a story of volcanoes and Earth science teaching

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BSP Exit Report Presentation

Growth, collapse, and re-growth:

Engielle Mae R. PAGUICAN, PhD Earth Science

hosted by: Caraga State University April-October 2020

Scan me!

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END

O UTLINE

1 A BOUT M E Bio Research

Modes of Teaching & Understanding DEI During Covid-19/during BSP

2 E ARTH S CIENCE IN B LENDED MODE During Covid-19 at CSU

3 E VOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES Philippine Volcanoes

Factors that cause volcanoes to collapse

Transport regimes and emplacement of volcanic avalanches

4 E QUALLY S IGNIFICANT C ONTRIBUTIONS Delivered Online Webinars

Proposals

People Trained

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END BIO

BSc. Statistics University of the Philippines

2000-2004

MSc. Geology University of the Philippines

2005-2009 2006 lahars at Mayon

Ph.D. Earth Science Université Blaise Pascal

2010-2012 dynamics and mechanism of volcanic debris avalanches

Postdoctoral Associate University at Buffalo

2013-2015 (1)volcano-tectonics

of Hat Creek Graben, California

(2) Canyonlands NP in Utah as a big landslide

Postdoctoral Researcher Vrije Univer- siteit Brussel 2015-2017 (1)morphometry of Philippine volcanoes

(2)climate- tectonics-volcanism

Lecturer University of the

South Pacific 2018-2019

Balik Scientist, Associate Professor

Caraga State

University

2020-2021

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END BIO

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END RESEARCH

I NVESTIGATING THE E ARTH ’ S I NTERIOR

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END RESEARCH

V OLCANISM –T ECTONICS –C LIMATE I NTERACTION

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END MODES OFTEACHING& UNDERSTANDINGDEI

D IVERSITY

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A N I NTERNATIONAL C OMMUNITY

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I NCLUSIVITY : A LITTLE EFFORT WITH A BIG IMPACT

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END DURINGCOVID-19/DURINGBSP

W ORK FROM HOME : A DVANTAGES AND C HALLENGES

Traditional dress from Vanuatu

Advantages

• Writing papers

• Curriculum review

• Instructional materials

• Online meetings and seminars

• Delivered and attended international webinars and conferences

• Undergraduate thesis advising Challenges

• COVID: my deliverables now has to be covid proof and deliverable online, but unlike where I was previously, the education system was not ready for online-only learning

• Less interactions with colleagues

• Anxiety and depression from isolation and uncertainty

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END DURINGCOVID-19ATCSU

S OME G EOLOGY CORE COURSES

• Moodle platform

• Synchronous classes

• Online quizzes for the concepts

• The application of geology

• Chapter exercises & thought questions

• Cooperative exercises

• Google Earth exploration of key geologic locations

• Online petrologic microscope

• Online 3D rock and mineral samples

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G EOLOGY F IELD C OURSES

• Field Handbook

• Creation of field trip protocols (SOP, safety policy, hazard identification and risk assessment, other field and staff health and safety forms)

• General information including logistics, travel safety and security, safety preparations, emergency preparedness, and the basic field skills

• Local face-to-face field experience

• International virtual field experience

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A DVANCING A C ULTURE OF D IVERSITY , E QUITY AND I NCLUSION

• Opportunity to students that are less privileged but no less deserving

• Considers student circumstances and allocate the appropriate resources so they can achieve equal outcome

• Extra consultation hours

• Disabilities: geology courses were developed considering some student disabilities that can be easily accommodated

• Taking into account students’ mental health: virtual face-to-face meeting, avenues

cooperative discussions, no last minute schedules

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END PHILIPPINEVOLCANOES

Q UESTIONS ABOUT VOLCANOES AND THEIR COLLAPSES :

1. How does the morphology of volcanoes change through time?

2. What quantitative information can we extract from describing the morphology of edifices?

3. Why do volcanoes collapse? If they do, how do they emplace debris avalanche

deposits?

