CHAPTER 3 METHODOLODY
3.5 The Questionnaire Design
3.5.2 Questionnaire Trial Investigation and Scale Revision
3.5.2.2 Item Analysis
Item analysis, also known as discriminance analysis, aims to study whether data can effectively distinguish high and low levels, so as to evaluate the quality of a specific item. Item analysis usually occurs in the early stage of data analysis. After the pretest questionnaire data is collected, item analysis, reliability analysis and validity analysis should be carried out to test the quality of the questionnaire and provide a basis for the preparation of the formal questionnaire. 27%
and 73% are usually used as the distinguishing criteria. A piece of data will be divided into low, medium and high groups. Data less than 27% of the quantile is considered as low group, and data between 27% and 73% is considered as medium group. Anything above 73% is called a high group. The independent sample T-test was used to compare whether there was a significant difference between the low and high groups.
For the item analysis of the scale of “the relationship of Entrepreneurship curriculum on College Graduates’ Entrepreneurial Competence”, it is necessary to delete the items with low discrimination to make the scale more accurate. First, the total scores of all 46 questions answered by each subject in the
scale were summed up, and the total scores were arranged in ascending order. The first and last 27% of the scores were used as the standard to divide the subjects into high group and low group. Then T test of independent samples was conducted to test the significance level of each item, and then the items with low significance level were kicked out. The data analysis results are shown in the table below:
Table 3.10 T test of the Relationship Scale of Entrepreneurship Curriculum on College Graduates’ Entrepreneurial Competence Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper ECP1Equal variances assumed
5.2890.023-7.3021130.000-1.7410.238-2.214-1.26 Equal variances not assumed
- - -8.95259.5250.000-1.7410.195-2.13-1.35 ECP2Equal variances assumed
0.9220.339-6.2131130.000-1.6030.258-2.115-1.09 Equal variances not assumed
- - -6.65945.4990.000-1.6030.241-2.088-1.11 ECP3Equal variances assumed
0.0280.868-4.9981130.000-1.1750.235-1.641-0.71
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper Equal variances not assumed
- - -4.89239.5250.000-1.1750.24-1.661-0.69 ECP4Equal variances assumed
5.4030.022-8.2771130.000-1.8730.226-2.321-1.42 Equal variances not assumed
- - -10.42363.3820.000-1.8730.18-2.231-1.51 ECK1Equal variances assumed
2.3290.13-5.4241130.000-1.1950.22-1.632-0.75 Equal variances not assumed
- - -6.5657.7270.000-1.1950.182-1.56-0.83 ECK2Equal variances
2.5160.115-5.7271130.000-1.2180.213-1.639-0.79
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper assumed Equal variances not assumed
- - -7.10261.120.000-1.2180.171-1.561-0.87 ECK3Equal variances assumed
15.4770-3.4771130.001-0.8280.238-1.3-0.35 Equal variances not assumed
- - -4.80480.3060.000-0.8280.172-1.171-0.48 ECK4Equal variances assumed
10.2740.002-5.9441130.000-1.3090.22-1.745-0.87 Equal variances not assumed - - -8.58590.160.000-1.3090.152-1.612-1.00 ECK5Equal 5.2840.023-6.2691130.000-1.3430.214-1.767-0.91
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper variances assumed Equal variances not assumed
- - -8.4474.9990.000-1.3430.159-1.66-1.02 ECK6Equal variances assumed
4.3380.04-6.2051130.000-1.3780.222-1.818-0.93 Equal variances not assumed
- - -8.53179.2640.000-1.3780.162-1.7-1.05 ECK7Equal variances assumed
16.1160-5.1391130.000-1.1260.219-1.56-0.69 Equal variances not assumed
- - -7.0679.1030.000-1.1260.16-1.444-0.80
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper ECD1Equal variances assumed
4.3760.039-7.3011130.000-1.3930.191-1.771-1.01 Equal variances not assumed
- - -8.59754.4710.000-1.3930.162-1.718-1.06 ECD2Equal variances assumed
3.0630.083-6.0921130.000-1.3030.214-1.727-0.87 Equal variances not assumed
- - -7.00451.8520.000-1.3030.186-1.676-0.93 ECD3Equal variances assumed
5.1370.025-8.1111130.000-1.8440.227-2.294-1.39 Equal variances
- - -9.79857.5790.000-1.8440.188-2.22-1.46
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper not assumed ECD4Equal variances assumed
7.7580.006-7.8081130.000-1.7760.227-2.227-1.32 Equal variances not assumed
- - -9.83763.4510.000-1.7760.181-2.137-1.41 ECD5Equal variances assumed
3.2460.074-8.3721130.000-1.7060.204-2.109-1.30 Equal variances not assumed
- - -10.04856.750.000-1.7060.17-2.046-1.36 ECD6Equal variances assumed 1.4810.226-7.6511130.000-1.6160.211-2.034-1.19 Equal - - -8.95853.8170.000-1.6160.18-1.977-1.25
