces HProduces H220 (l), heat, 0 (l), heat, COCO22

www.howstuffworks.com

ADVANTAGES OF FUEL ADVANTAGES OF FUEL

CELLS CELLS

 EFFICIENCYEFFICIENCY

Fuel cells can convert as much as 80% of the Fuel cells can convert as much as 80% of the energy stored in the fuel

energy stored in the fuel **

 QUIETQUIET

 NO MOVING PARTSNO MOVING PARTS

 EXTRA HEAT CAN BE USEDEXTRA HEAT CAN BE USED

MORE ADVANTAGES MORE ADVANTAGES

Low Pollution- Fuel cells produce only Low Pollution- Fuel cells produce only water and CO

water and CO22 depending upon the fuel depending upon the fuel usedused

Low Maintenance/Operating costLow Maintenance/Operating cost

Can use conventional fuels - gasoline, Can use conventional fuels - gasoline, methane, propane

methane, propane

Small or large scale usesSmall or large scale uses

DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Still produce COStill produce CO22 although with more although with more usable energy.

usable energy.

Expensive: (Pt) It costs about $40,000 to Expensive: (Pt) It costs about $40,000 to make a fuel cell system for a car.

make a fuel cell system for a car.**

 (Power plant estimated costs 1999: $800-1200/kWh (The first one in (Power plant estimated costs 1999: $800-1200/kWh (The first one in Austin cost about $4000/kW)

Austin cost about $4000/kW)**)**)

Hydrogen/Reformer ProblemHydrogen/Reformer Problem

Clean FuelClean Fuel

FUEL CELL IN FUEL CELL IN

AUTOMOBILES AUTOMOBILES

 Fuel Cell efficiency~40% (depends on fuel)-Fuel Cell efficiency~40% (depends on fuel)- recall reformer, up to 80% if heat regenerated recall reformer, up to 80% if heat regenerated

 Motor efficiency ~80%Motor efficiency ~80%

 Can be combined with recharging while brakingCan be combined with recharging while braking

Overall Efficiency: ~32%Overall Efficiency: ~32%

What about other What about other

alternatives?

alternatives?

 Solar energy- perfect for heating but has Solar energy- perfect for heating but has low 1

low 1^stst law efficiency (electricity) law efficiency (electricity)

 Biofuels –low efficiency: renewableBiofuels –low efficiency: renewable

 Nuclear – efficient but has waste disposal Nuclear – efficient but has waste disposal problem

problem

 Garbage – low efficiencyGarbage – low efficiency

The major disadvantage The major disadvantage

of alternatives of alternatives

 EXPENSIVE!!! A hybrid car is double or EXPENSIVE!!! A hybrid car is double or triple the price of a standard car

triple the price of a standard car

 That’s why only the likes of Russel That’s why only the likes of Russel

Crowe and Leo Dicaprio can afford one!

Crowe and Leo Dicaprio can afford one!

 However some alternatives are cheapHowever some alternatives are cheap..

 A pair of walking shoes is much cheaper A pair of walking shoes is much cheaper than an SUV.

than an SUV.

 And so is a bicycle!And so is a bicycle!

How can we conserve How can we conserve

energy?

energy?

 Increase your 2Increase your 2^ndnd law efficiency: walk (walking law efficiency: walk (walking is good for the heart!)

is good for the heart!)

 Properly maintain your carProperly maintain your car

 Take public transport. This increases 2Take public transport. This increases 2^ndnd law law efficiency

efficiency

 Turn off the lights when not in use. Use natural Turn off the lights when not in use. Use natural lighting

lighting

 Use airconditioning when absolutely needed.Use airconditioning when absolutely needed.

What kind of energy What kind of energy

efficiency are you efficiency are you

improving?

improving?

 I jog to my next class in Palma Hall.I jog to my next class in Palma Hall.

 I car poolI car pool

 Instead of taking Ikot or Toki, I bike to my Instead of taking Ikot or Toki, I bike to my next class

next class

 I use low wattage fluorescent bulbsI use low wattage fluorescent bulbs

 I use a solar powered calculatorI use a solar powered calculator

More on alternative More on alternative

energy sources energy sources

 Alternative energyAlternative energy

 BiodieselBiodiesel