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Regression equation for fishing value of periurban communities 41

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βˆ— βˆ’207246π‘’π‘’π‘£π‘£π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘‘π‘‘_π‘£π‘£π‘œπ‘œπ‘‘π‘‘ βˆ’22631π‘π‘π‘£π‘£π‘£π‘£π‘“π‘“π‘‘π‘‘π‘’π‘’π‘“π‘“π‘‘π‘‘π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘‘π‘‘π‘’π‘’π‘Žπ‘Ž

βˆ’2811663π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘‘π‘‘π‘’π‘’π‘’π‘’_π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘£π‘£π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘’π‘’ βˆ—βˆ— βˆ’7770580π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘Žπ‘Žπ‘Žπ‘Ž_π‘‘π‘‘π‘£π‘£π‘’π‘’π‘‘π‘‘β„Ž βˆ— +3666367π‘’π‘’π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘£π‘£π‘Žπ‘Ž

βˆ—βˆ— βˆ’21399728π‘£π‘£π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘‘π‘‘π‘‘π‘‘π‘“π‘“π‘‘π‘‘π‘Žπ‘Ž βˆ—

B.4. Periurban fishing community, fishing volume

For fishing volume, the most significant are education, age, and male gender. A thousand more fishers reaching elementary level will decrease volume by 25,610 metric tons. If fishers fall between 25 and 29 years old, the volume will decrease by 114,800 metric tons.

Presence of landing facilities will also decrease volume by 106,900 metric tons while an increase of a hundred individuals per square kilometer will marginally contract catch volume by 675.4 metric tons.

The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 42 Figure 10. Regression results for fishing volume of island communities

Source: Author’s calculation

Equation 8. Regression equation for fishing volume of periurban communities π‘“π‘“π‘“π‘“π‘“π‘“β„Žπ‘£π‘£π‘£π‘£π‘£π‘£= βˆ’6.512𝐸𝐸+ 03βˆ’6.754𝐸𝐸+ 02π‘‘π‘‘π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘‘π‘‘π‘“π‘“π‘“π‘“π‘‘π‘‘π‘‘π‘‘+ 8.167𝐸𝐸+ 02π‘π‘π‘£π‘£π‘π‘π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘Žπ‘Žπ‘‘π‘‘π‘Žπ‘Ž

βˆ’6.705𝐸𝐸 + 00π‘’π‘’π‘£π‘£π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘‘π‘‘π‘£π‘£π‘‘π‘‘2βˆ’1.200𝐸𝐸+ 02π‘π‘π‘£π‘£π‘£π‘£π‘“π‘“π‘‘π‘‘π‘’π‘’π‘“π‘“π‘‘π‘‘π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘‘π‘‘π‘’π‘’π‘Žπ‘Ž βˆ’2.561𝐸𝐸 + 04π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘‘π‘‘π‘’π‘’π‘’π‘’_π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘£π‘£π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘’π‘’ βˆ—βˆ— βˆ’1.147𝐸𝐸 + 05 π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘Žπ‘Žπ‘Žπ‘Ž3βˆ—βˆ—+2.942𝐸𝐸+ 04π‘’π‘’π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘£π‘£π‘Žπ‘Ž βˆ—

βˆ— βˆ’1.069𝐸𝐸+ 05π‘£π‘£π‘Žπ‘Žπ‘‘π‘‘π‘‘π‘‘π‘“π‘“π‘‘π‘‘π‘Žπ‘Ž βˆ—

The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines Chapter Five

DISCUSSION

The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 44 Intense fishing efforts are observed among island communities due to greater number of boats and facilities. Higher poverty incidence in the area concurs resource dependence with the sector.

B. Driving factors to the differences

Urbanization holds the premise of improvement in the quality of life, technology, and opportunities – effective pull factors that can foster economic growth. The regression results depict the positive correlation with production value and volume. However, this same set of benefits ushers in people and settlements and negates the relationship, as seen from the variables of urban population and population rate.

The rapid migration of people in an area can be a matter of carrying capacity. With the rise of amenities and services also comes the increase in level of job skills. The current capacities of migrants, as well as skill sets, may not match these employment opportunities, especially when they come from predominantly agriculture area.

