• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Students do not pay much attention on English reading strategies learning

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

5.2.4 Students do not pay much attention on English reading strategies learning

Ulfa (2012) points out that the English scores of most students are below the minimum proficiency standards. This means that students' basic English knowledge is below average, affecting their reading comprehension. It may not be easy to describe exactly what the English reading test examined, but the students who took part in the study seemed to have a clear idea of why they could not get high scores. The descriptions are as follows:

The lack of vocabulary is still a huge obstacle for students. The 3 passages of this English reading test contained many unfamiliar words, so it is a big obstacle for students understand the whole passage meaning. The context of each passage was too

102

long and the exam time was only one hour. Therefore, they don't have enough time to read and they can't quickly locate the answer to each question, they need spend much more time think about and find the where the answer is.

Sentence insert questions were the biggest problem for them. This question type tests student’s understanding of the logic in the passage and also tests their ability to understand the grammatical connections from one sentence to another, so as long as they do not understand the meaning of the whole article or the paragraph in which the sentence insert question appears has many unfamiliar words, they are likely to make mistakes in this question.

Inference questions were also the items with the most mistakes. Inference is the process of drawing conclusions based on existing evidence and prior knowledge and experience. Inference questions are the types of questions that involve reading between sentences. When students are asked to educate guesses, they often fin the tasks too difficult. because the answers are not be explicit. Students must draw logical conclusions from the clues in the text and their own experiences. Therefore, it is a great challenge for students to test their ability to grasp the article as a whole. In brief, they need to have a clear understand of detail questions, identify purpose and main idea questions are asked to test this high level reading skill.

All the students interviewed thought that having good reading methods could help them improve their reading comprehension and make fewer mistakes. They thought they could rely on this shortcut to quickly make the right answers for their own achievements.

Almost all the interviewees felt that the reading method explained by the

109

REFERENCES

Abbas P.G., & Narjes B.S. (2016). A Study of Factors Affecting EFL Learners’

Reading Comprehension Skill and the Strategies for Improvement.

International Journal of English Linguistics, 6(5), 180. doi:10.5539/ijel.v 6n5p180

Alderson, J.C. (2000). Assessing Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Anderson, N. J. (2004). Exploring Second Language Reading: Issues and Strategies. Beijing: Foreigner Language and Research Press.

Bain, K. (2004). What the best college teachers do. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Barfield, A. (1999). In Others’ Words: How Learners Construct Reading

Difficulties. Literacy Across Cultures. Journal of Research &Method in Education 3(1), 65-69.

Beers, K. (2003) When kids can’t read: What teachers can do. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Browning, J. (2003). Why Teachers Should Use Timed Reading in ESL Classes?

The Internet TESL Journal, 9(6). Retrieved from http://iteslj.org/Articles/Br owning-TimedReading.html.

Bereiter, C. & Bird, M. (1985). Use of thinking aloud in identification and teaching of reading comprehension strategies. Cognition and Instruction, 7(2), 131-156.

Bilqis, N. (2017). The use of Prior Knowledge Activation Strategy to improve students’ Reading Comprehension: a quasi-experimental at ninth grade of SMPN 2 Cileunyi Bandung (Doctoral dissertation, UIN Sunan Gunun g Djati Bandung). Retrieved from http://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/28916/4/4_ba b1.pdf

Bo, L. (2017). Obstacles to English Reading Comprehension and the Countermeasurce, G633.41. 吉林:东北师范大学.

Brown, H.D. (2001). Leoching by Principles. An interactive Approach to

Language Pedagogy. San Francisco: San Francisco State University Press.

110

REFERENCES (Cont.)

Chen, W., Aist, G. & Mostow, J.( 2009). Generate Questions Automatically from Informational Text. In Proceedings of The 2nd Workshop on Question

Generation. Uk: Brighton Press.

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (Sixth ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Cohen.A,.d (1998) Strategies in learning and using a second language. 北京:外 语教学与研究出版社.

