Open University, in partial fulfillment of the conditions for the title of Master of Environment and Natural Resource Management. A native of Iloilo, she graduated with a degree in Economics (cum laude) from the University of the Philippines Visayas.
Background of the Study
The government and other institutions can gain important insights into the sector by looking at factors driving changes among fishing communities, particularly between their fishing income and productivity. Examining this may provide further guidance for fisheries policies and environmental management strategies in the wake of continued urbanization growth in a resource-dependent country.
Rationale and significance of the study
The impact of urbanization on fishing communities in the Philippines 2 on the degrees of difference between peri-urban and island fishing communities and their interactions with urban growth. The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 3,500 hectares and destroy the migratory sites of endangered waterfowl (Chavez & Agbayani, 2020).
Objectives
Urbanization and environment interactions
Nuances occur in housing density, percentage of developed land, use and management, and road density (Cuffney et al., 2021). Challenges in the Fisheries Sector: Push and Pull Factors Many coastal populations in the Philippines depend on fisheries.
Challenges in the fisheries sector: Push and pull factors
The impact of urbanization on fishing communities in the Philippines 6 appears to be an important common denominator across different land use zones across a land gradient between urban and peri-urban areas (N Rukmana & SA Widyastuti, 2018). The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 8 need for financing, high licensing fees and low government support, especially those located near urban centers where food production and resource use are not priorities (Utete et al., 2019) .
Urbanization in the Philippines
The next section discusses the urbanization landscape in the Philippines and how it has affected or may affect peri-urban and island fishing communities. The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 12 Mismanagement and further degradation of peri-urban areas usually result from governance and policy approaches where these contexts remain in the gray matter.
Documented ways forward in literature
Alternative livelihoods will not completely relieve fishing pressure, and some will not take it up due to suitability and inability to perform social functions in their communities, but it can be a supplementary income that can support support for fishing communities. The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 14 On a more national and global scale, recommendations suggest charging higher taxes on pollution sources (Al-Mulali et al., 2016).
Theoretical Framework
The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 16 Environmental degradation is found to correspond in terms of per capita income for each stage of development. Development impacts in high-income economies have variability in their income inequality and environmental degradation, but growth rates in lower-income ones have little change in inequality, but environmental impacts tend to be very visible. The latter tend to have ineffective, if not non-existent, environmental and income policies, while developed economies have different policy strategies that allow mitigating income inequality and environmental degradation (Ota, 2017).
Conceptual Framework
The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 17 must formulate appropriate strategies in light of their living conditions and the changes brought about by urbanization in order to adapt and survive (Ricci, 2019).
Data Requirements
The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 20 both insular and peri-urban to determine the variables that cause distinct differences between the two fishing communities. As adapted from Hilmi et al. 2021), which focused on environmental and socio-economic interactions with fisheries in Mediterranean countries, the equations were chosen to investigate economic and socio-demographic variables, taking into account the limitations of data availability on environmental variables (e.g. sea surface temperatures, sea surface temperature bottom, surface and bottom oxygen). , and surface and bottom salinity). The Philippine National Spatial Planning Framework 2001-2030 identified 12 metropolitan areas in the country (Baguio, Dagupan, Olongapo, Angeles, Metro Manila, Batangas, Naga, Iloilo, Bacolod, Cebu, Cagayan de Oro, and Davao) as major centers. for industrial, financial and technological centers.
The study used these areas as reference points for the cluster sampling of both peri-urban and island communities. The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 23 Attempts were made to collect data at the municipal level, but PSA's fisheries datasets only covered the provincial level and there was a time constraint in retrieving figures at the municipal level.
Examining the differences: island versus periurban fisheries
The impact of urbanization on fishing communities in the Philippines 26 Source of basic data: PSA Openstat. The impact of urbanization on fishing communities in the Philippines 27 Source of basic data: PSA Openstat. This finding implied a greater dependence of island communities on fishing than urban ones, and people were more likely to be retained in the former.
