CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.6 Comparative Analysis of Chinese and Thai Groups
4.6.1 CFA Group Analysis
Table 4.27 Parameter Estimates of Each Model 1 ModelUnconstrainedMeasurement WeightsMeasurement Intercepts NationChinaThailandChinaThailandChinaThailand parametersUnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd. DE7<--DE10.78610.90510.78910.90310.78910.903 DE6<--DE0.750.6230.7710.7510.7610.6330.7610.7440.7660.6350.7660.747 DE5<--DE0.9550.7430.8550.80.9010.7240.9010.8140.9010.7230.9010.815 DE4<--DE0.9490.7490.9440.8520.9460.7530.9460.8510.9490.7530.9490.852 DE3<--DE0.8130.6550.7690.760.7890.6470.7890.7660.7870.6460.7870.767 DE2<--DE0.7720.6320.860.8060.8210.6610.8210.7870.8250.6630.8250.789 DE1<--DE1.0420.780.9890.8441.0120.7721.0120.8491.0170.7731.0170.851 RE4<--RE10.77210.81510.77810.80910.78310.836 RE3<--RE0.9280.720.8080.7270.8720.6980.8720.7510.8610.6980.8610.777 RE2<--RE0.7890.6360.7660.6870.7790.6360.7790.6860.7850.6450.7850.723 RE1<--RE0.990.7391.0040.8230.9980.7490.9980.8130.970.7430.970.832 TR4<--TR10.85510.75210.8410.79410.84310.793 TR3<--TR0.7910.7551.0120.7290.8470.7670.8470.6950.8380.7660.8380.689 TR2<--TR0.7580.7280.9510.7090.8080.7380.8080.6820.810.7430.810.684
ModelUnconstrainedMeasurement WeightsMeasurement Intercepts NationChinaThailandChinaThailandChinaThailand parametersUnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd. TR1<--TR0.950.8311.1260.7930.9940.8340.9940.7810.9950.8360.9950.78 EM4<--AC10.8710.94510.86310.94710.86310.949 EM3<--AC0.8370.7820.8710.8590.8590.7870.8590.8580.8610.7870.8610.863 EM2<--AC0.8470.7650.9330.8740.8980.7820.8980.8660.8940.780.8940.869 EM1<--AC0.9780.8360.9760.9150.9780.8290.9780.9170.9780.8290.9780.92 CN4<--CC10.89310.85410.89910.80210.910.818 CN3<--CC0.9430.8260.6780.6140.8920.8130.8920.6870.8860.8120.8860.703 CN2<--CC0.8860.8280.8310.7260.8770.8310.8770.7040.8730.8310.8730.721 CN1<--CC1.0250.880.8510.7570.9950.8770.9950.7850.9960.8780.9960.8 NA4<--NC10.91610.9410.90510.94610.91110.951 NA3<--NC0.7190.7240.8590.7940.7830.7470.7830.7680.7870.7580.7870.777 NA2<--NC0.8840.8560.9120.8650.9010.8530.9010.8670.8880.8560.8880.868 NA1<--NC0.870.80.9650.9030.9240.8140.9240.8970.920.820.920.902 CR6<--OCWB10.810.91510.79110.91710.79210.924 CR5<--OCWB0.960.7460.9890.8680.980.7460.980.8690.9750.7450.9750.878
ModelUnconstrainedMeasurement WeightsMeasurement Intercepts NationChinaThailandChinaThailandChinaThailand parametersUnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd. CR4<--OCWB0.9050.7180.9140.8440.9120.7110.9120.8460.9120.7120.9120.858 CR3<--OCWB0.9570.7420.9740.8290.970.7390.970.8310.9690.7390.9690.843 CR2<--OCWB0.8980.6960.9440.8510.9280.70.9280.850.930.7010.930.863 CR1<--OCWB0.9390.7371.0380.8991.0030.7531.0030.8940.9950.7510.9950.901 PE6<--ICWB10.83310.91110.82310.91710.82310.918 PE5<--ICWB0.8850.7661.0370.9130.9720.7890.9720.8990.9670.7870.9670.899 PE4<--ICWB0.8960.7630.8910.8280.8970.7520.8970.8390.9020.7540.9020.842 PE3<--ICWB0.8480.750.9310.8830.8990.760.8990.8830.90.760.90.886 PE2<--ICWB0.8860.7631.0870.8990.9940.7920.9940.8780.990.7910.990.879 PE1<--ICWB1.0040.8010.8260.830.9030.7480.9030.8570.9140.7490.9140.857 e10.3980.3820.2510.1850.3980.3770.2530.1850.3990.3780.2540.184 e20.5730.6120.5210.4470.5710.60.5220.4470.5710.5970.5230.442 e30.4760.4480.4650.3370.4850.4760.460.3370.4860.4770.4610.336 e40.4530.4390.3810.2760.4510.4340.3810.2760.450.4320.3820.274 e50.5660.570.4890.4130.5680.5810.4870.4130.5690.5830.4880.412