Collins-Block, C. (2004). Teaching comprehension: The comprehension process approach. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc.

Cui, Y. (2015). A Study on English Reading Comprehension Disorder in Senior High School and its Countermeasures. The Basic Education Forum Journal, 8(12), 16.

Daniel, D. (2019). The Importance of Reading in Second Language Acquisition.

Retrieved from https://medium.com/@daniel.wdong111/ the-importance-of- reading-in-second-language-acquisition-a8758c026486

Davis, A.J. (2015). Building comprehension strategies: For the primary years.

Melbourne, Vic: Eleanor Curtain Publishing.

Dewitz, P., Carr, E.M. & Patberg, J.P. (1987). Effects of inference training on comprehension and comprehension monitoring. Reading Research Quarterly,22(1), 99-118.

Doughty, P. & Thornton, G. (1973). Language study, the teacher and the learner.

London: Edward Arnold.

Dowhower, S.L. (1999). Supporting a strategic stance in the classroom: A

comprehension framework for helping teachers help students to be strategic.

The Reading Teacher, 52(7), 672–688.

111

REFERENCES (Cont.)

Du, J. (2018). The Application of Task-based Language Teaching in College English Teaching——A case study of English Majors' Intensive Reading Class. China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House, (19)5.

CNKI: 1672-8610-(2018) 09-0175-02.

Duffy, G. G. (2002). The case for direct explanation of strategies. In Block, C.C. and Pressley, M. (Eds.) Comprehension instruction, research-

based best practice. New York: Guildford Press.

Ellsworth, R.A. & Kear, D.J. (1995) Childrens attitudes toward reading: Anational survey. Reading Research Quarterly, 30(3), 934–956.

Faerch, C., Haarstrup, K. & Phillipson, R. (1984). Learner language and language learning (Multilingual Matters). Beijing: Multilingual Matters Ltd.

Farnes, N.C. (1973). Reading purposes, comprehension and the use of context.

Bletchley: Open University.

Farstrup. A.E. & Samuels, S.J. (Eds). (2011). What research has to say about reading instruction (4th ed.). Newark, DE: International Reading Association.

Freedle, R.O. (1979). New directions in discourse processing. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.

Gabriella, K. (2014) The Process and Purpose of Reading. A collection of newspapers, 3(4), 131-137. doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/ZQG6P

Geng, Z. (2018). Teaching Chinese as a foreign language from the perspective of intercultural communication. A collection of newspapers, 3(4), 131-137.

Goodman, K. (1988). The reading process. In PL. Carrell, J. Devine & D. E. Eskey (Eds) Interactive approaches to second language reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Goodman, K.S. (1967). Reading: A psycholinguistic guessing game. Journal of the Reading Specialist, 6(4), 126-135.

112

REFERENCES (Cont.)

Grabe, W. & Stoller, F.L. (2005) Teaching and Researching Reading. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

Grellet, F. (2000). Developing Reading Skills. Beijing: People Education Press &

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

Hammond, D. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Development Science, Vol.24(2).

doi: 10.1080/ 10888691.2018.1537791

Hossein K. (2008). Reading strategies: What are they? Retrieved from https://file s.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED502937.pdf

Hulstijn, J. H. (2001). Intentional and incidental second-language vocabulary learning: A reappraisal of elaboration, rehearsal and automaticity. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Cognition and Second Language Instruction (pp. 258 -286). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Huang, S., & Lan, Y. (2011). Teaching design of primary Chinese vocabulary under the guidance of prototype theory: a case study of Chinese major in Hanoi University of foreign languages, Vietnam. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press.

Jeniffer, S. (2010). The definition of reading comprehension. The Journal of Educational Research, 109(5), 449-463. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7 00511-X

Johnson, K. (2002). An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

113

REFERENCES (Cont.)

Knuth, R. A., & Jones, B. F. (1991). What does research say about reading?

Language teaching research, 12(3), 329-363.

