( !" ) $%&'( )*+,
THE VIEWPOINTS OF PHRA DHAMMAPITAKA (PRAYUDH PAYUTTO) ON THE WAY OF LIFE
IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD
AB C
D E&F,&,
GHI 2545
!"#$%%!
$& '(& %()(*$&* (+, ' - ./ &,$+ $0*) $ $%,1$%,23 ' + .$+ 5 +0 - ,-*(6
*$$& "# $+,$ * 7 $$& '(& % 8* ($- $%7 )&99:;<&"# !!(*+ .$ 8 9%
!!(** "#$*6 $$&$%7"# 83*
'(& % Dr.Martin Seeger & University of Leeds ,$+O3 $%97 83* 7! $%,1,') & %& !!(*
"#)&+ 8# , 3P "# )+23$%, $%&
7$ "#)&+ !7 $%7 )&9"#
!!(*()(*((*8* (,$- ,R') &
T*+ $2 8( ,P $%,177"#
7./+23 #(6$(($-+ !!(*
7-!(#,,UV6 ( + R,WR'T) $%*9:;<!#
! &X ,') & %& &+23!"#
!!(*$&- $+,$ .)( (8* (
$ $$%*7$7+23
*(2 "# !,19%#)(*
(*!# $%, $- 5,$# '(& %!#)&() (*((*8* (,$- ,R') $+,$ Y+23$%,1
& & )$% )&
-8*
2548
# : # #1 " #&+#&
2"3 : .. 2548
#9:#&;3 ( ) !"#$%#&'"( )
*+ "$ # &;39:#!9)#)$<1"3" !"#$%#&'"
( )*+ =9:#!9,1+)#)$"3" 10 (
,1# + # #0#&!#"1 #19>9= <)$<1 # +#(#&" -<1?@?& 1$
#%#A ('(#B#'"<10)
0 "3" !"#$%#&'"(*+= &C # !"#$%#&
'"+))1(*+ - .# ( )1#."3A$0#0.##/( D (++))1<1 0) #A &) #E# (/&$" C (&$.#,, &F1< )#
< - ( ="=&#(*+: A A$&,'G#+*G#&;3##<0 1#.&F&;3 )0 & #= #< &,'G+*G#<"3&F;=H#*G#
=$ ); #H#)#)$;+"3,$1#$(I#EH)>93)+%##
: (*+ 3 # ); #&;3: < ###'# $ "H#&F
&#,-0##!)+)<1''#A$ #&;3: <++<+ < <1#
$ # '": # ")#0A$C &;3"!&0+%#& #9%#&0 +<++ "0#0%#)G - +;=H#"3 # 0031&';3 #
<1 $ #&F&* &;=<1 >930#0))#,011; <1 0#$1 .#< '"+))1=($#K ( <10*GG# (/&$" C
&';3 '"&#+'#<$1<10) # 3 ; <)$<1 #9"
1 #9:#&;3#B#'"<10)( )*+
)%#0%#)G : .. #0# !"#$%#&'" )*+
Research Title : The Viewpoints of Phra Dhammapitaka (Prayudh Payutto) On the Way of Life in Contemporary World
Name of Researcher : Mr.Dhanapon Somwang
Name of Instruction : Sripatum University, Bangkhen Campus Year of Publication : B.E.2548
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to study the viewpoints of Phra Dhammapitaka (Prayudh Payutto) on the way of life in contemporary world as well as the impact his thoughts on the modern world.
The result of this research shows that Theravada Buddhism has deeply influenced on Ven.Phra Dhammapitakats thoughts and the way of life.
Phra Dhammapitaka pointed out that the way of life in the present day is in the age of globalization, which has set the stage for a new environment that will empower individual and social as never before. At the same time, it becomes the global paradox or an apparent contradiction. Now the human confronts of many problems which do not come from the globalization alone but critical problem which is a basis of all other human problems is xthe problem of wrong basis of thoughtsy or xthe wrong paradigmy.