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D ELINEATION OF EDIFICE BASE & SUMMIT

122°0'E 121°58'E

121°56'E 121°54'E

121°52'E

19°34'N19°32'N19°30'N

0 0.75 1.5 3

Km Legend

summit opening volcano base 0 - 15 15 - 30 30 - 45 45 - 60 60 - 75

N

• 30 m SRTM DEM

• Interpret conical topographic features: base, summit

• considered individual edifices: parasitic cones and overlapping edifices

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D ISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANOES

127 0 E 126 0 E 125 0 E 124 0 E 123 0 E 122 0 E 121 0 E 120 0 E 119 0 E 118 0 E 117 0 E 116 0 E

210N200N190N180N170N160N150N140N130N120N110N100N90N80N70N60N

Philippine Sea Plate Sundaland

Plate

0 75 150 300

Km

N

20°0'0"N18°0'0"N16°0'0"N14°0'0"N12°0'0"N10°0'0"N8°0'0"N6°0'0"N

126°0'0"E 124°0'0"E 122°0'0"E 120°0'0"E 118°0'0"E 116°0'0"E

East Luzon Trench

Philippine Trench Manila

Trench

Negros Trench

Sulu Trench

Cotabato Trench Phili ppine Fa

ult Zone

Basilan Zamboanga

Upi Makaturing

Maramag

Macolod Labo

Lanao

South Mindanao Bicol

East Visayas Negros

Palawan

North Mindanao Batanes

South Luzon West Luzon

• 731 edifices

• 9 volcanic regions

• 8 volcanic fields

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H IERARCHICAL C LASSIFICATION BY P RINCIPAL C OMPONENT

Morphometric Parameters

PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4

52.4% 17.5% 9.1% 7.8%

Size

Base

Area 0.91 0.03

−

0

.

24 0.24

Average width 0.96 0.04

−

0

.

22 0.03

Maximum axis 0.95 0.04

₋

0

.

24 0.05

Summit

Area 0.82

−

0

.

07 0.38 0.08

Average Width 0.88

−

0

.

13 0.39 0.01

Maximum axis 0.74

₋

0

.

13 0.55

₋

0

.

20 Overall

Edifice height 0.82 0.29

−

0

.

16

−

0

.

05 Edifice volume 0.89 0.04

₋

0

.

14 0.26

Plan Shape Irregularity

Number of secondary peak 0.87 0.03

−

0

.

25 0.21

Average irregularity index of main elevation curves 0.80

−

0

.

13 0.33

−

0

.

25 Elongation Average ellipticity index of main elevation curves 0.29 0.05

₋

0

.

05

₋

0.79 Truncation Summit width/basal width ratio

₋

0

.

21

₋

0

.

44 0.52 0.44

Profile Shape Slope

Height/basal width ratio

₋

0

.

35 0.84 0.T22 0.22

Mean slope of whole edifice

₋

0

.

10 0.92 0.24 0.03

Standard deviation of slope of whole edifice 0.28 0.86 0.12

−

0

.

04

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P RINCIPAL COMPONENTS PLOTS

cluster 1 2 3 4

-6

PC2 (17.5%)

-3 0 3 6

30 20

10 0 PC1 (52.4%)

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G EOCHEMISTRY

W eighted density (arbitr ar y scale)

Small ﬂat cones Large cones Massifs

Basal t Basal tic- andesi te Andesite Daci te Rhyolit e

Small steep cones

SiO

2

(wt%)

45 50 55 60 65 70 75 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

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E VOLUTION OF P HILIPPINE VOLCANOES

10^-2 10⁰ 10⁺²

Volume (km³) 0

500 1000 1500 2000

Height (m)

Mass

ifs

Large con

es

Small stee

p con es

Small flat c ones 1 km

1 km

• at mature thresholds, volcanoes grow laterally than vertically

• to keep volcano stable, lateral growth dominate with increasing volume

• Massifs do not have single restricted summit

but an extensive plateaus with multiple vents

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D ISTRIBUTION OF SMALL VOLCANOES

20°0'0"N18°0'0"N16°0'0"N14°0'0"N12°0'0"N10°0'0"N8°0'0"N6°0'0"N

126°0'0"E 124°0'0"E 122°0'0"E 120°0'0"E 118°0'0"E 116°0'0"E

0 75150 300

km

N

Class1: Small flat cones Class2: Small steep cones Class 3: Large cones Class 4: Massifs Volcano Classes

122°40'0"E 122°30'0"E 122°20'0"E 122°10'0"E 122°0'0"E 121°50'0"E 121°40'0"E 121°30'0"E 121°20'0"E 121°10'0"E 121°0'0"E 120°50'0"E 120°40'0"E 120°30'0"E

