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Perceived Organizational Support, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Voluntary Turnover Intention of Thai Employees in Rajamangala University of Technology Isan and Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi.

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e-mail : sumintorn@hotmail.com

Keywords : Perceived Organizational Support, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Voluntary Turnover Intentions

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Abstract

The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the relationship between POS and job satisfaction, 2) to study the relationship between POS and organizational commitment, 3) to study the relationship among job satisfaction, organizational commitment and voluntary turnover intentions and; 4) to compare the difference among POS, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and voluntary turnover intentions of employees of RMUTI and RMUTT. Questionnaire was used to collect the data from the sample size of 681 employees.

Multiple regression analysis was used for analyzing the hypothesis testing. The results indicated that 1) POS has a positive related to job satisfaction, 2) POS has a positive related to organizational commitment, 3) Organization commitment has a negative related to voluntary turnover intentions. Similarly, except RMUTT, Job satisfaction has a negative related to voluntary turnover intentions; and 4) With the comparison between employees groups, the results showed that POS and voluntary turnover intentions were statistical signifi cance difference.

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2. ‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ (Job Satisfaction)

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3. ‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦ (Organizational Commitment) ®¤µ¥™¹Š ‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„…°Š»‡‡¨

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°Š‡r„¦»‡¨µ„¦…°Š ¤š¦.°¸­µœ ¤¸‡ªµ¤

­´¤¡´œ›ršµŠª„„´‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹

Ĝ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ

H1bRMUTI : „µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦

»‡¨µ„¦…°Š ¤š¦.°¸­µœ ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r

šµŠª„„´‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦

H2RMUTI :‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ ¨³‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ

˜n°°Š‡r„¦…°Š»‡¨µ„¦…°Š ¤š¦.°¸­µœ

¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›ršµŠ¨„´‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³

¨µ°°„×¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹

H1aRMUTT :„µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„

°Š‡r„¦»‡¨µ„¦…°Š ¤š¦.›´»¦¸ ¤¸

‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›ršµŠª„„´‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹

Ĝ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ

H1bRMUTT :„µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„

°Š‡r„¦»‡¨µ„¦…°Š ¤š¦.›´»¦¸ ¤¸‡ªµ¤

­´¤¡´œ›ršµŠª„„´‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦

H2RMUTT :‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ ¨³

‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦…°Š»‡¨µ„¦

…°Š ¤š¦.›´»¦¸ ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›ršµŠ¨

„´‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³¨µ°°„×¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹

H3 : „µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„

°Š‡r„¦ ‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ

‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦ ¨³‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹

š¸É‹³¨µ°°„×¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹ ¦³®ªnµŠ»‡¨µ„¦

…°Š ¤š¦.°¸­µœ ¨³»‡¨µ„¦…°Š ¤š¦.

›´»¦¸ ¤¸‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œ

ª·›¸—εÁœ·œ„µ¦ª·‹´¥

1. „µ¦„ε®œ—ž¦³µ„¦Â¨³„µ¦Á¨º°„„¨»n¤˜´ª°¥nµŠ

ž¦³µ„¦š¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦ª·‹´¥ ŗo„n »‡¨µ„¦Äœ­´Š„´—

¤š¦.°¸­µœ ‹Îµœªœ 2,099 ‡œ ¨³»‡¨µ„¦Äœ­´Š„´—

¤š¦.›´»¦¸ ‹Îµœªœ 1,950 ‡œ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ­·Êœ‹Îµœªœ

4,049 ‡œ (…o°¤¼¨ – ª´œš¸É 30 „´œ¥µ¥œ 2553) ×¥Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥Å—o„ε®œ—…œµ—„¨»n¤˜´ª°¥nµŠÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ

354‡œ (Krejcie and Morgan, 1970) ץ˜n¨³Â®nŠ

čoª·›¸­»n¤ÂÁ·Š´Êœ (Stratifi ed Random Sampling) ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤¸„µ¦ÂnŠ„¨»n¤Áž}œ»‡¨µ„¦­µ¥Ÿ¼o­°œ