He indicated that now culture is based on the belief that human is superior to nature, can overcome and control nature. Therefore, human can control, manage and consume nature. This wrong belief leads to the crisis of human and society in today. The world, now is global and borderless but humants mind is not. He has presented his views with a Buddhist paradigm. Its essence is based on to see the truth that all things are related as cause and effect (dependent origination). In his opinion, the Buddhist paradigm will create a balance between body, mind, society and nature. It will lead to integration to make the sustainable and stable solution for man, society, and nature. His viewpoints influenced on education for individual and social development in the present.
Keywords : The Viewpoints, P.A.Payutto, Buddhism, Way of Life, Contemporary World
1 ...1
...1
!"...2
!"...3
!"...3
%& !"...4
(")*+ %,!-%...4
2 /*+*+"...5
1234*+")* ...5
1234 %...10
" %&) )...26
... 28
3 *" 8* !"...30
...30
"#$%&&'()*&'("+,...42
"#$%&"+,...45
%**0(...46
,&(23...49
,&(56)&"786,)"786,,..50
&&)59$9%2%:+%& ...53
;009$"7&,236 :<=),9$&...54
;009$"7&&)5...67
%)29+%& ...70
%#?:"*...72
"#$%&)6@%&93...73
%2%0 4...75
%,9)#"2;00...76
%,9),6,"...77
%"#$%"%&%%...78
...79
4 1 .:...81
2;8<=, *% )* &" !!...81
2;8<=,4"...82
2;8<=,8) %...85
2;8<=%. ...101
8 ;1 %;8<=*+*,("&, ...121
%!%234;8...121
%;;82;>+ (Engaged Buddhism)...123
8 ;,4- ;;82& !!...125
&4;8 "&. 8 N...128
...130
5 O "1 ...131
1 !"...131
O "1...135
...136
/...138
O 1... 151
O 1 . ;8<= ("8 "P()... 152
O 1 . /;8<= ("8 "P()...158
O 1 . /*+*+".;8<= ("8 "P()...182
",1:. !"...196
1 ...4 2 !" #$%&'(...78 3 $ !" ,-' & ,...79
4 / $( -&($0 1 ,
$ ...93 5 ,/ $( //-$3 $0...98 6 (5,!6 /...100
1.1
!
"#$! % &' ! ""() *# +,(
2500 '0& && &1+
$'2*!3**# +, 43& 5 5'
$& ,% ( 0&7!8 539%
8 05 7!!886&805 #6 6' :!';!**# +, "& *<=>?=
**# +,58 $'!' **# +, *# + +7!8 (!' #'!,% 7 @ 75 #A77# (C!88 =>D=#& 2541 : 4) @
&"7730#A77# &<! "
& 5A8+!&*# ++' +!&
*# +-+'&" '&&*# ++ 7!*'
'&#& **# +, !' "75
" *+JK (# +% #L$) *C!M#9% !'&
4!'(*# +A77# '&!*M%!76% #' "
,& , *C!M#9% (modern monk) !,%
**# +, 3(<$*# ++&*# +!+#%((!&
$&'#6& $'!'&
A8! #$&C!% <7':7*6 7 *-(!86$&*# + C!# (Olson 1995 : 14 Y 15) $' *C!M#
9% !(0 $&& **# +,& "
0&'& "C& , ""!(*
7 ,&5 **# +,#%!( ' " !+, M&!+5 &
!(' 7 *!( (a scholar monk) !
& 3 (Jackson 1990 : 138) 0& 7 '*!76
!(&*<!($' (( (8< 2535 : 57) 6' &3C**C!M#K!7! +!&
5 **# +, !,7*6&*M5+!
M*-JK& (C * !!87 2532 : 6) 0& 7
!(&# '7:' 07&!(
', M0& &5#%(, M&!7$'75 ', M3 !' *1 !'& , $&
7!7
0!77 : (modernity) $&A77#""
!'&&*# ++73 & $&#' , M3 !'& ,*+JK (# +% #L$) 4
!'(*# + $&& "" 77+!3 A77 ! 0&!'& ,*9% & 7 (533 **# +,$&' 7 #6 '*'' '#" 0!77 '&<, M!73 !'&
,*+JK $&
1.2 !" # $%&
, M!7"" 3#%*<, M3 !'& ,*+JK $& "+!&5 **# +,$&
$'':'"
(1.)*<, M!
