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Technologies for LFG Abatement, Extrac9on and U9liza9on
Philippine Landfill Forum
April 24, 2012 Cebu City, Philippines
Presented by Bryce Lloyd
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Presenta(on Outline
§ What is landfill biogas (LFG)?
§ Proper(es of LFG
§ How to collect and control LFG?
§ Typical LFG collec(on system components
§ How to beneficially use the LFG?
§ Conver(ng the LFG to electrical power or process heat
§ Examples of the technologies that have been used to convert LFG to Power and/or Heat
§ Poten(al benefits and revenue from LFG recovery and u(liza(on
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Background
§ Even aKer the 3R’s (reduce, reuse, recycle) and with the employment of other waste management op(ons
(incinera(on, compos(ng, anaerobic diges(on), some waste will con(nue to be landfilled)
§ Landfills will con(nue to produce some landfill biogas
( LFG), which can and should be controlled, collected and u(lized
§ Benefits of controlling and u(lizing LFG include:
§ elimina(ng odor nuisance and safety hazards
§ improving local and regional air quality
§ reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and
§ harves(ng a renewable energy resource
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What is LFG?
§ Formed during anaerobic decomposi(on of organic materials in landfills
§ Amount & composi(on dependent on solid waste characteris(cs
§ Increase in organics equals an increase in gas genera(on
§ Gas produc(on ends with end of decomposi(on
§ Collec(on efficiency can vary from 20% to 80%
§ Landfill fires destroy organics and reduce the amount of LFG generated
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Characteris(cs of LFG
§ Methane (CH4) -‐ 50% to 65%
§ Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -‐ 35% to 50%
§ Vola(le Organic Compounds (VOCs) – trace
§ Ammonia, H2S, Mercaptans, etc.
§ Explosive and asphyxia(on danger
§ Health hazards associated with trace gases (VOCs; HAPs)
§ Groundwater contamina(on (in some areas this means drinking water!)
§ Methane is a potent greenhouse gas (CH4 GWP – 23 (mes CO2)
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§ Local, Available Fuel Source
§ Rela(vely Easy to Capture and Use
§ Source of Energy that Otherwise would have been Wasted
§ Con(nuous Supply -‐ 24 Hours a Day & 7 Days a Week
§ Reliable Technologies Exist for Using LFG
§ >95% On Line Availability
§ Improves the Environment by Reducing Uncontrolled Emissions of LFG
Why Use LFG?
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LFGE Project Benefits
§ Improves air quality and reduces greenhouse gas
§ Offsets non-‐renewable resource use
§ Each 1 MW Of Genera(on Capacity:
§ Annual environmental equivalent to plan(ng 4,900 hectare of trees or removing the CO2 emissions of 9,000 cars
§ Annual energy equivalent to preven(ng the use of 99,000 barrels of oil, offselng the use of 200
railcars of coal, or powering more than 650 homes
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Conver(ng LFG to U(lizable Energy
§ Energy Recovery Poten(al (~18 MJ/m3)
§ Approx. amount of electrical energy that can be produced by LFG from a small, medium, large LFGE:
§ Small: 25kW to 1MW
§ Medium: 1~ 3MW
§ Large: 3 ~ 30MW
§ A moderate frac(on of landfills in Asia have LFGE
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LFGE System Design
§ Array of ver(cal or horizontal extrac(on wells
§ Main header and lateral piping network with control valves and monitoring ports
§ Moisture (condensate) removal ( KOP and sumps)
§ Gas extrac(on blowers
§ Flares
§ LFG Pretreatment equipment
§ LFGE equipment
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Ver(cal Wells
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Horizontal Collectors
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LFG Well Field
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Blowers
吹风机类别
….