Kong, W. & Li, Q. (2017). A research on the components of TEM4 reading ability. China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House, (10)2.

CNKI: 1003-6105(2009)03-0287-09

Krakowski, M. (2012). Two Models of Authenticity: Signature Pedagogy, Proble m Based Learning, and Cultural Context. Proceedings of the 10th

International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS), (Vol. 2 pp. 261-265) International Society of the Learning Sciences: Sydney.

Kruidenier, J.R. (2002). Research-based Principles for Adult Basic Education Reading Instruction. Washington, DC:National Institute for Literacy.

Li, K. (2015). Teaching English as a Foreign Language in China. Retrived from https://m.xzbu.com/9/view-11872708.htm

Li, T. (2017). Analysis and teaching strategies of reading comprehension difficulties in junior middle school English. English Teaching Learning and Research Journal. 3(2), 150-158. doi:10.24252/Eternal.V32.2017.A4 Liu, D. (2015). A study of Chinese EFL learners' reading strategies. China

Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House, (2)13.H319, CNKI: 1005- 5112(2015)06-0013-06

Liu, Q. (2015). Difficulty and its causes in reading comprehension of junior high school students and the suggestions. ABAC Journal, 2(2), 253.

doi: 10.31002/metathesis.v2i2.958

Luke, S. (2006). The power of strategy instruction. Evidence for Education,1(1), 665- 693.

114

REFERENCES (Cont.)

Madison, O. (2018). TOEFL reading question type. Reading in a Foreign Language, 31(2), 305-310

McEwan, E.K. (2004). Seven Strategies of highly effective readers: Using cognitive re search to boost K-8 achievement. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

McNamara, D.S. & Kendeou, P. (2011). Translating advances in reading comprehensi on research to educational practice. International Electronic Journal of Eleme ntary Education, 2011, 4 (1), 33-46.

Meina, L., Graeme, R., & Chenyin, Z. (2019). Exploring Chinese EFL teachers' knowledge and beliefs relating to the teaching of English reading in

public primary schools in China. Profile Issues in Teachers Professional Development, 17(1), 157-166. doi: org/10.1002/dys.1630

Mely. (2015). How students learn reading strategies effectively. Retrieved from https://www.jmu.edu/valleyscholars/files/studyreadingskills.pdf

Menke, D. J., and M. Pressley (1994). “Elaborative interrogation: Using ‘Why’

questions to enhance the learning from text.” Journal of Reading 37(8), 642- 645.

Muhammad, R. & Sajjadllah, A. (2019). Understanding reading strategies of EFL Saudi students. English Language Teaching, V12(6),33 - 44.

Muhtar, S. (2006). The effect of metacognitive strategy instruction on student

achievement in reading skills (Unpublished Mater Thesis), Ankara University, Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara. Press.

Oaas, T. (2013). Application of Consciousness-based education in Thailand to create sufficiency economy: Theory, documentation, and future directions. American:

Maharishi University of Management.

115

REFERENCES (Cont.)

Packard, J. L. (Eds.). (2011). New Approaches to Chinese Word Formation:

Morphology, phonology and the lexicon in modern and ancient Chinese.

Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 7(6), 1190-1197.

Ping, L. (2018). The Practice of English Reading Teaching in Junior Middle School base on Basic Education Reform. Reading in a Foreign Language, 27(1), 136- 145.

Ran, H. (2014). English Reading Instruction in China: Chinese Teachers’ Perspective and Comments. The reading Matrix, 1(14).

Renandya, W.A., Rajan, B.R.S., &Jacobs, G.M. (2009). Extensive Reading With Adult Learners of English as a Second Language. In T. Hedge, N. Andon, M.

Dewey (Eds), English Language Teaching: Major Themes in Education, 1(4) , (pp. 182-1970). London: Routledge.

Richards, J. C., & Platt, J., & Platt, H. (2002). Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching

and Research Press.

Rini, J.E. (2001, December). Materials Used in Teaching Kindergarten Students.