(context)
&1+ !'&%0&*+JK
(2.)*<, M&M6+!&&*# ++*+JK
$&
(3.)*<, M*1 !'*+JK (4.)*<, M ,*+JK $&
(5.)*<, M3 0& !'&& ,*+JK
$&
1.3 # $%&
(1.) A77 ! &1+ ! +!*&!'& , *+JK
(2.) *+JK+!&*# ++$&
(3.) *+JK*1 !'
(4.) *+JK ,$& " 1+ ,M4!7
&<
(5.) !'& ,*+JK0& #
1.4 # $%&
!7(!"" #, M!%A77 0&!'& ,*
+JK (# +% #L$) ;6 &#, M!%3
*1 !'&0& !'& , !3'5!(!
#A77# $', M&!% * "CM6%!( '
**# +,$'!'!7'"
# $)*# $%&
$ /,- $)/., # /0"#&*0 - C!& (!/, M $) - , - && - !+!' - , 1+
- && 1+ - +!/ - , ,M4!7 - && ,M4!7 *# ++ - , <
- && <
1# $)0"#&*0
C* 1 0& !' $&
1.5 "&3! )0 %4)5
(1.) 5 3 A77 &1+ 0&!'&%
0&!( **# +,
(2.) 5 3 !'& ,*+JK !3'5!(!
#A77#
(3.) 5 *1 !'*+JK
(4.) 5 3 &M6+!&&*# ++ '&&
$&
(5.) 5 3 0& !'*+JK $&
(6.) 35!' **# +,#%($&' (7.) $(%'**# +,&7!,%
: !"##
!"#$
%&'( ")'*"! $&+ ,,&$-'
!.!'!"/01! # ')' (2"
,34(&. &*67*) $,- '!' !,!"9
$2 0-0 -''1!,,& *"!'' ( (," 9!"!'*:$
!,,&9" 7 72;!7'*.*"+ <
" 2 *) *!''/ 1!"0 ' 0$"&*"+ (21! *" $' ( )90 0-0)0 )90-0,34 =0!0 ' ,34( !'" 3 <$/?" + ;!
1. )0 '2 *
2. )0''
3. )&*.$22 4. '&
2.1 & #'!()
,34,<&D.$,,& '!'!"1"
) "$,.),,& =0%&' " 300 " )
*"+ /" (!$//#-02 *1!"" ",2?.$
,,& / ),"))",.,,& #$
.)1!" 0)- 2 *1!" !&$/'
!"*# )1!"/ + " 0 '!'"!!"9 2"
,& =0 )9 ' ''&1!#,,&7D. ,&
,&*.:'' ,&,&.:'',.*
/*& ( 0 )9$2$/$$0*2 * 1!" 7&"0/.-02 *1!" $"&*" + G< (!/;! &&"/ 1$2 *- 2 * 1!"7* &"1$-0''1!,,&
)"2 *1!"! < ( "
$H .. 1989 (2532) Grant A. Olson !&4 ,.;! VA Person-Centered Ethnography of Thai Buddhism : The Life of Phra Rajavaramuni (Prayudh Payutto)l
*"! Cornell University =0 02 *1!"!"! 0=0( & $
<!n 2( ()9 $2 0 " V A Person-Centered Ethnographyl
=0 & *!1$,,&'' (Thai Buddhism) 7)"
00 -0! 2 *1!,2& (&. &*67*) $
%2 -9/$&" ;! D. )9!
/.G<G.,2& (&. &*67*) 7* <G.
'&!; + 1!! 2" '&$!' ,;! 9 - !. &"2 9. $2 ,D.!; + =0)0,'" 2 *1!,2&
!$//#-0/7!01!&'&* ''0 '/01!GD. **"/",,&*/
,,&''2' //1!,,&'' '*! ,;!)2?/'$/"$- *" + ""
1'$/"+ ,,& 2" *!7 * 0-0*
1!"0-;! " 2"$1$ 10(
"$ ( #o0 ',34$G (
2" *" G)' ' *1!" ,;! *
&G" /.-02 *1!"7* )/" (;!