ModelUnconstrainedMeasurement WeightsMeasurement Intercepts NationChinaThailandChinaThailandChinaThailand parametersUnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd. e60.5770.6010.4530.3810.5710.5630.4630.3810.5710.5610.4630.377 e70.4520.3920.4460.2790.4560.4040.4430.2790.4560.4020.4440.276 e80.4640.4040.4440.3460.4590.3950.4510.3460.4560.3860.450.302 e90.5480.4820.5130.4360.5640.5130.5010.4360.5650.5130.5070.396 e100.6280.5960.580.5290.6270.5950.5810.5290.6260.5840.5870.478 e110.5560.4530.4240.3390.5470.4390.4350.3390.5540.4490.4360.308 e120.3880.2690.4830.3690.4080.2950.4510.3690.4070.290.4560.371 e130.4980.430.5690.5180.4910.4120.5930.5180.4940.4130.6030.526 e140.5370.470.5630.5340.5330.4550.5780.5340.5330.4490.5770.532 e150.4270.310.4720.390.4230.3050.4870.390.4250.3010.4930.392 e160.3470.2430.1770.1040.3590.2550.1740.1040.3580.2540.1740.1 e170.4840.3890.3980.2640.4760.3810.3990.2640.4770.380.40.255 e180.5510.4150.3990.2510.5380.3890.4060.2510.540.3920.4070.245 e190.4460.3010.2740.1590.4570.3130.2730.1590.4560.3130.2730.154 e200.3010.2030.2540.3560.2920.1920.3080.3560.2910.1910.3060.331
ModelUnconstrainedMeasurement WeightsMeasurement Intercepts NationChinaThailandChinaThailandChinaThailand parametersUnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd. e210.4890.3180.5190.5290.50.3390.4960.5290.5020.3410.4970.506 e220.4240.3140.4230.5040.4230.3090.4350.5040.4230.310.4350.48 e230.3610.2250.3690.3830.3640.230.3430.3830.3640.2290.3460.361 e240.2390.1610.1320.1060.2610.1810.1240.1060.2580.1710.1180.096 e250.5870.4760.4340.410.5730.4420.4460.410.5760.4260.4540.396 e260.3550.2670.2810.2490.3590.2730.2820.2490.3620.2680.2880.246 e270.530.3590.2120.1950.5150.3380.2160.1950.5160.3270.2170.186 e280.4170.360.2220.1590.4230.3740.220.1590.4230.3730.220.145 e290.5460.4440.3630.2450.5440.4440.3630.2450.5440.4450.3650.229 e300.5720.4850.3840.2840.5750.4940.3830.2840.5750.4920.3840.264 e310.5540.4490.4920.310.5560.4540.4920.310.5550.4530.4920.289 e320.6380.5160.3850.2770.6370.5110.3840.2770.6370.5080.3830.256 e330.5510.4580.2890.2010.5450.4330.2940.2010.5460.4360.2950.188 e340.4110.3060.2280.160.4190.3230.220.160.4180.3230.2190.157 e350.5140.4130.2370.1910.5030.3780.2580.1910.5060.3810.2610.192
ModelUnconstrainedMeasurement WeightsMeasurement Intercepts NationChinaThailandChinaThailandChinaThailand parametersUnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd. e360.5360.4180.4020.2960.5430.4340.3910.2960.5440.4320.3920.291 e370.5210.4370.270.220.5190.4230.2630.220.5190.4220.2620.216 e380.5260.4180.3110.2290.5140.3720.3380.2290.5150.3740.3410.228 e390.5240.3590.3410.2650.5660.4410.340.2650.5740.4390.3560.266
