Discussion: The investigation concluded that epidemic hysteria was the cause of the increased number of AEFMDA cases in the Zamboanga Peninsula. On the day of the NSDD, cases of adverse events after mass drug administration (AEFMDA) were reported to the national event-based surveillance system of schools, health centers and hospitals. Therefore, a team from the Epidemiology Bureau of the Department of Health was sent to the Zamboanga Peninsula to investigate the reports of AEFMDA.
Albendazole samples of the same batch and lot number as the deworming tablets used during the NSDD were collected from schools and health centers and sent to the Food and Drug Administration for testing on the active component. Of the nearly 12 million children administered deworming tablets during the NSDD, 7330 AEFMDA cases were reported to the event-based surveillance system (0.06%). In-person semi-structured interviews were conducted with the Zamboanga Peninsula health and school staff involved in conducting the NSDD.
The insurgency and armed conflict in some parts of the region limited the availability of schools to participate in the case-control study, and the small number of respondents may not be generalized to the entire population of the region. Objective: On October 2, 2015, the Event-Based Surveillance and Response Unit of the Department of Health (DOH), Philippines received a report of foodborne illness in Santa Cruz, Davao del Sur. Discussion: This study identified underprocessed cassava root as the source of the foodborne illness.
Santa Cruz is a municipality located in Davao Region, which is part of the Mindanao group of islands.
DISCUSSION
Results: Eight of the 25 sailors on the ship ate the barracuda; all eight meet the CFP case definition. The onset of symptoms varied from 1 to 3 hours (median: 2 hours) from the time of ingestion of the barracuda. Previously in the Philippines, an outbreak of CFP was documented in 2001 among 38 residents of Navotas who ate barracuda caught in Manila Bay; remains of the fish in question tested positive for CTX.9 In 2010, two families with 22 members experienced gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms after eating red snapper caught by a local fisherman in Iloilo, Philippines;.
All seafarers who ingested the same barracuda had gastrointestinal and neurological signs and symptoms characteristic of CTX.10,12 None of the cases had cardiovascular complications, which are seen in approximately 10–15%. The species of fish was not confirmed; the mariners who caught the fish identified it as a barracuda. Larger fish in the food chain are known to have higher levels of accumulated toxins,15 but data on the actual size of fish caught was not obtained.
That CTX was not detected can be attributed to the extremely low levels11 and rapid alpha half-life of the toxin, leaving undetectable concentrations of the toxin in the blood.16 Bacterial culture was not performed to test the seafarers who ingested the barracuda on November 13. . The cases were identified by the hospital supervisor from the list of accepted cases.
RESULTS
CTX continues to be reportable to the Department of Health's event-based Surveillance and Response system. Children, adolescents and young adults in the Philippines constitute a significant proportion of patients in the national tuberculosis surveillance data set. Long-term progress against tuberculosis in the Philippines relies on improving tuberculosis control in these key age groups.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.8 million people in the Western Pacific developed active tuberculosis (TB) in 2016, and of these lived in the Philippines.1 The Philippines has one of the highest TB incidence rates in the region, estimated at 554 cases per 100,000 in 2016, a rate that has not decreased significantly since 2007.1. The aim of this study was to describe the age-related epidemiology and outcomes of reported tuberculosis in the Philippines using patient-based national tuberculosis surveillance data with a focus on individuals aged 0-24 years. In 2015, there were 299,005 patients of known age and gender registered for treatment for new or recurrent TB in the Philippines.
This study reviewed the epidemiology and outcomes of TB in the Philippines in 2015 using the patient-based national surveillance dataset.7 We observed a high percentage of notifications among children, adolescents and young adults, although with regional variation in data quality- indicators for childhood TB. In keeping with the country's young population, more than one quarter of TB patients in the Philippines are children, adolescents and young adults. TB in children and youth in the Philippines Snow et al. ratio of indicates that TB in children aged 0-4 years is under-diagnosed or under-reported.
The regional variability in the proportion of reported TB cases, caused by children and young adolescents aged 0 to 14 years, suggests substantial variation in diagnostic and reporting practices within the country. The proportion of reports in the 10-14 age group has been consistently low in the Philippines, despite marked variations in other indicators between regions. This study described the epidemiology and outcomes of tuberculosis among children and youth in the Philippines, who make up a quarter of all registered patients nationally.
To estimate timelines, we estimated reporting lag by calculating the number of hours between the close of business and the time the email containing the data was sent by the public health department to the IDSC, as shown in the email timestamp and rounded to the closest proximity. hour. A form had to be submitted every day residents were at the center and zero reporting was required. Of the others, one experienced mass emigration of the population, which led to the closure of evacuation centers; one developed a different surveillance system in collaboration with a local university; and one of them adopted parts of this system late in the post-disaster period, but analyzed their data internally.
The Department of Public Health should receive the daily summaries, but not be directly involved in the system. Objective: To understand the global outbreak surveillance needs of stakeholders involved in epidemic response in selected countries and territories in the Asia-Pacific region in order to inform the development of an epidemic observatory, Epi-watch. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USCDC) and networks such as Pacific Public Health Surveillance Network were reported as other sources used by respondents in the free text option.
Consumers prefer global outbreak warning systems to be flexible in the way information is obtained and disseminated.
CONCLUSION
Manila: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific and New Delhi: WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2008 (http://www.wpro.who.int/health_information_ . evidence/documents/Health_in_Asia_Pacific.pdf). Manila: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific and New Delhi: WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia;. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade; 2015 (https://dfat.gov. .au/about-us/publications/Documents/health-for-development-strategy-2015-2020.PDF).
While this approach ensured the participation of experts from different backgrounds and levels using epidemic intelligence, it may introduce researcher bias due to the judgmental nature of sample selection. The limited inclusion of other large Asian countries, differences in participant selection between countries and the small number of respondents meant that the results were not comparable across countries and may not be generalizable to other countries or representative of the entire Asia-Pacific region. As 11% (n = 10) of respondents completed the survey in a language other than English, translation inaccuracies are unlikely to affect the general validity of the survey.
2018 (https://sphcm.med.unsw.edu.au/centres-units/centre-research-excellence-epidemic-response/epi-watch). Social media and internet-based data in global public health surveillance systems: a systematic review. Social Media and Disasters: A Functional Framework for Using Social Media in Disaster Planning, Response, and Investigation.
Atlanta, GA: United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018 (https://www.cdc.gov/ . outbreaks/index.html). Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 2008 (http://www.wpro.who. . int/emerging_diseases/documents/docs/eventbasedsurv.pdf). Barboza P, Vaillant L, Mawudeku A, Nelson NP, Hartley DM, Madoff LC, et al.; Early Warning Reporting Project of the Global Health Security Initiative.
Evaluation of epidemic intelligence systems integrated into the early warning and reporting project for the detection of A/H5N1 influenza events. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada; 2018 (https://gphin.canada.ca/cepr/ .listarticles.jsp?language=en_CA).