(2532) 0-0&GG '''$ *"!
,34 =0 '* ,,.$/;! V,, : o'*$'1!2l
=0&"$//#" !G.,34$, 2 )1 2!" =0)91 /#" !"
,2!" ",o'* /# " " o !'&G!;+ !", ',! 1 1!"0) !!!
'G.1!o'* /*& ( ,340,o'*$'1!
2
$H ,.. 2537 *< &q'&* ' ' ,34' 0,;!*<,. ,;!229 *&**;!$7! 97- 0,;!*<,",34 (&. &*67*) 7;(!/"-0"
*" + ? 4 " ;! " 1 '0,;!*<, " 2 1(*!
!2;!,34 (&. &*67*) $)91!
*"!G/"2*"97 =0 )" '0 ,;!*<, " 3 "/*&) !,3411"1,;!'0,;!
*<, =0$#? + ;! 9- )0 "!$/
*<,$$&. )'*o'*"* " 4 "
";(!/$!97 =0!'*1!,34 ! ) 1!'0,;!*<,
$H (2" <-'2<o 0 ' *)1!"$2;! V.!.&*67*l ( '&$2 2*"+ *"!"$"&*" + ! 2" 2" 1!& !.
<, ?* =0"$/?"1 -0 *&G- 1!"
"$H2538 !< & ' 2 *,34 (&. &*67*)
=0 ' 1 )91 $2 '1!9<G.
! /;!*" + !!'7/*2" +
,;!$/21$$,*)"2 *1!,34 2( (00 -02 *1!,34*(*"-,;( 9 ' 2 *#"!
'2 0
$H ( & ,.2&* & ' ' 2 * ) *!<G.'& 2;! *"!,34$2;! V ',34 (&. &*67*)l =0$G ';! V.!.&*67*l 7<-'2<o 2( (0 '&!; *"!"?
2" 2" 1! < , &G. ., ,. G *
"$H 2539 G/"2* 0 ,,. V2 *)9&G&l =0' ' ' 2 *)1!"()9&G&"!; + ;! *.
,. *..!. G -
! ( $ ,34 !&' 60 H $ 12 2542 //&sG2 !$"*"+ ,;!229 *&G 1!" ,,./;! V2 *),34(.!.&*67*) . 1!2l =0) '1!2 *"!,34
!'' "$ 2" ,34(.!.&*67*) : ,$!&*1!GD.
7, *( 27) 1 -0,34$ &
'0,34 7$'' *"!/
/&sG2 o ",'-;! "0,$!&*1!G D. ( (," &GG1!** 7 '- ;! 1) 37 o'** '$ 2) & /" ", ,n**"
3) < 7 ""!'-;! $)9" 4) ** :$,9 1$
**;! 5) 17 !$ 't%=-,.G.
6) < ? - ** -!';! &"='=!$/ 1$
7) 7 o 72 " $ /
,34(.!.&*67*) : ,"(Eminent Monk) / /"&%&' 7 , *7 (2 &*7*) )91 ,!! 4 < ;! ,;
(Common Monks) ;! ,<&D. , (Popular Monks) ;! , 2;! $
%&' , (Good Monks) , "$,!"'9G. ,"
(Eminent Monk) ,2(! !9"(',,
$H ,.. 2542(1999) Bruce Evans 1 -0&G91!,34 *"!
,,&$2;!;! VContributions of Venerable Prayudh to Buddhism and Societyl '* ,,.$/;! Socially Engaged Buddhism for the New Millennium
!/;! ',;! *$ 60 H1!,34 =01/#"
,34)9 ) &G"!" ''!"?/
7:,!"$ $2*'n*G. ,34,2?.
*!!2?.,,&* * 7" ) ", *"
!1!9$/"+ "( *"&*.$2*%??';!*"+ $%&' ( !1!,340 (G ;! / $G1!!.
9,,&* * ;! /$G1!&*.$2
*%??'!.9 ";! !19"<$* ,;! *"*!,G 91!*! $29(,;!*!'2 *;' ( 770 ? ,34 !" 7:,!"$
0 ( (,"/#" %?/$0 !G&!"$2 *1!
