EFFECTS OF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS (MPAs) TO THE INCOME AND LIVELIHOOD OF COASTAL FISHERMEN IN MABINI, BATANGAS
EDEN GILLIAN PEREZ BRILLO
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS COLLEGE OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ECONOMICS
APRIL 2009
ABSTRACT
BRILLO, EDEN GILLIAN PEREZ. 2009. Effects of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to the Income and Livelihood of Coastal Fishermen in Mabini, Batangas.
Undergraduate Thesis. University of the Philippines, College, Laguna.
Adviser: Dr. Yolanda T. Garcia
This study aimed to analyze the effects of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to the income and livelihood of coastal fishermen in Mabini, Batangas by measuring the change in income and profit of their fishing activity after the protected areas were established.
Trend analysis was used to assess the condition of the marine municipal fishery resource in the province of Batangas. The volume in metric tons, growth rate of fish harvest, and value in million pesos were used as indicators in determining the situation of the fishery production in the province. Results show that from 1989 to 2008, volume and value of fishery production have been fluctuating. A stable yet negative growth rate of volume of production from early 1990‟s until present was also shown in the study. Such method was also applied to the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of the marine municipal fishery sector of the Philippines. Results show that from 1948 until 1994, CPUE has been declining implying that more effort is exerted by the country‟s coastal fishermen to harvest fish in the open waters
In assessing the effects of the MPAs in income, cost and return analysis was applied wherein different types of costs were subtracted from the revenue gained by fishermen in fishing. Results show a decline in income of coastal fishermen after the MPAs were established in the municipal waters. This decrease was found to be significant through the use of paired t-test. Profitability was also assessed in this study using the profit rate method. It was shown in the study that profit has increased after MPAs were established. Such increase was also found to be significant using paired t- test.
Linear regression analysis was used to determine factors affecting net revenue of the fishermen. Boat size, number of fishing hours, and civil status were found to be significant. Logit regression analysis was also used in the study in determining factors affecting perception towards MPAs. Results show that years in school, civil status, job pattern, distance away from MPAs, CPUE, and net revenue were significant variables affecting fishermen‟s perception towards MPAs.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ix
INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1 Statement of the Problem 7 Significance of the Study 8 Objectives of the Study 9
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 10 Fisheries Condition in the Philippines 10 Coastal Fisheries in the Philippines 12 Municipal Fishing Gear 15 Overfishing in Coastal Areas 16
Theoretical Basis for Overfishing: Open-Access Theory 19
Marine Protected Areas 21
Spillover Effect Theory 22
METHODOLOGY 24
Theoretical Framework: The Spillover Effect Theory 24
Conceptual Framework 26
Sources of Data 27
Respondents of the Study and Sampling Procedure 28
Analytical Procedures 28
Determining Change in Volume and Value of Production 28
Determining Change in Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) 29
Determining Change in Income and Profit of Coastal Fishermen 29
Determining factors Affecting Net Returns of Coastal Fishermen 31
Determining Factors Affecting Perception of Coastal Fishermen 32
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 34
Profile of the Study Area 34
Characteristics of the Respondents 35
Fishing Pattern and Fishing Hours of Respondents 37
Fishing Boats and Gears 39
Fish Catch and Fishing Effort 41
Income and Fishing Expenditures 46
Factors Affecting Net Revenue 50
Perception of Fishermen-Respondents on Importance of MPAs 52
Factors Determining Perception 53
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND AREAS FOR FUTURE STUDIES Summary 57 Conclusion 59 Limitations 61 Recommendations 61 Areas for Future Studies 62
REFERENCES 63
APPENDICES 66
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Laws affecting the zoning of municipal waters
13
2 Primary and secondary data sources 28
3 Socio-economic characteristics of 70 fishermen-respondents, Mabini,
Batangas, 2008 37
4 Percentage distribution of fishermen-respondents by category, Mabini,
Batangas, 2008 38
5 Fishing hours of fishermen-respondents by category, Mabini,
Batangas, 2008 39
6 Percentage distribution of types of fishing gears used by fishermen-
respondents, Mabini, Batangas, 2008 40
7 Fishing boat used by the fishermen-respondents, Mabini, Batangas,
2008 41
8 Job related expenses and net income of fishermen-respondents and
fishing profitability, Mabini, Batangas, 2008 46
9 Paired t-test statistics for difference in incomes of fishermen-
respondents in Mabini, Batangas, 2008 49
10 Paired t-test statistics for difference in ROI of fishermen-respondents
in Mabini, Batangas, 2008 50
11 Results of Linear Regression Analysis 50
12 Correlation between civil status and fishing hours by fishermen-
respondents, Mabini, Batangas, 2008 52
13 Percentage distribution of perception and reasons of fishermen-
respondents on MPA establishment, Mabini, Batangas, 2008 53
14 Results of Logit Regression Analysis 54 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1 Volume of production of aquaculture, commercial, and marine fishery in the
Philippines, 1997-2007 3
2 Graphical representation of the catch per unit effort in Philippine municipal fisheries, 1980-
1994 17
3 Results of the estimation of the Gordon-Schaefer
Model for the municipal fisheries, 1948-1994 18 4 Open-access fishery using the Gordon-Schaefer
Model 20
5 Spillover effect from Marine Protected Areas
(MPAs) to surrounding fishing grounds 24 6 Conceptual framework of the effects of MPA to
coastal fishermen in Mabini, Batangas, 2008 26 7 Mabini, Batangas and its Marine Protected Areas
35 8 Volume of production (in metric tons) of marine
municipal fishery in Batangas,
1989-2008 42
9 Growth rate of the marine municipal fishery in
Batangas, 1989-2007 43
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
10 Value (in million pesos) of the production of marine municipal fishery in Batangas,
1989-2008 44
11 Catch per unit effort (CPUE) of the marine
fishery in the Philippines, 1948-1994 45
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Title Page
A Survey Questionnaire
67