Paper presented at the International Language on Education Conference (ILEC) at Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong.

Shaik R.A. (2016). Importance of English communication skills. International Journal of Applied Research. Corpus ID: 67694371.

Silberstein, S. (2002). Techniques and Resources in Teaching Reading.

Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Sliver, A. )Eds(.. (2018). Research agenda for mathematics education :The teaching and assessing of mathematical problem solving. Hillsdale, NJ:

Lawrence Erlbaum.

116

REFERENCES (Cont.)

Sukamolson, S. and Sitthi, S. (2019). Instructional Materials on How to Calcul ate Item Objective Congruence (IOC). Chiangmai: Maejo University.

Sun, L. (2011). Investigating Chinese English Majors’ Use of Reading Strategies. Sweden: Kristianstad University Press.

Suraprajit, P. (2019). Bottom-up vs top-down model: The perception of reading strategies among Thai university students. Journal of Language Teaching and Research , 10(3), 454-460.

Ulfa, S. (2011). Improving Students' Achievement in leading Comprehension Through Learning Together Method. Journal of English Language Teaching of FBS-Unimed, 1(1). doi: 10.24114/reg.v1i1.340

Veronika, B. (2016). Testing Reading in English Language Teaching. Czech Republic: University of Pardubice.

Satya, S. D. (2018). The Need of English Language Skills for Employment Opportunities. Journal for Research and Profession of English Language Teaching, 2(7), 2018.

Zhang, W. (2012). A Brief Introduction to Foreign Languages Education Policy in China. Retrieved from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED530281.pdf Widdowson, H. G.(1983). The process and purpose of reading. In Widdowson,

H. G. (Ed.) Exploration in applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University: Press.

Williams, A. D. (2006). Using a previewing strategy to enhance reading

comprehension of secondary students. Psychology in the schools, 48 (1), 46-48. doi:10.1002/pits.20539

Xiaoqiong, Z. & Yonggang, Z. (2014). A Comparative Study of Reading Strategies Used by Chinese English Majors. English Language Teaching, 7(3), 13-18. doi: 10.5539/elt.v7n3p13

117

REFERENCES (Cont.)

Jinfen, X., & Yumei, F. (2017). The evolution of the college English curriculum in China (1985–2015): changes, trends and conflicts. Language Policy 16, 267-289 (2017).

Xuemei, L. (2018). The importance of reading. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 32(1), 1-3.

Yalcın, S. K., and Sengul, M. (2004). A model proposal prepared for developing reading snd comprehension skills. Journal of National Education, 16(24).

Retrieved from http://yayim.meb.gov.tr. Date: 18.05.2007.

Yan, J. (2015). Chinese College Students’ English Reading Comprehension in Silent and Loud Reading-Model. English Language Teaching, 8(4), pp.2 4-30, 2015.

Xiangming, Z. (2018). Raising Reading Ability by Training Metacognitive Strategies in After-class Reading. China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. H319.3, CNKI: 1002-722X (2009) 06-0060-07.

Zhang, J. (2018). A Literature Review on EFL Teaching and Curriculum Reform in Chinese Basic Education. DEStech Transactions on Social Science Education and Human Science, 7(2), 163-167. doi:10.12783/dtss ehs/esem2017/15060

Zhang, D., & Koda, K. (2012). Contribution of morphological awareness and lexical inferencing ability to L2 vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension among advanced EFL learners: Testing direct and indirect effects. Reading and Writing, 25(5), 1195-1216.

Zhihong, B. (2018). An Analysis of English Vocabulary Learning Strategies.

Journal of Language Teaching and Research 9(4), 849. doi: 10.17507/jl tr.0904.24

118

REFERENCES (Cont.)

Zhou, G. (2011). The language of Utopia. Placing the Modern Chinese

Vernacular in Transnational Literature. Springer. [DXReader Version].

(pp.15-44). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Dokumen terkait