6°40'0"N6°30'0"N6°20'0"N6°10'0"N6°0'0"N5°50'0"N5°40'0"N5°30'0"N

Basilan

0 10 20 40

km

N

NVolcanoes=149

N

W E

NAlignments=196

TF

36 28 20 4 12

• most alignments are aligned roughly E-W

• shape of the volcanic field is parallel to Sulu trench

• Alignments are attributed to magma ascent along pre-existing crustal

structures and reactivated faults

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D ISTRIBUTION OF LARGE VOLCANOES

20°0'0"N18°0'0"N16°0'0"N14°0'0"N12°0'0"N10°0'0"N8°0'0"N6°0'0"N

126°0'0"E 124°0'0"E 122°0'0"E 120°0'0"E 118°0'0"E 116°0'0"E

0 75150 300

km

N

Class1: Small flat cones Class2: Small steep cones Class 3: Large cones Class 4: Massifs Volcano Classes

Thickened crust 37.5 km 13.5 km (Parcutela et al., 2020)

Large volcanoes are on the thickened crust

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END FACTORS THAT CAUSE VOLCANOES TO COLLAPSE

D URING A VOLCANO ’ S LIFETIME :

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END TRANSPORT REGIMES AND EMPLACEMENT OF VOLCANIC AVALANCHES

S URFACE M ORPHOLOGICAL F EATURES

Hummocky Elongated ridges

Older VDAD

younger VDAD

2 km

Iriga, Philippines (Paguican et al. 2014) Shiveluch, Russia (Belousov et al. 1999)

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I NTERNAL S TRUCTURES : P ROCESSES DURING EMPLACEMENT Disintegration, Dynamic fragmentation, mechanical fluidization

Perinoto et al. 2015

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I NTERNAL S TRUCTURES : P ROCESSES DURING EMPLACEMENT

Substrate entrainment and deformation

Block facies

Substratum fine-grained basal layer

hummock ridge

injection

shearing

bulk fluidisation mixed facies

after Bernard et al. 2008

Substrate entrainment and deformation

basal contact lava domain

lava domain lnterclast

matrix

northern Andes, Ecuador

Roverato et al. 2018

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I NTERNAL S TRUCTURES : T RANSPORT REGIME

Plug flow: Valley-confined settings

Velocity V

0

Jigsaw crack

Sliding

Block

Matrix

Block

Velocity

0

Wood fragment

At deceleration

Laminar boundary layer Plug

Plug

Deformation LBL

Erosion

Plug flow

Jigsaw crack

Block Matrix

Velocity

0

Elongated DB Reverse grading

At deceleration

Takarada et al. 1999

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I NTERNAL S TRUCTURES : T RANSPORT REGIME

Sliding along multiple shear zones

Roverato et al. 2015

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I NTERNAL S TRUCTURES : T RANSPORT REGIME

Translational Slide

Bicol River Basin Mt Malinao slopes

unconsolidated sediment

ignimbrite Iriga older VDAD at point of failure

graben listric faults deep-seated

failure plane

Paguican et al. 2012

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I NTERNAL S TRUCTURES : T RANSPORT REGIME

Translational Slide

Bicol River Basin Mt Malinao slopes

ignimbrite Older VDAD

grabenlistric faults unconfined spreading

Paguican et al. 2012

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I NTERNAL S TRUCTURES : T RANSPORT REGIME

Translational Slide

Bicol River Basin shallow seated Mt Malinao slopes

failure plane Older VDAD and younger VDAD at point of failure

toreva listric faults

bulging hummocks

Paguican et al. 2012

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I NTERNAL S TRUCTURES : T RANSPORT REGIME

Translational Slide

Bicol River Basin Mt Malinao slopes

Iriga older and younger VDAD

toreva listric faults

hummocks hummocks

toreva confined spreading

Paguican et al. 2012

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I NTERNAL S TRUCTURES : T RANSPORT REGIME Translational Slide

Paguican et al. 2012

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A VALANCHE TRANSFORMATION

Dewatering: transition into lahar

Delcamp et al. 2016a, b

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A VALANCHE TRANSFORMATION

Secondary slides

Kelfoun et al. 2008

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P UBLICATIONS

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END DELIVEREDONLINEWEBINARS

M ABAHANG U SAPAN 2.0 BY CCG EO

• December 2020

• 4 Sessions

• How the Earth works,

geomorphology, geohazards and impacts, and thoughts on geohazards

• Regions 9–12, Caraga, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, BARMM incl.

Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END DELIVEREDONLINEWEBINARS

M OANA , VOLCANO MONSTERS , AND CLIMATE CHANGE :

• December 2020

• end-of-semester talk

• CSU-CEGS students and interested faculty

• Volcanoes, destroying a volcano,

eroding volcanoes and rising reefs,

rising seas and drowning atolls

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END PROPOSALS

DOST-NERC P ROJECT P ARTNERSHIP D EVELOPMENT G RANT

• MINEMAP: Framework for an integrated network for environmental

management of mining areas in the Philippines (Edinburgh University, UP)

• SusNi: Developing a sustainable pathway for the Philippine Nickel sector

(CSU, MGB, British Geological Survey)

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END PEOPLETRAINED

G EODETIC E NGINEERING T HESIS A DVISING

• Identifying the relationship between deep well groundwater exploitation and Surigao City’s terrain deformation using Sentinel-1 InSAR data, Finalist, Best Engineering Thesis Award 2021 by Ronnie Quiño

• Multi-hazard assessment of evacuation areas during earthquakes in Surigao City using GIS techniques, Finalist, Best Engineering Thesis Award 2021 by Adriel Arlan & Johnserg Sombilon

• 3D modelling of riverbank changes and erosion on the Agusan river using UAV-based imagery

• Comparison of machine learning algorithm in the derivation of land surface temperatures in Claver, Surigao del Norte

• Assessment of surface water quality in open pit areas in Claver, Surigao del

Norte

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ABOUTME EARTHSCIENCE INBLENDED MODE EVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE OF VOLCANOES EQUALLYSIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONS END PEOPLETRAINED

S UMMARY

Activities Deliverables % accomplished

Technical expertise

1. Suggestions/comments on the BS Geology curriculum 2. Thesis students

100%

Development of course syllabi

1.* Geology field trip protocols (SOP, Safety Policy, Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment, other field and staff forms

2. Geol 194: Field Geology 1 (Syllabus, Handbook, Virtual and Face-to-face LM, IM)

3.* Geol 100: Principles of Geology 1 (IM, Syllabus) 4. Geol 100.1 (Principles of Geology Lab (LM, Syllabus) 5. Geol 105: Geomorphology (IM, LM, Syllabus) 6.* Geol 117: Principles of Geology 2 (IM, Syllabus) 7.* Geol 103: Structural Geology (IM, LM, Syllabus) 8.* Geol 102: Sedimentary and Stratigraphy (IM, Syllabus)

267%

Establish collaborations

8 of 4* Commitment letters for the 2 projects below 200%

Publications &

Proposals

2 book chapters, 1 journal article, 4 of 1 proposal 200%

Lectures, training,

& workshops

1. 4 sessions of Mabahang Usapan 2.0 2. Moana, volcano monsters and climate change

>100%

* in addition to TOR

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R ECOMMENDATIONS

The BSP is attractive (in terms of compensation and less paperwork) and has been a platform for us to come home and serve the country.

• Fully online application

• What held me back is the limited opportunities available for my other half

• Flexibility in deliverables, should adopt to changing situations and should

reflect truthful and long lasting results

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THANKS!!!

• Pablo Grosse: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina;

Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina

• Gareth Fabbro: Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Caraga State University, Philippines

• Matthieu Kervyn: Department of Geography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium

• Matteo Roverato: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Earth Science, Energy and Environment, Yachay Tech University, Urcuqui, Ecuador

• Hidetsugu Yoshida: School of Arts and Letters, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan

• Anja Dufresne: Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

• Frederico di Traglia: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, UniversitÃ degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy

• Jonathan Procter: School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand

• Proposal co-Investigators: CSU Faculty (Dr Varela, Dr Seronay, Dr Jumawan, Dr Paz, Ms Varela), British

Geological Survey (SusNi), University of Edinburgh (Justine Domingo and Dr Mikael Attal), MGB

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THANKS!!!

• Dr Deborah Tangunan, Dr Lea Soria, Ms Nancy Aguda, Mam Ghing Laudencia, Ms Joan Salise

• The Balik Scientist Program Secretariat: Ms Julie, Ms Roxanne, Ms Joy, and everyone

• Dr Eric Paringit: DOST-PCIEERD Director

• Friends and family

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THANKS!!!

• Ms. Riva Karyl P. Varela: Head, Department of Geology

• Engr. Meriam M. Santillan: Dean, College of Engineering and Geosciences

• Dr. Rowena P. Varela: Vice-President for Research and Development

• Dr. Anthony Penaso: President

• Dr. Gareth Fabbro: Faculty, Department of Geology

• Colleagues at CEGS and of course, the CEGS staff!!

• Students

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