¨³»‡¨µ„¦­µ¥­œ´­œ»œ

2. „µ¦­¦oµŠÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°Â¨³„µ¦®µ‡»–£µ¡…°Š

Á‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°

2.1 čo­°™µ¤Áž}œÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°Äœ„µ¦

Á„ȝ¦ª¦ª¤…o°¤¼¨ ץnŠÁž}œ 2 ˜°œ ×¥˜°œÂ¦„

Áž}œ‡Îµ™µ¤Á„¸É¥ª„´…o°¤¼¨š´ÉªÅž ŗo„n Á¡« °µ¥»

¦³—´„µ¦«¹„¬µ ˜ÎµÂ®œnŠŠµœ ¨´„¬–³Šµœ ¨³

˜°œš¸É 2 Áž}œ‡Îµ™µ¤ Á„¸É¥ª„´ „µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦

ŗo¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦ ‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ

„µ¦šÎµŠµœ ‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦ ¨³‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É

‹³¨µ°°„‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹ ץčo„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–‡nµ (Rating Scale) 5 ¨Îµ—´ ŗo„n Á®Èœ—oª¥°¥nµŠ¥·ÉŠ

Á®Èœ—oª¥ ÁŒ¥Ç ŤnÁ®Èœ—oª¥ ¨³Å¤nÁ®Èœ—oª¥°¥nµŠ¥·ÉŠ

2.2 …´Êœ˜°œÄœ„µ¦­¦oµŠÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º° ‡º°

1) šÎµ„µ¦«¹„¬µÁ°„­µ¦ ¨³Šµœª·‹´¥

š¸ÉÁ„¸É¥ª…o°Š„´ „µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´

„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦ ‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹

Ĝ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ ‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦

¨³‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³¨µ°°„‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥

­¤´‡¦Ä‹ ¨³

2) šÎµ„µ¦­¦oµŠ…o°‡Îµ™µ¤š¸ÉÁ„¸É¥ª…o°Š

„´„µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ

‹µ„°Š‡r„¦ ‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦

šÎµŠµœ ‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦ ¨³

‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³¨µ°°„‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥

­¤´‡¦Ä‹ ×¥°oµŠ°·Š‹µ„Šµœª·‹´¥

š¸ÉŸnµœ¤µ

2.3 „µ¦˜¦ª‹­°‡ªµ¤Áš¸É¥Š˜¦Š…°ŠÁœºÊ°®µ (Content Validity) ×¥Ÿ¼oÁ¸É¥ªµ‹Îµœªœ 3 šnµœ

Ž¹ÉŠ˜¦ª‹­°Âœ³œÎµ™¹Š‡ªµ¤­¤¼¦–r ¨³„µ¦‡¦°‡¨»¤

ÁœºÊ°®µ…°Š„µ¦ª·‹´¥ £µ¬µš¸Éčo Ž¹ÉŠŸ¼oª·‹´¥Å—oœÎµ…o°Âœ³œÎµ

—´Š„¨nµªÅžž¦´ž¦»ŠÂ„oŅ­°™µ¤Ä®o­¤¼¦–r¥·ÉŠ…¹Êœ

2.4 œÎµÂ­°™µ¤š¸Éž¦´ž¦»ŠÂ„oŅ¨oªÅž

š—¨°ŠÄo (Try out) „´»‡¨µ„¦…°Š¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥

Áš‡ÃœÃ¨¥¸¦µ¤Š‡¨°ºÉœ ‹Îµœªœ 30 ‡œ ‹µ„œ´Êœ

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ 1 ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ˜´ªÂž¦ „µ¦¦´¦¼o

™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦ ‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹

Ĝ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ ‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦ ¨³‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹

š¸É‹³¨µ°°„‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹ ¤¸‡ªµ¤Áš¸É¥Š˜¦Š

Á·ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Á¤ºÉ°œÎµ…o°¤¼¨š—¨°ŠÅžª·Á‡¦µ³®r

—oª¥„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®rž{‹‹´¥ (Factor Analysis) ¨³¡ªnµ