&.
$H ,.. 2543 )9! 02 *1!" 1 $!"
$2;!;! V!",;!!<, ; : !*2 *)1!,34 (&. &*67*)l ,;!0-0- !"01!91!" =0)0 ,'" " '!,'&$!''&$,,&$;!1!!"
) !"!/;! #;!<!n /;!<
*1!*. *!/;! !&/"!"0 1!"0 !,!"*"!.)1!"$*" +
$H ,.. 2543 . ' *1!,34$2;!;!
V& "&G!.,34(&. &*67*)l ,;!,,./;!$
2&2;! V0,;!*<, : - 2,& $
%&'l 72 * 0 ),.1!" =0 <9/
,. !-0, ,!"G *!"1!"
/# " )$" 0 '2 *1!"( ,;!
229 *1!"? /# 22" " '0,;!
*<, =02" )9$/$$0*1!""!1
!" #* )/" (# !$//#-0 2'&!; *"!"
$"&*"+
2.2 & **!+
,34,2?.,,& ) !'$
2$;!'&112 ""0 *<, *. ;!
*.* o" " '-??&4 'Gq*$1*"+
/1 ( $%&'0 )9$0''1!"!"1($
*" )$G ( ;!
$H ,.. 2527 ,. 02,&1!"
$/;!2;! V,2& } 2,&l 7!2,&1!"
$#*" + ( ;!0 )91 ,'" 0
!1!,2& (&"* , *34? 0/.
!"''/ "!0-o'* ($''&
2*
*"!$H ,.. 2530 (1993) Peter A. Jackson 2 01!
//"2*!!* =0 ) '01!,&<1&
0'' $!'* ,,& *"! $2;!;!
VRe-Interpreting the Traiphuum Phra Ruang : Political Functions of Buddhist Symbolism in
Contemporary Thailand l =0 '* ,,.$/;!2;! VBuddhist Trends in Southeast Asial
$'" -0/ ;! !!)"!'* *<9 ," =0,.7,? /";! 2 =0G< "
!,*"! & ,. *<9,"( !/;!
G,& &&"/?!9" ''/
;!1!,/*. $&&71/#''$2!$/'!.
,/*.$#10(!2. ,!(!"$/'&&71 /# $;!,,2* *"! ;!!**
,"/1$ 10( 7:,!"*(*"2 3 4 /"
&*-7.* o!9"$ *<9," -9!'* $/"
$/!!'*.10( $&/"?$/"
</11!!** !,1! *<9," ;!
0110( ,$/
,&0 ' /;! *<9," # "2 ( ,& ,.2( 1!,34 &&
" 0"G -. / !'/
'' ;!!*,& *<9,"
!"/
*"! $H ,.. 2532 -' 0 &sG./
2;!G,&$ 10( /" 24-25 / 2532
<, ? !';! VG,,&$
%&'l ' &" ' 'G1!,, ',&<1&$;(!/
1!G ! )0,'" ,&<1&
,.G.'' ")9,' *,G ",, !! * ,G ,!'**!1!, *34 $1G #,
&*.!'$/1'-G.1!&"$/" $";(!/(!"
0$;!1!,'&/;!* ,0 ,;!
, " !**"$" ",&<1&$2
<?G.$! 2" $2< < $1G ,,
!<' /!'* *? 1!,, 0!
,!$1!)9 o'*'' *"1!",&<1& ")9 ,!$,%??!"!!'/" * G1!",&<1&
"!72./%??"
$H ,. G 1 '$/;!,,.$/
<G.$ *"! '* ,,."$2;! V ,.
G -0,, ,&<1&l 7 "1!* ')1!
,34" &G"2 ,!' "! V,&l 1!
,34" G!--" )9*";! ,, (G$
1G() #;!,!--." 7 *(1!*" $,& ( "o
*/;! **1!)9*"!9"$/;!,& ! ( ,34, 2 ", *"2 2?$n4 2"( /*"!9 'G.1!"!!