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Flare and Pre-‐treatment Unit
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LFGE Technology Op(ons
§ Electrical Power Genera(on
§ On-‐site Use
§ Connec(on to Grid
§ Gas Purifica(on
§ Direct Thermal Applica(ons
§ Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
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Electrical Power Genera(on
Available Technologies
§ Reciproca(ng internal combus(on engine
§ ~80 % of LFGE projects worldwide
§ Gas turbine
§ Steam turbine
§ Microturbine
§ Cogenera(on
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Electricity Genera(on
§ Most prevalent type of LFG u(liza(on
§ In US, 1100 MW of capacity from over 250 opera(onal projects
Advantages
§ Electricity can be used on-‐site, or sold to nearby customer, coopera(ve or u(lity
Disadvantages
§ LFG will require pre-‐treatment
§ Connec(ng to the grid could be expensive
§ Capital cost typically higher than for direct use, but less than for purifica(on/high BTU
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LFG Electricity Genera(on Projects
Technology No. of Projects in USA*
Internal Combus(on (55kW-‐3MW) 279
Gas Turbine (1-‐10MW) 28
Cogenera(on 26
Steam Turbine (1-‐10MW) 14
Microturbine (30-‐200kW) 13
Combined Cycle (1-‐10MW) 6
S(rling Engine (25-‐55kW) 2
*Source: LMOP (2010)
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Example – Electricity Genera(on Kam Phaeng Saen Landfill, Thailand
§ Design Electricity Power Genera9on Capacity (16 MW)
§ Connected to electrical grid
Landfill Capacity: 26 Million tonnes
Landfilling began: 2005 (10 years design life) Waste In place: 12 Million tonnes
Waste Intake: ~ 5000 tpd LFG Recovery: ~ 6000 m3/hr
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Example – Electricity Genera(on Xiaping Landfill, Shenzhen
§ Design Electricity Power Genera9on Capacity (7.5MW+)
§ Tied into electrical grid
Landfill Capacity: 47 Million m3
Landfilling began: 1997 (30 years design life) Waste In place: 13 Million tonnes
Waste Intake: 3000~3500 tpd LFG Recovery: >9000 m3/hr
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Example – Electricity Genera(on Gaoantun Landfill, Beijing
§ Design Electricity Power Genera9on Capacity (2.5MW+)
§ Provides electricity to on-‐site leachate treatment plant and offices
Landfill Capacity: 8.92 Million m3
Landfilling began: 2002 (20 years design life) Waste In place: 6.5 Million tonnes
Waste Intake: ~1000 tpd (upto 3200 tpd) LFG Recovery: 2500 m3/hr
Flaring System and Generator House
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Example – Electricity Genera(on Bantar Gebang Landfill, Indonesia
§ Design Electricity Power Genera9on Capacity (14 MW+)
§ Connected to electrical grid
Landfill Capacity: 35 Million tonnes
Landfilling began: 1989 (~30 years design life) Waste In place: ~26 Million tonnes
Waste Intake: ~5000 tpd LFG Recovery: >3000 m3/hr
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Example – Electricity Genera(on Jordan Valley Landfill, Hong Kong
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Waste in Place: 1.3 Million tonnes Landfill operated from 1986-‐1991 Waste intake: ~400 to 1000 tpd
LFG Recovery: ~50 m3/hr (up to 500 m3/hr)
§ Design electrical power genera9on capacity: 220 kW
§ Produces electrical power for onsite leachate pre-‐treatment works
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Purifica(on for Use as Process Heat
§ Technology
§ Gas is purified from 50% to 97-‐ 99% methane
§ Removal of carbon dioxide is primary step
§ Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
§ Pipeline quality gas
§ Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
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§ Advantages
§ Inject treated product into pipeline
§ Methane can be used as raw material
§ Reduc(on in use of fossil fuels
§ Disadvantages
§ Must meet strict standards of pipeline/user
§ Economical for large scale only
§ Requires extensive pretreatment to remove all components other than methane
§ Very expensive, massive size, high demand on O&M
Purifica(on
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Example – Purifica(on NENT Landfill, Hong Kong
§ 6600 m3/hr of LFG purified to 90%+ CH4 and compressed into 18 km pipeline to provide process heat to industrial facility
§ 4MW On-‐site Power Genera9on
§ On-‐site leachate treatment
Landfill Capacity: 35 Million m3
Landfilling began: 1995 (~30 years design life) Waste Intake: ~3500 tpd
LFG Recovery: >6600 m3/hr
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Example – Purifica(on (LFG to CNG) Xiaping Landfill, Shenzhen
§ 500 m3/hr of LFG purified to 90%+ CH4 and compressed into CNG
§ Provides fuel to on-‐site vehicles
Landfill Capacity: 47 Million m3
Landfilling began: 1997 (30 years design life) Waste In place: 13 Million tonnes
Waste Intake: 3000~3500 tpd LFG Recovery: >9000 m3/hr
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Example – Purifica(on (LFG to LNG) Altamount Landfill, California, USA
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Waste In place: 36.8 Million tonnes LFG to LNG opera9on began in 2009 LFG Recovery: ~3500 m3/hr
§ 85,000 m3 of LFG converted to 49,000 liters of LNG daily
§ Provides fuel to 300 garbage trucks
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§ Boilers
§ Kilns
§ Furnaces
§ Process heat
§ Leachate pretreatment and evapora(on
§ Cement manufacturing
§ Lumber drying
§ Co-‐combus(on (e.g., in waste incinerator)
§ Innova(ve applica(ons
§ Greenhouses
§ Infrared heaters
§ Porery kilns
Direct Thermal Applica(ons
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§ Gas piped to a nearby customer for use in boiler, kiln or other process
§ 100 projects in the US
§ Pipeline length range from .5 to 18 km
§ Less than 5 kilometers is most feasible
§ LFG can be used on-‐site or off-‐site
§ Best suited when need for fuel is con(nuous
Direct Thermal Applica(ons
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Direct Thermal Applica(ons
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Example – Process Heat
Shuen Wan Landfill, Hong Kong
§ Delivered 2,000m3/hr LFG (50%+CH4) to Towngas plant as process heat for use in reformers during the produc9on of town gas
Landfill operated from 1973 to 1995 Waste in place: 16 Million tonnes LFGE System in opera9on since 1999 Design Capacity: 2200 m3/hr
LFG Recovery: 300 m3/hr to 2000 m3/hr)
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Direct Thermal Applica(ons
Greenhouse
§ Direct heat genera(on or
residual heat from power genera(on
§ Carbon dioxide can be used to grow
greenhouse plants
§ 6 projects in the US (opera(ng or under construc(on)
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Infrared Heater
§ Provide heat to store room or maintenance workplace
§ A small amount of LFG can heat a large volume
§ Simple installa(on
§ 4 opera(ng projects in the USA
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Direct Thermal Applica(ons
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LFG as Process Heat for Leachate Evapora9on
§ Evaporate leachate and other contaminants with LFG
§ Reduce leachate volume by 95%+
§ Commercially Available Technology
§ Units Opera(ng in Asia
§ 16 opera(onal units in the U.S.