This is also the problem for reclamation with the aim of creating smart cities. While it is a noble effort, the rise of dense urban activities in coastal areas will displace communities, rid them of present livelihoods, and increase unemployment rates. While other opportunities outside fishery are wanted, the misfitting of skills and experience is the reality on the ground (Biswal et al., 2017). The situation tends to exacerbate poverty, and in the fisheries case,

The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 45 foster Malthusian overfishing wherein competition is rampant and resource dependence is intensified.

This can be seen even in island communities where poverty incidence is greater, and presence of male fishers is higher. These factors signal their reliance on fisheries which foster competition as well. But an increase in education and entry of youth in the sector have positive correlations with fisheries, possibly reflecting improved capacities and leverage to ensure advantageous positions in the market. Further, these imply continuation and passing of the livelihood to the next generation, thus sustaining the local ecological knowledge and strengthening solidarity of the community. Capital through boat ownership is also seen as a good contributor. More males, however, are considered as competition and not value adding to the sector.

The opposite is found in periurban communities; poverty incidence is not significant, but population rate and density drive down value and volume, respectively. Education level and youth have negative relationships with fisheries, signaling the loss in players due to urbanization pull. As fishers gain skills and education outside the sector, occupational mobility starts to take place. Contrary to island communities, male gender presence proves to be a welcome addition to manpower.

C. Urbanization responses

Generally, island communities exhibit resource dependence on fisheries sector while periurban areas see themselves in position to exploit economic

The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 46 opportunities arising from urbanization. The results show that urbanization has a positive correlation with fisheries production since it essentially implies better marketing infrastructures, facilities, and mechanisms. Further, its pull factors include utility and service provisions (e.g. access to electricity, safe water, sanitation, education, health services) enable rural-urban migration which are scarce in former areas.

Periurban communities may look at livelihood diversification due to their proximity to economic centers, the already existing phenomenon of young fishers exiting the sector early, and low physical capital (more fishers with no boats and lesser gears). Fishing households tend to diversify their livelihood portfolio to best maximize their income given the high risk and vulnerability that comes with the sector. Livelihood patterns typically combine fishing with wage and salary work, and at times, self-employment, which all jive with seasonal changes (Betcherman & Marschke, 2016). Exception to the rule are households with high capital and high returns and thus do not diversify (Henderson &

Turner, 2020).

Urbanization, while offering diversification of livelihoods, in essence tends to push out other opportunities due to urban-biased development (e.g.

land commercialization, infrastructure protection, investment zones) which could undermine the optimum advantage of urbanization and miss the benefits of focusing on ecological aspects The bias may force poor people to migrate and become marginalized, especially in light of worsening climate change (Ricci, 2019).

The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 47 Urbanization opens a vibrant economic landscape where wage work and self-employment pull people out of rural areas and enables a safety net particularly for periurban fisherfolks, but these opportunities are not evenly offered to all (Utete et al., 2018). Adaptive capacity is naturally enhanced when livelihood assets like level of education, physical tools, and financial and social capital among others. Chances are greater for those with at least a secondary education (Betcherman & Marschke, 2016). Well-off users with diversified incomes tend to be more resilient than others (Hossain & Rabby, 2019).

Resource dependence in island communities, on the other hand, is compounded with poverty incidence. Fisherfolks have the second highest figures at 26.2 percent in 2018 (PSA, 2020), and based on aforementioned discussion, livelihood diversification is not an apt response to urbanization for these areas. This poverty is enhanced by absent to limited access to capital and credit facilities, weak institutional capacity, ineffective central management, and poor cooperative or organization mechanisms (Utete et al., 2018).

The findings lean into similar points of intervention since demographic variables like education and gender are positively related to production. A systemic enhancement to these social capacities can better alleviate responses to the sector (Utete et al., 2018).

The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines Chapter Six

CONCLUSION

While largely archipelagic and resource-based, the Philippines is experiencing the rise and subsequent falls of urbanization and population growth. Stuck in the conundrum are fishing communities which are categorized into periurban and island types for this study.

The former has higher population, area, density, and urbanization level, but the latter nearly catches up with national benchmark of urbanization. In terms of sex, males dominate both categories with nuanced contributions from females. More than half of them reach primary level of schooling, just enough to ensure literary. Bulk of them are found to be in early to late 40s, indicating that the older base mostly supported the sector with the percentage of youth slowly dwindling. Boat ownership is an important capital for island communities which also have higher counts for landing facilities and bulungan.