$H ,.. 2533 ,9&1 !G. !,.$'??7
*"!&sG./$;! V/.01!,, (&. &*67*) l7&"/.01!"7$2
!<G.,, ),'" ,, ,G;!0
*,,&7"($" 9''" ;!1!2 *(/
0$1!,, 0;! ';!1!2 * &&"/!9"
!<,
$H ,.. 2533 (1990) Grant A.Olson 1 ';! VFrom Buddhadasa Bhikkhu to Phra Debvedi : Two Monks of Wisdoml =0 '* ,,.$/;! VRadical Conservatism : Buddhism in the Contemporary Worldl '" ( 0-0, '",D.!!<*"+ $ '"!!!""2 ;! '"*
*1 ;! %?? ,&<1&,34-;!*
/", %?? (Wisdom) 7,34( ''!"?$
!*"! *(*" ,.. 2512 *(*",/&. &*67* =0
!';! V''1!GD. %&'l $2&2;!
V,,&' %&'l 7 '"( 0-9 ,G72?./+ "" &*?$2 ($//#-0&*.
,&$2' !" #* ;!!1!,34 2 " '"!" ,2 $/)9 !') 1!"'& !9"$2 $1G 2,& ! "&
'1!,34
$H ,.. 2535 2 21?; ;! V7/ l ,;!
07/1! $%&' 7;!01!,<&)9 2;! $ ),",& 4 9 ;! ,, (&. &*67*) ,,&
(%??<1&) ,,! 7G ,7. (,&<1&) ) ,'" $;(!/ 1!",& '9& =0;! ' /&, "1!,, &&"//./-9*!22
$1G 1!"%??',,! 7G t%"t%&=0 &"!$'2' "G"1!,<&( 9 (,'" G"
$1!",&( ;! ,. 2" *" < <* 1!
,, G";! ! '-1!/ -/ $ , *34< .!-- 4 (( (-2;!7 -01!!; + 1!"%??<1&( "$ ;! ";!,9<,9
!"? ;! ,9&!"2*/;!)9$/?"!9!/ "90"
;!*%??- o'* "1!,,! 7G(
"$;!1!9 $2<1!&" ,9 &
2" '"%??<1& )90 ' '" ,,!(/ /;!'9 - ;! *!29$/9.$ "! ;(!/ " "%??<1&
/;!9 ;! )99,;($/1$ ";! ",&/;!!.
/ ;! ! "1!27,./"/9*" + ,!
(2 (&*. $/%??". ,G*!*"! "
,, (/;! &"'/.9 $/ 1&,.
%??!''9G. =0!; + $2;!;!/9 """$&$
$H ,.. 2535 ,/*. q67 !,.'??7 ;!
V0 ' ';!Gq.*$*.1!. '$
,&*.*1!,, (&. &*67*)l ,;!02/.
' ' 'Gq.* $*.1!.' ,&*.*1!,, )& " (! /#
"**"$;!1!$2%??$" " $2%?? !.!'?$
*"*!"!;!( %??2"$/&.-1$**"
/" '2 " **"( . !/# " * ;! */ o'**/ *",, !.!' ? 1!* ;! &91!* Gq.*$1!.0 4 "!** 7 " 1! $1G ,, /#" $ '7 ( Gq.* "$2Gq./*", !" 0-0 Gq.!!' $'7&** Gq.*$,&*.
**"! *"/9&1!,,&**" *.1!.
$H 2535 2" . V;!1!,, (&. &*67*)l ,;!'-0;!1!" 7/.0 1!9!<G."7* ),'" ;!1!
,, '!,7*,,& ,*1!
,;'!( ! $1G #!'$/"
+ 72. ;!1!"0 !&*!! *"
o,.$ $1!" %?/ $ <, "
V*" ",l ;! !'!**1 $/2*
?/$/ *"$?(#"!$/%?/*" + *!"
7:,!"%?/*$ "0 !$ 1%?/ 7 2 ($//#-0?1!(1! 7,'&*.! $2
"%?/$*!/$;!0/
$H ,.. 2535 2" ,/' 67() /.