A greater entry percentage was observed in the same age group for island communities, but greater retention for non-urban. The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 33 agricultural, fishing and forestry industries at this time tended to exchange school hours for full-time work.
Regression results
Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 36 variables retained are 10 for island communities and only eight (8) for peri-urban communities. For every percentage increase in population level, the fishing value will decrease by PHP. The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 38 The model has a multiple and adjusted R-squared of 1, which means that all variables account for differences in fishing values.
The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 39 Level of education and age are positively related to catch. The addition of landing and bulungan facilities together will reduce the quantity by 14,370 metric tons, but the increase in the following technology and equipment will obviously increase the catch.
Determining the differences
The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 44 Intense fishing efforts are observed among island communities due to increased number of boats and facilities.
Driving factors to the differences
The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 45 encourage Malthusian overfishing, making competition inexorable and resource dependence reinforced. This can be seen even in island communities where the poverty rate is higher and the presence of male fishermen is greater. However, increases in education and youth entry into the sector are positively associated with fisheries, perhaps reflecting improved capacity and leverage to secure a favorable market position.
The opposite is true in suburban communities; the incidence of poverty is not significant, but the population level and density decrease the value and volume, respectively. Education level and youth have a negative attitude towards fishing, indicating a loss of players due to the attraction of urbanization.
Urbanization responses
Initial equation model for fisheries production value
This comparison was also evident in the second figure, where all three show decreasing trends. Peri-urban fishing communities led in all variables except area, which was twice as high for island communities. In fact, island communities almost reached the level of urbanization in 2015 with 51.2 percent, indicating that even these fishing areas were not exempt from this phenomenon and transition.
The following demographic variables (gender, age, education) under discussion referred to the individual municipal fishers represented for the province in the data set. Males dominated the fishing industry in the Philippines with a majority share of 97.62 percent, while females took 2.38 percent. Discussion of women's roles in fisheries needs to be nuanced in approach as often, these contributions are not captured or given little importance despite being indispensable in the industry.
The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 36 variables retained are 10 for island communities and only eight (8) for peri-urban communities.
Models for fisheries production volume and value for island
Models for fisheries production volume and value for periurban
The rest are significant at one percent: urbanization level, population rate, poverty prevalence, educational level and number of facilities. For every percentage increase in urbanization level, fishery values are expected to increase by PHP 7,129,000. Poverty prevalence also has the same negative relationship; for every one percent increase in the incidence of poverty, the value of fisheries will decrease by PHP 33,370,000.
However, an increase of a thousand male fishermen will bring the value down to PHP 1.35 billion. Additional presence of both fish landing and bulungan will decrease values to PHP 1.35 billion, while increase in gears will have a commensurate decrease of PHP 3.219.
Regression equation for fishing value of island communities
If a thousand municipal fishermen would study at most elementary school and are between the ages of 15 and 29, the amount would increase by 2,102 and 3,654 tons. If there are another thousand male fishermen, however, the quantity would decrease by 4,005 tonnes. Fishermen with multiple boats will increase volume by 49.59 tons, while ownership of these will help volume increase by 3,248 tons.
These indicate that using boats and equipment for fishing can marginally increase catch, but ownership will have a greater benefit in terms of volume.
Regression equation for fishing volume of island communities
Regression equation for fishing value of periurban communities 41
The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 47 Urbanization opens up a vibrant economic landscape where paid work and self-employment draw people from rural areas and provides a safety net especially for peri-urban fishermen, but these opportunities are not equally offered to all (Utete et al., 2018). Fishing communities, classified for this study into suburban and insular types, found themselves in a conundrum. The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 49 development affects various strategy mechanisms.
The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 51 Urbanization is found to have a positive correlation with fisheries in both countries, which is mainly attributed to the advantages of technology, utilities and services that can help improve production efficiency. Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 52 conservation, production, settlement and infrastructure (Parrocha, 2020). The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 54 https://news.mongabay.com/2020/09/missing-mangroves-are-root-of-contition-over-philippine-airport-project/.
The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 55 https://businessmirror.com.ph land-reclamation-projects-in-manila-bay-in-the-pipeline/.