Education level and age are the best estimators for fisheries production volume and value, but the relationship vary between the two communities – positive for island and negative for periurban. It implies that an increase in two variables mean an improvement for human and social capital of the former while it would result to an early exit due to pull migration for the latter.

Urbanization process also has a positive relationship with both communities, but the consequences of early urbanization and urban bias

The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 49 development inform varying strategy mechanisms. Rapid urbanization tends to lead to several negative externalities as investments cannot meet the growing demands; employment clustering would need infrastructure, higher density would require comprehensive sewerage and safe water supply, agriculture, forestry, and fishery migrants may not retain the same productivity level when they transplant in city economies. While livelihood diversification may be suited for periurban, a systemic improvement of existing capacities will work better for island communities.

The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines Chapter Seven

RECOMMENDATIONS

Periurban fishing communities have an aging fisher base and are more susceptible to pull migration factors, owing to their proximity to economic centers (Betcherman & Marschke, 2016; Henderson et al., 2019). Given the negative relationship of their demography variables on fisheries production, any increase in capacities (e.g. higher educational attainment among male youths) would translate to gains in occupational mobility. They are in a much better position to take advantage of livelihood urbanization and urban opportunities.

Meanwhile, island fishing communities exhibited higher capital assets in terms of gears, boats, and facilities and greater resource dependence (poverty incidence, male fishers, age of entry). It is evident that they heavily bank on physical, social, and capital assets to leverage gains in the sector hence the natural path to follow would be to exploit avenues for creation of cooperatives and organizations (Utete et al., 2018), census and registration (BoatR), trainings, and fiscal interventions during lean season (Hossain & Rabby, 2019).

The findings further infer that capacity-building and enriching the stakeholders of the sector correlate positively with sector gains. This calls for a systemic and holistic approach to education of youths among island communities, a service difficult to deliver in remote areas particularly in the time of a pandemic (Betcherman & Marschke, 2016).

The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 51 It has been found that urbanization has a positive correlation to fisheries in both sites, attributed mainly to the technology, utility, and services advantages that can help improve production efficiency. However, density, population rate, and urban population drive figures down. These are indicative of urban bias development where utilities heavily attract entrants, but opportunities are mismatched or limited for their skillsets. An urban economy which cannot absorb rural entrants will only result to poorer and more marginalized communities which will only reinforce Malthusian overfishing (Dacks et al., 2018; Ricci, 2019).

Reclamation developments carry that similar bias which needs moving away from and more towards ensuring economic and ecological resilience through livelihood diversification and reframing of periurban fisheries as integral component of urban food chains (Olsson et al., 2016; Dacks et al., 2018).

Islands, on the other hand, shall continue as resource base where labor productivity can be further improved instead of reorienting them towards urban economy that would derive lesser numbers (Ricci, 2019). Pursuing these complementing strategies allows for the flexible and advantageous utilization of urbanization opportunities as well as sustainability of fisheries production, coastal community welfare, and resource management.

The findings of this study are timely with recurring discussions on the proposed National Land Use Act which have been in waiting for over two decades now. Propositioned to ensure the country’s food security, the law aims to streamline land use policies and differentiate zonings for protection and

The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines 52 conservation, production, settlement, and infrastructure (Parrocha, 2020).

Fishing communities, especially periurban ones, remain in the midst of these landscape changes. With the law’s passage also comes consequences of supposed partition, and what happens to fisherfolk welfare and coastal management will depend on the adaptive capacities of these communities and national institutions’ response to present urbanization challenges.

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The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines APPENDIX

The Impact of Urbanization on Fishing Communities in the Philippines APPENDICES

Fish landing centers are where sorting and first point of sale typically occurs.

Closely associated with fishing communities, these sites also provide provisionary services (e.g. food, fuel, and ice). These should not be mistaken for piers or ports where vessels dock even without catch (FAO 2021).

Appendix A. Fish landing centers

Source: BFAR Region 6 (n.d.)

Otherwise known as bagsakan, bulungan facilities act as venues for trading, bidding, and private procurement. This is typically the next location after fish landing suppliers where sorting and sale to suppliers are conducted. Facility operations are arbitrary and may only open for certain days of the week.

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