Table 4.28 Parameter Estimates of Each Model 2 ModelStructural CovariancesMeasurement Residuals NationChinaThailandChinaThailand ParametersUnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd. DE7<--DE10.82410.87510.83810.838 DE6<--DE0.7610.6770.7610.6930.7670.6830.7670.683 DE5<--DE0.8970.7630.8970.7710.9040.7650.9040.765 DE4<--DE0.9470.7920.9470.8140.9530.7990.9530.799 DE3<--DE0.7850.690.7850.7160.7920.70.7920.7 DE2<--DE0.820.7040.820.7380.8180.7110.8180.711 DE1<--DE1.0130.8091.0130.8121.0230.8121.0230.812 RE4<--RE10.80410.80210.80310.803 RE3<--RE0.8630.7220.8630.7420.8650.730.8650.73 RE2<--RE0.7840.670.7840.6780.7840.6730.7840.673 RE1<--RE0.9770.7690.9770.8040.9740.780.9740.78 TR4<--TR10.83310.81610.82410.824 TR3<--TR0.8380.7520.8380.720.8460.7410.8460.741 TR2<--TR0.8060.7250.8060.7090.8120.720.8120.72
ModelStructural CovariancesMeasurement Residuals NationChinaThailandChinaThailand ParametersUnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd. TR1<--TR0.9950.8240.9950.8091.0020.8191.0020.819 EM4<--AC10.8810.93910.90310.903 EM3<--AC0.8590.8110.8590.8340.8520.8160.8520.816 EM2<--AC0.8910.8020.8910.840.8790.8110.8790.811 EM1<--AC0.9750.8490.9750.8990.9760.870.9760.87 CN4<--CC10.88410.88110.88310.883 CN3<--CC0.8770.7780.8770.7790.8770.7790.8770.779 CN2<--CC0.870.8030.870.8010.870.8020.870.802 CN1<--CC0.9870.8530.9870.8610.9880.8560.9880.856 NA4<--NC10.90510.95710.92410.924 NA3<--NC0.790.7510.790.7870.7790.7630.7790.763 NA2<--NC0.8880.8480.8880.8710.8860.8610.8860.861 NA1<--NC0.9220.8140.9220.9090.9050.8410.9050.841 CR6<--OCWB10.82810.89910.85110.851 CR5<--OCWB0.9740.7870.9740.840.9750.8050.9750.805
ModelStructural CovariancesMeasurement Residuals NationChinaThailandChinaThailand ParametersUnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd. CR4<--OCWB0.910.7560.910.8170.910.7760.910.776 CR3<--OCWB0.9620.7780.9620.7950.9640.7840.9640.784 CR2<--OCWB0.9280.7460.9280.8210.9230.7680.9230.768 CR1<--OCWB0.9940.7930.9940.8680.9820.8140.9820.814 PE6<--ICWB10.84310.90310.86510.865 PE5<--ICWB0.9650.8030.9650.8830.9370.8210.9370.821 PE4<--ICWB0.8990.7730.8990.8190.8960.790.8960.79 PE3<--ICWB0.90.7830.90.8680.8870.8090.8870.809 PE2<--ICWB0.9870.8070.9870.860.960.8170.960.817 PE1<--ICWB0.9130.7690.9130.8380.9340.8040.9340.804 e10.3960.3210.2570.2350.3480.2970.3480.297 e20.5720.5410.5260.520.5540.5340.5540.534 e30.4840.4180.460.4060.4770.4140.4770.414 e40.4460.3730.3830.3380.4230.3620.4230.362 e50.5680.5240.4890.4870.5380.510.5380.51
ModelStructural CovariancesMeasurement Residuals NationChinaThailandChinaThailand ParametersUnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd. e60.5720.5040.470.4550.5380.4940.5380.494 e70.4520.3450.4450.3410.4460.3410.4460.341 e80.4530.3530.460.3570.4570.3560.4570.356 e90.5680.4790.5040.4490.5440.4670.5440.467 e100.6250.5510.5980.540.6150.5480.6150.548 e110.5460.4080.4320.3530.5050.3920.5050.392 e120.4030.3060.4590.3340.4280.3210.4280.321 e130.4950.4350.5980.4820.5310.4510.5310.451 e140.5350.4740.5860.4970.5530.4810.5530.481 e150.4290.3210.4790.3460.4450.3290.4450.329 e160.3590.2250.1660.1180.2820.1840.2820.184 e170.4760.3430.3980.3040.4530.3330.4530.333 e180.5450.3570.4080.2940.5020.3420.5020.342 e190.4570.280.2790.1920.3830.2440.3830.244 e200.2840.2180.2920.2230.2860.220.2860.22