‡nµ Factor Loading Á„·œ„ªnµ 0.40 (Hair et al., 2006) ¨³¥´Š¡ªnµ˜´ªÂž¦š´ÊŠ 4 ˜´ªÂž¦ ¥´Š¤¸‡nµ‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°¤´Éœ

(Reliability) Á„·œ„ªnµ 0.70 (Cronbach, 1951;

Nunnally, 1978) ­—Šªnµš´ÊŠ˜´ªÂž¦„µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š

„µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦ ‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ

„µ¦šÎµŠµœ ‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦ ¨³‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹

š¸É‹³¨µ°°„‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹¤¸š´ÊŠ‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°¤´Éœ

¨³‡ªµ¤Áš¸É¥Š˜¦ŠÁ·ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ

Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥Å—oœÎµŸ¨„µ¦š—¨°Š—´Š„¨nµªÅž˜¦ª‹­°®µ

‡nµ‡ªµ¤™¼„˜o°ŠÁ·ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ (Construct Validity) ץčo Factor Analysis Ž¹ÉŠ‡nµ Factor Loading

‡ª¦Á„·œ„ªnµ 0.4 (Hair et al., 2006) ¨³®µ‡nµ

‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°¤´Éœ (Reliability) ץčo„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r®µ

‡nµ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í°¨¢µ (Alpha Coeffi cient) Á¡ºÉ°®µ

‡nµ‡ªµ¤­°—‡¨o°Š£µ¥Äœ Ž¹ÉŠ‡ª¦¤¸‡nµÁ„·œ„ªnµ 0.7 (Cronbach, 1951; Nunnally, 1978) š´ÊŠœ¸Ê

¤¸¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—‡nµ Factor Loading ¨³‡nµ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °¨¢µ ˜µ¤š¸É­—ŠÄ®oÁ®ÈœÄœ˜µ¦µŠ 1

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 1 : ­—Š‡nµ Factor Loading ¨³‡nµ Alpha Coeffi cient

3. ª·›¸„µ¦Á„ȝ¦ª¦ª¤…o°¤¼¨

3.1 šÎµ®œ´Š­º°…°‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º°‹µ„ ¤š¦.

°¸­µœ ¨³ ¤š¦.›´»¦¸ š´ÊŠ 2 ®nŠ ¨³Á¡ºÉ°…°

‡ªµ¤°œ»Á‡¦µ³®rÄ®o¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥š¸ÉÁž}œ„¨»n¤˜´ª°¥nµŠ

Ä®o‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º°Äœ„µ¦Ä®o…o°¤¼¨„´Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥

3.2 šÎµ„µ¦­nŠÂ­°™µ¤Åž¥´Š„¨»n¤

˜´ª°¥nµŠšµŠÅž¦¬–¸¥r ץœŽ°ŠÂ¨³žd—­˜¤žm Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o­nŠ„¨´‡ºœ¤µ¥´ŠŸ¼oª·‹´¥

3.3 ˜¦ª‹­°‡ªµ¤­¤¼¦–r…°ŠÂ

­°™µ¤š¸É­nŠ„¨´ ¨³¤¸‹ÎµœªœÂ­°™µ¤

š¸É­µ¤µ¦™œÎµÅžª·Á‡¦µ³®r…o°¤¼¨Å—o‹Îµœªœš´ÊŠ­·Êœ

681 Œ´ nŠÁž}œ ¤š¦.°¸­µœ ‹Îµœªœ 472 Œ´

¨³ ¤š¦.›´»¦¸ ‹Îµœªœ 209 Œ´

4.3 ª·Á‡¦µ³®r‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦¦´¦¼o

™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦ ‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹

Ĝ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ ¨³‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³¨µ°°„‹µ„Šµœ

×¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹ ×¥‡Îµœª–‡nµ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í­®­´¤¡´œ›r Á¡¸¥¦r­´œ

