RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.7 Measurement
Work engagement was evaluated by using the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) that was developed by Schaufeli, Bakker, and Salanova (2006). The questionnaire consists of three subscales vigor, dedication, and absorption. Total 12
items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “In my job, I am mentally resilient” (Vigor), “I am enthusiastic about my job” (Dedication) and “Time flies when I am working” (Absorption). The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Meaningful work was evaluated by using meaningful work scale that was developed by Steger, Dik, and Duffy (2012). Total 4 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “I have found a meaningful career, “The work I do serves a greater purpose” and so on. The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Organizational climate was evaluated by the scale developed by Rogg, Schmidt, Shull, and Schmitt (2001). Total 5 items were selected to conduct this study.
The sample questions are, “Work is fairly distributed to the employees”, “Employees know they are valued”. The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Organizational support was evaluated by the scale, which was developed by Saks (2006). Total 4 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “My organization cares about me,” “My organization strongly considers my goals and values.” The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Value congruence was evaluated by the scale that was developed by Thomas (2013). Total 4 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are,
“My values match with this organization,” “All things considered, I like my job.”
The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
HRM practices was evaluated by the scale developed by Gould-Williams and Davies (2005). Total 4 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “A rigorous selection process is used to select new recruits”, “I feel fairly rewarded for the amount of effort I put into my job.”. The questionnaire is a 5- point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Fairness was evaluated by the scale developed by Gould-Williams and Davies (2005). Total 4 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “I feel unfairly treated in my job.” “I work too hard considering my outcomes.” The
questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Autonomy was evaluated by the scale that was developed by Morgeson and Humphrey (2006). Total 4 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “I can use my own judgment to do my work.” “I can work independently.” The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Social support was evaluated by the scale that was developed by Morgeson and Humphrey (2006). Total 4 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “I have the opportunity to meet with others in my work.” “People I work with are friendly.” The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Performance feedback was evaluated by the scale that was developed by Morgeson and Humphrey (2006). Total 3 items were selected to conduct this study.
The sample questions are, “The job itself provides a feedback on my performance,”
“The job itself provides me with information about my performance.” The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Task significance was evaluated by the scale that was developed by Morgeson and Humphrey (2006). Total 3 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “The job itself is very significant and important in the broader scheme of things,” “The job has a large impact on people outside the organization.” The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Opportunities for learning and development was evaluated by the scale developed by Van Veldhoven and Meijman (1994). Total 4 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “My job offers me opportunities for personal growth and development.” “I learned new things in my work”. The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Self-efficacy was evaluated by the scale, which was developed by Sapyaprapa, Tuicomepee, and Watakakosol (2013). Total 4 items were selected to conduct this
study. The sample questions are, “I can learn the new working system easily. “I feel confident that I can accomplish my work goals.” The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Organization-based self-esteem was evaluated by the scale developed by Pierce, Gardner, Cummings, and Dunham (1989). Total 4 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “I am important.” “I am efficient.” The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Hope was evaluated by the scale, which was developed by Sapyaprapa, Tuicomepee, and Watakakosol, (2013). Total 3 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “I have several ways to accomplish the work goal.”
“I am energetic to accomplish the work goal.” The questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Resiliency was evaluated by the scale, which was developed by Sapyaprapa, Tuicomepee, and Watakakosol, (2013). Total 4 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “Although my work failed, I will try to make it successful again.” “I usually manage difficulties at work.” The questionnaire is a 5- point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Optimism was evaluated by the scale, which was developed by Sapyaprapa, Tuicomepee and Watakakosol, (2013). Total 4 items were selected to conduct this study. The sample questions are, “I'm optimistic about my future regarding my work,”
“I see the bright side of the problems that occur at work.” The questionnaire is a 5- point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).