ModelStructural CovariancesMeasurement Residuals NationChinaThailandChinaThailand ParametersUnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd. e210.5110.3950.5060.3930.5090.3940.5090.394 e220.4250.3560.4290.3580.4260.3560.4260.356 e230.3710.2720.3470.2590.3620.2670.3620.267 e240.2640.1810.1110.0850.2070.1460.2070.146 e250.5750.4370.4550.380.5290.4180.5290.418 e260.3670.2810.2980.2410.3320.2590.3320.259 e270.5130.3370.2130.1740.4110.2930.4110.293 e280.4220.3140.2190.1920.350.2760.350.276 e290.5380.3810.3660.2950.4730.3520.4730.352 e300.5740.4290.3820.3330.5050.3990.5050.399 e310.5580.3950.4980.3690.5340.3850.5340.385 e320.6350.4440.3860.3270.5460.4110.5460.411 e330.5380.3710.2990.2470.4530.3380.4530.338 e340.4070.290.2260.1840.3380.2510.3380.251 e350.510.3540.2620.220.4270.3250.4270.325
ModelStructural CovariancesMeasurement Residuals NationChinaThailandChinaThailand ParametersUnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd.UnstdStd. e360.5430.4030.3940.3280.4870.3760.4870.376 e370.510.3870.2640.2460.4190.3460.4190.346 e380.5190.3480.3410.260.4640.3330.4640.333 e390.5730.4080.3520.2980.4810.3530.4810.353
Table 4.29 CMIN
Model NPAR CMIN DF P CMIN/DF
Unconstrained 290 2021.525 1348 .000 1.500
Measurement weights 259 2087.959 1379 .000 1.514 Measurement intercepts 220 2311.082 1418 .000 1.630 Structural covariances 184 2640.712 1454 .000 1.816 Measurement residuals 145 2955.870 1493 .000 1.980
Saturated model 1638 .000 0 - -
Independence model 156 18800.924 1482 .000 12.686
Table 4.30 Baseline Comparisons
Model NFI
Delta1
RFI rho1
IFI Delta2
TLI rho2
CFI
Unconstrained .892 .882 .961 .957 .961
Measurement weights .889 .881 .959 .956 .959
Measurement intercepts .877 .872 .949 .946 .948
Structural covariances .860 .857 .932 .930 .931
Measurement residuals .843 .844 .915 .916 .916
Saturated model 1.000 - 1.000 - 1.000
Independence model .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
Table 4.31 RMSEA
Model RMSEA LO 90 HI 90 PCLOSE
Unconstrained .027 .025 .030 1.000
Measurement weights .028 .025 .030 1.000
Measurement intercepts .031 .028 .033 1.000
Structural covariances .035 .033 .037 1.000
Measurement residuals .038 .036 .040 1.000
Independence model .132 .130 .134 .000
Table 4.32 Assuming Model Unconstrained to be Correct
Model DF CMIN P NFI
Delta-1 IFI Delta-2
RFI rho-1
TLI rho2 Measurement weights 31 66.434 .000 .004 .004 .001 .001 Measurement
intercepts
70 289.557 .000 .015 .017 .010 .011
Structural covariances
106 619.187 .000 .033 .035 .025 .027
Measurement residuals
145 934.346 .000 .050 .054 .038 .041
Table 4.33 Assuming Model Measurement Weights to be Correct
Model DF CMIN P NFI
Delta-1 IFI Delta-2
RFI rho-1
TLI rho2 Measurement
intercepts 39 223.123 .000 .012 .013 .009 .010
Structural
covariances 75 552.753 .000 .029 .032 .024 .026
Measurement
residuals 114 867.912 .000 .046 .050 .037 .040
Table 4.34 Assuming Model Measurement Intercepts to be Correct
Model DF CMIN P NFI
Delta-1 IFI Delta-2
RFI rho-1
TLI rho2 Structural
covariances
36 329.630 .000 .018 .019 .015 .016
Measurement residuals
75 644.789 .000 .034 .037 .028 .030
Table 4.35 Assuming Model Structural Covariances to be Correct
Model DF CMIN P NFI
Delta-1 IFI Delta-2
RFI rho-1
TLI rho2 Measurement
residuals
39 315.159 .000 .017 .018 .013 .014
Since the two benchmark models in two countries (China and Thailand) are the same, this study attempts to conduct a group analysis. First, the unrestricted model is analyzed. Based on the Table 29-35 data, the results show that: χ2 (1348) = 2021.525), P<0.05, NFI = 0.892, TLI = 0.957; CFI = 0.961, RMSEA = 0.027, indicating that the model fits well and is acceptable (the parameters of the model are estimated in the second column of Table 4.27).