4.4 š—­°­¤¤˜·“µœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥ H1a

RMUTI

- H2RMUTI¨³ H1a

RMUTT - H2

RMUTTץčo„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r

„µ¦™—™°¥¡®»‡¼– ×¥¤¸Ã¤Á—¨ —´Šœ¸Ê äÁ—¨š¸É 1 H1a

RMUTI : JOS = _ǃ

01+ _ǃ

01POS + _ǃ

02Gen + _ǃ

03Age + _ǃ

04Edu + _ǃ

05Emp +

_ǃ

06Job + İ Ã¤Á—¨š¸É 2 H1b

RMUTI : ORC = _ǃ

02+ _ǃ

07POS +_ǃ

08Gen+ _ǃ

09Age + _ǃ

10Edu + _ǃ

11Emp +

_ǃ

12Job+İ Ã¤Á—¨š¸É 3 H2

RMUTI : VTI = _ǃ

03+ _ǃ

13JOS +_ǃ

14ORC+ _ǃ

15Gen+ _ǃ

16Age +_ǃ

17Edu +

_ǃ

18Emp + _ǃ

19Job + İ Ã¤Á—¨š¸É 4 H1a

RMUTT : JOS = _ǃ

04+ _ǃ

20POS + _ǃ

21Gen + _ǃ

22Age + _ǃ

23Edu + _ǃ

24Emp +

_ǃ

25Job + İ Ã¤Á—¨š¸É 5 H1b

RMUTT : ORC = _ǃ

05+ _ǃ

26POS + _ǃ

27Gen+ _ǃ

28Age + _ǃ

29Edu + _ǃ

30Emp +

_ǃ

31Job + İ Ã¤Á—¨š¸É 6 H2

RMUTT : VTI = _ǃ

06+ _ǃ

32POS + _ǃ

33ORC+ _ǃ

34Gen+ _ǃ

35Age + _ǃ

36Edu +

_ǃ

38Emp + _ǃ

38Job + İ 4.5 š—­°­¤¤˜·“µœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥ H3 ץčo­™·˜· t – Test independent 4. ª·›¸„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r…o°¤¼¨Â¨³­™·˜·š¸Éčo

4.1 ª·Á‡¦µ³®r…o°¤¼¨¡ºÊœ“µœ…°Š„¨»n¤˜´ª°¥nµŠ

×¥‡Îµœª–‡nµ‡ªµ¤™¸É¨³‡nµ¦o°¥¨³

4.2 ª·Á‡¦µ³®r¦³—´…°Š„µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´

„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦ ‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦

šÎµŠµœ ‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦ ¨³‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³

¨µ°°„‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹ ×¥‡Îµœª–‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥

¨³­nªœÁ¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ 2 ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®ÈœÃ—¥­¦»žÄœ£µ¡¦ª¤Å—oªnµ Ÿ¼o˜°Â­°™µ¤­nªœÄ®nÁž}œÁ¡«®·Š

š¸É¤¸°µ¥»œo°¥„ªnµ®¦º°Ášnµ„´ 40 že ¦³—´„µ¦«¹„¬µœo°¥„ªnµ®¦º°Áš¸¥Ášnµž¦·µ˜¦¸ ¤¸˜ÎµÂ®œnŠŠµœž¦³‹Îµ ¨³Áž}œ­µ¥­œ´­œ»œ

…o°¤¼¨š´ÉªÅž

¦ª¤ ¤š¦.°¸­µœ ¤š¦.›´»¦¸

‹Îµœªœ ‹Îµœªœ ¦o°¥¨³ ‹Îµœªœ ¦o°¥¨³

(‡œ) (‡œ) (%) (‡œ) (%)

Á¡«:

µ¥ 221 163 34.5 58 27.8

®·Š 460 309 65.5 151 72.2

°µ¥»:

œo°¥„ªnµ®¦º°Ášnµ„´ 40 že 507 379 80.3 128 61.2

40…¹ÊœÅž 174 93 19.7 81 38.8

¦³—´„µ¦«¹„¬µ:

œo°¥„ªnµ®¦º°Áš¸¥Ášnµž¦·µ˜¦¸ 381 267 56.6 114 54.5

­¼Š„ªnµž¦·µ˜¦¸ 300 205 43.4 95 45.5

˜ÎµÂ®œnŠŠµœ:

ž¦³‹Îµ 377 293 50.6 138 66

´Éª‡¦µª 304 233 49.4 71 34

˜ÎµÂ®œnŠŠµœ:

­µ¥­œ´­œ»œ 375 242 51.3 133 63.6

­µ¥ª·µ„µ¦ (Ÿ¼o­°œ) 306 230 48.7 76 36.4

¦ª¤ 681 472 100 209 100

Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r…o°¤¼¨

Ĝ­nªœœ¸ÊÁž}œ„µ¦œÎµÁ­œ°Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥ ×¥¤¸„µ¦œÎµÁ­œ°˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ —´Šœ¸Ê

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 2 : ­—Š‹ÎµœªœÂ¨³¦o°¥¨³…°Š„¨»n¤˜´ª°¥nµŠÄœ£µ¡¦ª¤

˜´ªÂž¦

„µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦

ŗo¦´

„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ

‹µ„°Š‡r„¦

‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹

Ĝ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ

‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ

˜n°°Š‡r„¦

‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É

‹³¨µ°°„

‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥

­¤´‡¦Ä‹

¤š¦.°¸­µœ (RMUTI):

‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ 3.3808 3.8660 4.1107 2.9719

­nªœÁ¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ 0.80436 0.69493 0.69884 0.96893

„µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦

‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ

‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦

‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³¨µ°°„‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹

0.304**

0.333**

-0.064

0.604**

-0.293** -0.295**

¤š¦.›´»¦¸ (RMUTT):

‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ 3.2452 3.8780 4.0287 2.7667

­nªœÁ¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ 0.75119 0.68645 0.67565 0.94517

„µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦

‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ

‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦

‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³¨µ°°„‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹

0.294**

0.286**

-0.065

0.641**

-0.284** -0.471**

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 3 : ­—Š‡nµ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í­®­´¤¡´œ›r (Correlation Coeffi cient) ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ (x⁾‡nµÁ¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ

(S.D) …°Š¦³—´„µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦ ‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ

¦³—´‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦ ¨³‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³¨µ°°„‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹…°Š»‡¨µ„¦

…°Šš´ÊŠ 2 ®nŠ

**¦³—´œ´¥­Îµ‡´š¸É 0.05

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ 3 ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ„µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š

„µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦ ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r Ĝš·«šµŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œ„´‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ

– ¦³—´œ´¥­Îµ‡´š¸É 0 . 0 5 ( r

R M U T I= 0 . 3 0 4 ; rRMUTT = 0.294) ¨³‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦

(rRMUTI= 0.333; r

RMUTT = 0.286) – ¦³—´œ´¥­Îµ‡´š¸É 0.05 ­nªœ‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœœ´Êœ ¤¸‡ªµ¤

­´¤¡´œ›rĜš·«šµŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œ„´‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦

(rRMUTI = 0.604; r

RMUTT = 0.641) – ¦³—´œ´¥­Îµ‡´š¸É 0.05 ­Îµ®¦´‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³¨µ°°„‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥

­¤´‡¦Ä‹œ´Êœ ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rĜš·«šµŠ˜¦Š„´œ…oµ¤

„´‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ (r

RMUTI= -0.293;

rRMUTT = -0.284) ¨³‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„¦

(rRMUTI = -0.295; r

RMUTT = -0.471) – ¦³—´œ´¥­Îµ‡´š¸É 0.05 œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¥´Š¡ªnµ „µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦

­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦ Ťnŗo¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥

­Îµ‡´šµŠ­™·˜·„´‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³¨µ°°„‹µ„Šµœ

×¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹ (r

RMUTI = -0.064; r

RMUTT = -0.065)