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper variances not assumed ECD7Equal variances assumed
3.7270.056-5.8691130.000-1.3950.238-1.865-0.92 Equal variances not assumed
- - -6.59949.6350.000-1.3950.211-1.819-0.97 ECD8Equal variances assumed
2.6980.103-5.7391130.000-1.3640.238-1.835-0.89 Equal variances not assumed
- - -6.36248.3340.000-1.3640.214-1.795-0.93 ES1Equal variances assumed
2.7420.1-6.4061130.000-1.4360.224-1.881-0.99
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper Equal variances not assumed
- - -7.20349.6320.000-1.4360.199-1.837-1.03 ES2Equal variances assumed
00.997-6.1821130.000-1.3160.213-1.738-0.89 Equal variances not assumed
- - -6.08539.8290.000-1.3160.216-1.754-0.87 ES3Equal variances assumed
1.9250.168-5.6071130.000-1.1670.208-1.58-0.75 Equal variances not assumed
- - -5.98645.1860.000-1.1670.195-1.56-0.77 ES4Equal variances
0.0350.852-6.4761130.000-1.2890.199-1.683-0.89
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper assumed Equal variances not assumed
- - -6.18338.2160.000-1.2890.208-1.711-0.86 CPP1Equal variances assumed
2.5490.113-8.4221130.000-1.7620.209-2.176-1.34 Equal variances not assumed
- - -9.80453.1790.000-1.7620.18-2.122-1.40 CPP2Equal variances assumed
1.460.23-6.0381130.000-1.4270.236-1.895-0.95 Equal variances not assumed - - -6.86650.7210.000-1.4270.208-1.844-1.00 CPP3Equal 0.5940.443-5.9491130.000-1.2260.206-1.635-0.81
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper variances assumed Equal variances not assumed
- - -6.10642.3970.000-1.2260.201-1.632-0.82 CPP4Equal variances assumed
2.8250.096-8.4961130.000-1.7540.206-2.163-1.34 Equal variances not assumed
- - -10.13455.9810.000-1.7540.173-2.1-1.40 CPP5Equal variances assumed
0.4490.504-8.4681130.000-1.5030.178-1.855-1.15 Equal variances not assumed
- - -9.33947.8670.000-1.5030.161-1.827-1.18
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper CPK1Equal variances assumed
1.9950.161-6.6281130.000-1.2850.194-1.669-0.90 Equal variances not assumed
- - -8.23261.350.000-1.2850.156-1.597-0.97 CPK2Equal variances assumed
2.4890.117-6.4671130.000-1.3350.206-1.744-0.92 Equal variances not assumed
- - -8.22965.0040.000-1.3350.162-1.659-1.01 CPK3Equal variances assumed
0.1860.667-5.2141130.000-1.0640.204-1.468-0.66 Equal variances
- - -5.78848.440.000-1.0640.184-1.433-0.69
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper not assumed CPK4Equal variances assumed
0.6450.423-6.861130.000-1.4840.216-1.913-1.05 Equal variances not assumed
- - -8.04954.070.000-1.4840.184-1.854-1.11 CPK5Equal variances assumed
1.8950.171-5.951130.000-1.2040.202-1.604-0.80 Equal variances not assumed
- - -7.08455.7710.000-1.2040.17-1.544-0.86 CPS1Equal variances assumed 5.770.018-8.9791130.000-1.8680.208-2.28-1.45 Equal - - -10.83657.4480.000-1.8680.172-2.213-1.52
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper variances not assumed CPS2Equal variances assumed
1.8410.178-10.9681130.000-2.230.203-2.633-1.82 Equal variances not assumed
- - -12.37949.9970.000-2.230.18-2.592-1.86 CPS3Equal variances assumed
3.9440.049-9.0311130.000-1.6750.186-2.043-1.30 Equal variances not assumed
- - -10.20150.0730.000-1.6750.164-2.005-1.34 CPS4Equal variances assumed
6.8230.01-8.0141130.000-1.7320.216-2.16-1.30
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper Equal variances not assumed
- - -9.48155.0070.000-1.7320.183-2.098-1.36 CPS5Equal variances assumed
3.210.076-10.21130.000-2.0120.197-2.403-1.62 Equal variances not assumed
- - -11.8452.8730.000-2.0120.17-2.353-1.67 CPS6Equal variances assumed
4.6950.032-7.4511130.000-1.5620.21-1.977-1.14 Equal variances not assumed
- - -8.30948.8680.000-1.5620.188-1.94-1.18 CPS7Equal variances
0.0720.789-8.4971130.000-1.8490.218-2.28-1.41
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper assumed Equal variances not assumed
- - -8.93444.0470.000-1.8490.207-2.266-1.43 EW1Equal variances assumed
1.920.169-5.5291130.000-1.0580.191-1.438-0.67 Equal variances not assumed
- - -6.39352.4560.000-1.0580.166-1.39-0.72 EW2Equal variances assumed
0.0820.775-5.3791130.000-0.980.182-1.341-0.61 Equal variances not assumed - - -5.47341.8270.000-0.980.179-1.341-0.61 EW3Equal 1.0550.306-5.9081130.000-1.1090.188-1.481-0.73
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper variances assumed Equal variances not assumed
- - -5.59137.7710.000-1.1090.198-1.511-0.70 EE1Equal variances assumed
1.6340.204-4.5791130.000-1.0380.227-1.488-0.58 Equal variances not assumed
- - -5.26851.9190.000-1.0380.197-1.434-0.64 EE2Equal variances assumed