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Direct Thermal Applica(ons
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Example – Leachate Evapora(on System Anding Landfill, Beijing
Landfill Capacity: 3.56 Million m3 Landfilling began: 11/1996 (14 years design life)
Waste In place: >4.2 Million tonnes Waste Intake: 800~2000 tpd
LFG Recovery: ~400 m3/hr
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§ Design capacity of EVAP: 40 m3 of leachate daily
§ First approved CDM project in China
§ First applica9on of leachate evapora9on in Asia
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Advantages:
§ Low pretreatment requirement; mainly dehumidifica(on
§ Conven(onal equipment can be used with minimal modifica(ons
§ Boilers not sensi(ve to trace components
§ Rela(vely low capital and O&M costs
Disadvantages:
§ End user needs to be within reasonably close distance of landfill
§ Care must be taken to avoid contamina(on of products
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Direct Thermal Applica(ons
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Purifica(on and Direct Thermal Applica(ons
Technology No. of Projects in USA *
Boiler 54
Direct Hea(ng 42
High BTU Fuel 22
Leachate Evapora(on 16
Greenhouse 6
Alterna(ve Fuel (CNG or LNG) 3
Medium BTU Fuel injected into Natural
Gas Pipeline 1
*Source: LMOP (2010) 38
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Combined Heat and Power
§ Large Industrial Applica(ons
§ Microturbine Applica(ons
§ Advantages
§ Greater overall energy recovery efficiency from waste heat recovery -‐ up to 80%
§ Specialized CHP systems available
§ Flexible -‐ hot water or steam genera(on from recovered heat
§ Disadvantages
§ Addi(onal capital and opera(ng costs
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§ 9.5 mile pipeline from landfill
§ 4 turbines retrofired to burn LFG
§ 4.8 MW = 25% of plant’s electrical needs
§ 72 MMBtu/hr = 80% of plant’s thermal needs
(hot water, space hea(ng, cooling)
§ BMW saves $1 million/yr
Combined Heat and Power – South Carolina, USA
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§ First School Co-‐
genera(on (CHP) Project On LFG
§ 12 Microturbines With 360 kW Capacity
§ Exhaust Energy
Produces 290,000 Btus/
Hour At 550o
§ School Expects To Save
$100,000/Year
Combined Heat and Power -‐ Illinois, USA
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Significant Co-‐benefits of Methane Recovery and Use Projects
BENEFITS OF METHANE PROJECTS
§ Reduced waste of a valuable fuel and important local energy source and
§ Improved industrial safety and produc(vity
§ Improved air quality, water quality and reduced odors
§ Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
§ Progress toward sustainable development goals
§ Economic growth and energy security
BUT BARRIERS EXIST…
§ Lack of awareness of emission levels and value of lost fuel
§ Lack of informa(on on and training in available technologies and management prac(ces
§ Tradi(onal industry prac(ces
§ Regulatory and legal issues
§ Limited methane markets and infrastructure
§ Uncertain investment climate
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Poten(al Revenue Streams
• Cash from Trash!
§ Energy sales
§ Direct use: $2~8/MMBTU
§ Electricity: $0.05~0.10/kWh
§ Renewable / green incen(ves: varies
§ Grid connec(on subsidy: depends on loca(on
§ Emission reduc(on credits (CER; VER; Gold Standard):
$3~20/tCO2e
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