Then, to examine the factor loadings were invariant across the two cohorts, the two cohort factor loadings were set to be congruent. The results from Table 29-35 show that the constraint model is acceptable (χ2 (1379) = 2087.959, P<0.05, NFI = 0.889, TLI = 0.956, CFI = 0.959, RMSEA = 0.028. Meanwhile, the X2 difference test between the unrestricted model and the restricted model is significant (χ2 (31) = 66.434, P<0.05), indicating that the two groups had significant differences when the set factor load was equal (the parameters of this model are estimated in the third column of Table 4.28).
In addition to setting factor load congruence, the measured intercept between the two groups is also limited to congruence. The results of group analysis show that the restricted model is acceptable (χ2 (1418) = 2311.082, P<0.05, NFI = 0.877, TLI = 0.946, CFI = 0.948, RMSEA = 0.031. In addition, after adding the measurement intercept congruence to the factor load congruence model, the difference between the two models χ2 significant difference test（χ2 (39) = 223.123, P<0.05), which indicates that there are significant differences between the two groups in the factor load congruence + measurement intercept congruence model (see the fourth column of Table 4.27 for the parameter estimation of the model).
In addition to factor loading, measurement intercept, and structural covariance were also limited to be equal between the two groups. Group analysis results show
that the model is acceptable (χ2(1454) = 2640.71, P<0.05, NFI = 0.860, TLI = 0.930, CFI = 0.931, P<0.05, RMSEA = 0.035. In addition, the X2 difference test between the basic model and the constraint model is significant (χ2(36) = 329.630, P<0.05), which indicates that there are significant differences between the two groups in the set factor load congruence + measurement intercept + structural covariance congruence model (see the second column of Table 4.28 for the parameter estimation of the model).
Finally, in addition to the above constraints, the measurement residuals between the two groups are also constrained to be congruent. Group analysis results show that the model is acceptable (χ2(1493) = 2955.870, P<0.05, NFI = 0.843, TLI = 0.916, CFI = 0.916, RMSEA = 0.038. In addition, the X2 difference test between the basic model and the constraint model is significant（χ2 (39) = 315.159, P < 0.05), indicating that there are significant differences between the two groups in the set factor load congruence + measurement intercept + structural covariance + measurement residual congruence model (see the third column of Table 4.28 for the parameter estimation of the model).
To sum up, through the group analysis of CFA model, gradually set the factor load congruence, measurement intercept congruence, structural covariance congruence and measurement residual congruence in the unrestricted model. The results of data analysis show that the model fits well and the research model can be accepted. In the CFA group comparative analysis, there are significant differences in the measurement of psychological contract violation and employee counterproductive work behavior between Chinese and Thai employees.