‹µ„‡nµ Adjust R² Ĝ˜µ¦µŠ 4 äÁ—¨ 1 ¨³ 4 ­µ¤µ¦™°›·µ¥Å—oªnµ„µ¦¦´¦¼o™¹Š„µ¦Å—o¦´

„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦…°Š»‡¨µ„¦š´ÊŠ 2 ®nŠ

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12.8% ¨³ 7.6% ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ ­nªœš¸ÉÁ®¨º°Á„·—‹µ„

ž{‹‹´¥°ºÉœÇ ¨³­Îµ®¦´Ã¤Á—¨ 2 ¨³ 5 ­µ¤µ¦™

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­´¤¡´œ›ršµŠª„„´‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ

(bRMUTI-1= 0.262;b

RMUTT-20= 0.260) °¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´

šµŠ­™·˜·š¸É¦³—´ 0.01 ¨³„µ¦¦´¦¼o„µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦

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(bRMUTI-7= 0.292;b

RMUTT-26= 0.252) °¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´

šµŠ­™·˜·š¸É¦³—´ 0.01 ­°—‡¨o°Š„´Šµœª·‹´¥…°Š

œ·µ£µ ž{‹¤µª´•œµ (2550) š¸É¡ªnµ „µ¦¦´¦¼o

„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›ršµŠª„

„´‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œÄœ°Š‡r„¦ ¨³Šµœª·‹´¥…°Š Patrick and Boon (2004) š¸É¡ªnµ „µ¦Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ

‹µ„­´Š‡¤¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›ršµŠª„„´‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹

Ĝ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ —´Šœ´Êœ H1a-b

RMUTI ¨³ H1a-b

RMUTT

‹¹ŠÁž}œÅž˜µ¤­¤¤˜·“µœš¸É˜´ÊŠÅªo

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‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹

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‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ

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‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹ (b

RMUTI-13= -0.179) °¥nµŠ¤¸

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šµŠ¨„´‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³¨µ°°„‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹

( bR M U T I - 1 4= - 0 . 2 3 3 ; b

R M U T T - 3 3= - 0 . 6 6 6 )

°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´šµŠ­™·˜·š¸É¦³—´ 0.01 ­°—‡¨o°Š

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š¸É¡ªnµ „µ¦¦´¦¼o„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„¦ ¨³

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—´Šœ´Êœ H2

RMUTI Áž}œÅž˜µ¤­¤¤˜·“µœš¸É˜´ÊŠ ­Îµ®¦´

H2RMUTTÁž}œÅž˜µ¤­¤¤˜·“µœš¸É˜´ÊŠÅªoµŠ­nªœ

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°µ¥» (b

RMUTI-16= -0.253;b

RMUTT-35= -0.296)

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Áš«ž¦³š¸ž (2544) š¸É¡ªnµ°µ¥»¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r

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(bRMUTI-18= 0.454;b

RMUTT-37= 0.315) ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r

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‹µ„ŠµœÃ—¥­¤´‡¦Ä‹…°Š»‡¨µ„¦š´ÊŠ 2 ®nŠ

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°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´…°Š‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹Äœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ

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Á„¬˜¦«µ­˜¦r.

µœ·« œ·¨Â‹oŠ. (2550). „µ¦«¹„¬µ„µ¦¨³Á¤·—­´µ

šµŠ‹·˜ª·š¥µ ‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„µ¦ ¡§˜·„¦¦¤

„µ¦Áž}œ­¤µ·„š¸É—¸˜n°°Š‡r„µ¦ ¨³‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹

š¸É‹³¨µ°°„ …°Š¡œ´„Šµœž¦³‹ÎµÂ¨³¡œ´„Šµœ

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°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤Â¨³°Š‡r„µ¦ ‡–³«·¨ž«µ­˜¦r

¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥›¦¦¤«µ­˜¦r.

›ª´´¥ »Á¡·É¤¦µ«¦¸. (2552). ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ

»‡‡¨š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦˜´ÊŠÄ‹¨µ°°„‹µ„Šµœ…°Š

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«·¨ž«µ­˜¦¤®µ´–”·˜ ­µ…µª·µ‹·˜ª·š¥µ°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤

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Áš‡ÃœÃ¨¥¸¡¦³œ‡¦Á®œº°.

