CFRs should be interpreted in the context of PICU admissions rather than all pediatric SARI admissions. Epidemiological and virological characteristics of influenza in the Western Pacific region of the World Health Organization, 2006–2010. Seasonal influenza vaccine policies, recommendations and use in the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region.
Pediatric SARI activity in the Central/Eastern and Western Divisions had been increasing in the months prior to the survey (Fig. 1). Anticipating an increase in pediatric SARI cases in the Northern Division, MoHMS and the WHO Division of Pacific Technical Support facilitated a donation of 6000 doses of pediatric influenza vaccine. We found that children aged less than 5 years experienced a higher rate of SARI requiring admission to ward hospital PICUs in the month of May 2016 compared to the same month in 2013–2015.
The majority of SARI cases during the study period occurred in children under 2 years of age (85%), confirming that this age group is at high risk for severe influenza-associated respiratory infections.1,10. A low population screening rate, a high proportion of pulmonary TB cases without sputum test results and a low treatment success rate suggest areas for improvement in the national TB programme. Papua New Guinea has a decentralized health system; TB services are provided by provincial and local governments according to policies set by the National Ministry of Health.2 The National TB Program defined a Basic Management Unit (BMU) as the initial point of TB data collection.
Recording and reporting formats are in line with WHO recommendations.3 The BMU reports are consolidated into a standardized report which is submitted quarterly to the provincial health office and to the National TB program at the National Department of Health.
RESULTS
Case reports of new smear-positive TB were highest in the 15-24-year-old age group (Fig. 4). The number of case notifications shows two peaks in the age group 25-34 years (for both men and women) and in the age group 55-64 years (only for men). EP-TB was the largest contributor to overall case notifications in the Momase, Highlands and Southern regions at and 46%, respectively, followed by pulmonary TB cases without sputum test results (29%, 21% and 20%, respectively).
Pulmonary TB cases without sputum test results were most frequently reported in the island region, increasing sharply from 28% in 2014 to 47% in 2016. In all regions, the proportion of new smear-positive TB cases remains low, below 20%. At the provincial level, high case notification rates of more than 600 per 100,000 population were reported in the National Capital District (NCD), Western Provinces, Gulf Provinces and Western New Britain in 2016 (Figure 6B).
The smear positivity rate was defined as the number of smear positive patients divided by the total number of people screened for TB. New smear-positive cases accounted for 15.6% of TB notifications nationwide, with the lowest rate in the Highlands Region (8%) (Table 1). EP-TB contributed 42.4% to the total number of reports in 2016, with the highest rate in the Highlands Region (60.4%).
The percentages of pulmonary TB cases without sputum test results ranged from 19.8% in the Southern Region to 47% in the Islands Region compared with the national average of 26.6%. Of all TB cases, 34.8% were tested for HIV with sub-national variations ranging from 3% in Central Province to 86.4% in Jiwaka Province (Table 1). The regional testing rate was highest in the Highlands (45.7%), with two of its provinces (Enga and Jiwaka) achieving an HIV testing rate of ≥80%.
The treatment success rate for all TB cases at the national level remained low compared to the global standard1, ranging between 55% and 65% over the study period (Fig. 8). Lost to follow-up and not evaluated were the main contributing factors to a low treatment success rate in Papua New Guinea. Lost to follow-up remained a major problem for all regions, with the highest percentage on the islands (27% in 2016).
DISCUSSION
To improve treatment outcomes, further actions are needed to strengthen patient support, including daily treatment, monitoring, counseling, and ongoing efforts to strengthen the health system and address socioeconomic and physical barriers to accessing services. of TB.17 Family DOT and self-administration are currently practiced in Papua New Guinea, but have not led to improved treatment success rates. Despite these limitations, we have provided an overview of TB surveillance data and identified patterns in TB epidemiology and program performance in Papua New Guinea. In particular, analysis at the subnational level helped identify geographic and programmatic areas that could be prioritized for improvement. 7,18 The use of subnational data should be further strengthened and routinely performed for operational planning and effective program implementation. of TB in Papua New Guinea.
The increased reporting rate in the southern region could reflect increased actual TB incidence or improved program activity, or both. Given Papua New Guinea's rich regional socio-cultural diversity, several factors may affect an individual's TB risk and health-seeking behavior, as well as a program's performance measures, in different ways. The high percentage of pulmonary tuberculosis cases without sputum test results is a major barrier to understanding TB epidemiology in Papua New Guinea.
HIV positivity ranged from <1% in the Philippines to 4% in Cambodia.1 While the percentage of TB patients tested for HIV in Papua New Guinea is similar to that in other hard-hit countries in the region, the positivity higher. The authors would like to thank all health professionals who provide TB diagnosis and treatment in Papua New Guinea. The authors thank all staff of national and provincial teams working on the National TB Program of Papua New Guinea for their tremendous efforts in data collection and reporting.
Population screening rate versus positivity rate, Papua New Guinea, 2008–2016 Population screening rate versus positivity rate. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Papua New Guinea Aia et al. all forms) Category of Pediatric TB. Waigani: Papua New Guinea National Statistics Office; 2000 (http://www.nso.gov.pg/index.php/projects/censuses, accessed 31 December 2017).
I'm counting here: A multi-site summary report from an integrated bio-behavioral survey of a key population, Papua New Guinea. Tuberculosis epidemiology and control in the Western Pacific region: an update with case report data for 2013. Mbandaka has been isolated from foods such as chicken, peanut butter, turkey meat and curry powder.2 Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a typing method with high resolution that can help foodborne disease investigators distinguish outbreak cases from non-outbreak cases.3 WGS has been used for public health surveillance in the United States, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the European Union .4–6 In Australia, several reference laboratories are developing WGS capability by jurisdiction and evaluating its utility for routine surveillance of enteric pathogens.7 This study examined the potential.
Mbandaka's announcements were noted in the Hunter New England and Central Coast NSW local health districts. Four doses of inactivated JE vaccine are included in the routine schedule: three from 6 months to 7½ years of age and one from 9 to 13 years of age. Four doses of DTaP-IPV are included in the routine schedule between the ages of 3 months and 7½ years.
At the beginning of the period considered, cases peaked in November–June, but not later.