0.5090.477-4.6831130.000-0.9860.21-1.403-0.56 Equal variances not assumed
- - -4.65640.4110.000-0.9860.212-1.413-0.55
Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances
T-Test for Equality of Mean FSig. t dfSig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% confidence interval of the Difference LowerUpper EE3Equal variances assumed
0.2240.637-4.921130.000-1.0590.215-1.486-0.63 Equal variances not assumed
- - -5.31146.0650.000-1.0590.199-1.461-0.65 Note: ECP: Entrepreneurial physical and mental quality curriculums; ECK: Entrepreneurial knowledge literacy curriculums; ECD: Entrepreneurial development curriculums; ES:Entrepreneurial self-efficacy; CPP:College students’entrepreneurial potential competence; CPK:College students’entrepreneurial knowledge competence; CPS: College students’ entrepreneurial skills competence; EW: Entrepreneurial willingness; EE: College entrepreneurship environment support system.
ECP1.I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like entrepreneur spirit;
ECP2. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like innovation spirit;
ECP3. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like entrepreneurship consciousness;
ECP4. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like innovation consciousness;
ECK1. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like entrepreneurship basic knowledge;
ECK2. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like entrepreneurship basic theory;
ECK3. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like market operation knowledge;
ECK4. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like financial knowledge;
ECK5. I think my mastery level about the content of the current national laws and policies on college students' innovation and entrepreneurship;
ECK6. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like business management knowledge;
ECK7. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like technology frontiers and internet;
ECD1. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like innovation competence;
ECD2. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like administrative competence;
ECD3. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like organize leadership;
ECD4. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like marketing competency;
ECD5. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like entrepreneurial thinking skills;
ECD6. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like resource management competence;
ECD7. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like communication and collaboration;
ECD8. I think my mastery level about the content of curriculums like practical transformational ability;
ES1. I can identify valuable business opportunities; ES2. I believe I can communicate effectively with others;
ES3. I've developed the leadership skills needed to be an entrepreneur;
ES4. I believe I can predict the risks in the process of starting a business in advance and minimize them;
CPP1. I have a strong entrepreneurial motivation;
CPP2. I have good entrepreneurial qualities;
CPP3. I have a good self-perception of entrepreneurship;
CPP4. I have the right entrepreneurial values; CPP5. It is difficult for me to learn in-depth entrepreneurial knowledge in a short time;
CPK1. I have operational development knowledge related to entrepreneurship;
CPK2. I have basic knowledge of business;
CPK3. I have industry background knowledge related to entrepreneurship;
CPK4. I have basic legal knowledge related to entrepreneurship;
CPK5. I have an understanding of economic policies related to entrepreneurship;
CPS1. I have opportunity competence;
CPS2. I am capable of innovation;
CPS3. I have strategic competence;
CPS4. I have relationship competence;
CPS5. I have the ability to integrate resources;
CPS6. I am competent in marketing;
CPS7. I have the ability to make decisions;
EW1. I would do anything to be an entrepreneur;
EW2. I thought very seriously about starting a business;
EW3. I am determined to build a company in the future;
EE1.The university has a sound entrepreneurial support system for college students;
EE2.The university often organizes students to participate in software training, business competition and other simulation training; EE3.The university is equipped with sufficient full-time and part-time teachers who combine entrepreneurship education.
As can be seen from the above table, each item has significant differences in high and low grouping. This indicates that the high and low grouping of each item is more obvious, and the item setting of the scale is better.