œ·µ£µ ž{‹¤µª´•œµ. (2550) ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ

„µ¦¦´¦¼o„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„°Š‡r„µ¦Â¨³

‡ªµ¤Ÿ¼„¡´œ˜n°°Š‡r„µ¦…°Š¡œ´„Šµœ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥

Ĝ„ε„´¦´“:„¦–¸«¹„¬µ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥Áš‡ÃœÃ¨¥¸

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«µ­˜¦¤®µ´–”·˜ ­µ…µ‹·˜ª·š¥µ°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤

¨³°Š‡r„µ¦ ‡–³«·¨ž«µ­˜¦r ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥

›¦¦¤«µ­˜¦r.

Á‹¡¦ ™¸¦³¦´„¬r. (2547). ‡ªµ¤¡¹Š¡°Ä‹ÄœŠµœ¨´„¬–³

‡ªµ¤Áž}œŸ¼oœÎµ…°Š®´ª®œoµŠµœÂ¨³‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹

¨µ°°„‹µ„Šµœ…°Š¡œ´„Šµœ¦³—´ž’·´˜·

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®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠ. ª·š¥µœ·¡œ›rª·š¥µ«µ­˜¦¤®µ´–”·˜

­µ…µª·µ‹·˜ª·š¥µ°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤Â¨³°Š‡r„µ¦ ‡–³

«·¨ž«µ­˜¦r ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥›¦¦¤«µ­˜¦r.

Áž¦¤‹·˜¦ ‡¨oµ¥Á¡È¦. (2548). „µ¦¦´¦¼o„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„

°Š‡r„µ¦ ‡ªµ¤¥»˜·›¦¦¤°Š‡r„µ¦š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°‡ªµ¤

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«·¨ž«µ­˜¦¤®µ´–”·˜ ­µ…µª·µ‹·˜ª·š¥µ

°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤Â¨³°Š‡r„µ¦ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥›¦¦¤«µ­˜¦r.

£µœ»¤µ­ ¡¼œ«¦´š›µ. (2549). „µ¦«¹„¬µš´«œ‡˜·…°Š

‡œ¦»nœÄ®¤n˜n°ž{‹‹´¥š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨„´‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹

Ĝ„µ¦¨µ°°„‹µ„ŠµœÄœ„¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦. ǦŠ„µ¦¡·Á«¬¦·®µ¦›»¦„·‹´–”·˜ ‡–³¡µ–·¥

«µ­˜¦r„µ¦´¸ ‹»¯µ¨Š„¦–r¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥. ª·¥³—µ Á¦º°Š§š›·Í. (2545). ž{‹‹´¥š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨„¦³š˜n°

œªÃœo¤„µ¦¥oµ¥Šµœ®¦º°¨µ°°„…°Š»‡¨µ„¦

‡°¤¡·ªÁ˜°¦r.ª·š¥µœ·¡œ›r«·¨ž«µ­˜¦¤®µ´–”·˜

­µ…µª·µ­´Š‡¤«µ­˜¦rÁ¡ºÉ°„µ¦¡´•œµ ­™µ´œ

¦µ£´’oµœ­¤Á—È‹Á‹oµ¡¦³¥µ.

®°¤Å„¨ ˜oœ­´„. (2553). ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦¦´¦¼o

¡§˜·„¦¦¤‡ªµ¤Áž}œŸ¼oœÎµ „µ¦­œ´­œ»œšµŠ­´Š‡¤

¨³‡ªµ¤Á®œºÉ°¥®œnµ¥ÄœŠµœ„´‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹

¨µ°°„‹µ„Šµœ…°Š¡¥µµ¨ 抡¥µµ¨

Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n ¦µ¤ ‹´Š®ª´—Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n. ª·š¥µœ·¡œ›r ª·š¥µ«µ­˜¦¤®µ´–”·˜ ­µ…µª·µ‹·˜ª·š¥µ

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