22?;! V2?0$1!,34(&. &*67*)l 7 /.-02?0$1!,34 2?"' ;! !<2?
?G 2?2 *2? (2 ($//#,./"2?"'' 2?0$1!,34 *! &*.$2'01!
=0)0,'" 01!,34 0'*- ,, $/?*"!9 " $/ 0
;! ' ,& &*.$20$/0;! , 2 *-%?/2 * 01!,34 ,&
,;( 0-&*.$2 '&-G.
$H ,.. 2538 22? 2 !,.;! V,&;!' ,2 *$,34 (&. &*67*)l ,;!0-0!
;!2 *!'1!,& 7)"1!,34 ,./"/,& ;!',2 * *!!!
/',2 *-0?1!,,& *"!;! =0)9 $2 !<G.,347* ),'" $ 1!,34 ;!,2 **!*(!9"',;(1!/
,& ;!2 *-;!""1!(' '<$&.) *!!!' ( ;! 1!2*) 0;!
2 * &G<, ",(*! ,&G<,1!? 7
$2/ *1 ;! %??
$H ,.. 2538 . &Gq. 0;! V;! $$ %1!
,34 (&. &*67*)l $70;! V*9"H 2000 : ;!
$$ %1!!&7l ,;!0-0<,;! $$ %/;!;!
$1!,34 70 * ,,.1!"/<G.
!' ),'" ;! ' '',&$;! !!
3 &"*1! *1 ;! /" /" /"%?? , 34,2 !9"$/"%?? =0&"1!,<&o9&"
'",&<1& *" 1!**" !; + ;! "!
.)1 /;! '*- *" + "$/?"
;!, *34 2 * !/ *!',&*" + $
" !/"(-9*!* " $, *34/;! " ! (, "/#" -/2,&1$/,& !"-9*! #2"%?/
,,,&1! =0 ./"$ 9 9 /"! $ 9 (/")9)9$/ 7!/#-0- /"),
**1!!**!7$%&' ',;(/"
!1!,,&0!.!$/"$/"7 =0!
; "&G<,1!2 * 2*!
$H ,.. 2538 (1995) 7. /.<. 0 ' ';!
&21!,34'&G. . $2;!;! VBuddhism and Human Rights in the Thoughts of Sulak Sivaraksha and Phra Dhammapidok(Prayudh Payutto)l =0*"! ' ),"$ www.jbe.gold.ac.uk/1995conf/honglada.txt '* ,,.!9"$
/;! V Buddhism and Human Rightsl 7)0,'" (&G. . ,34 (&. &*67*) 2(2,&1! $%&' "
&;$ *1!,,&-/;!#* *" *"!%?/
%?/&2#**"!! ";! $1G &G. . ! ,,&-$"& 1!' ;!;! '&$/ 10($
/1!&* 2 * ,&2*
,34'!"&1!!&.$"&1!< .,,&
!"/,,&(&"'&1.$''&" ,'&
$'$/?" ! (&G./#" &2" '/1!
,,& $1G ,34!" " (means) " (
!;!" (!"!2*1!&2**"!! &G.
. !$!.!'1!/$!&*1!,,& "
,34!$G!!/1!,,&
*"!$H ,.. 2540 (1997) Donald K. Swearer 2?.2**/0 2 2? ',,&-$!2 7:,!" 0 ' '* ',&;! VThe Hermeneutics of Buddhist Ecology in Contemporary Thailand : Buddhadasa and Dhammapitakal =0'$
!$2& Buddhism and Ecology 79./'07 /.. '* ,,./;!2;! VBuddhism and Ecology : The Interconnection of Dharma and Deedsl )0$'" !G
**" $!'* !/",&<1&',34 / ";! $1G "$/?" ,&<1&* ,&$2 .$/"+ ,34* !"'' 0< ., *34 *,G 1!-? ,&<1& 9''2 *1!,D. !9"!
7* !9"1!'1!GD. ,34';!
$71!GD. $02?.* ! ( (!""-0%?/! 7$2/"!!< ., *34 * ,G / *"(!"# $* **"=0!$//#*
';(!/,.'GD. **" ,34 /$
* !!',&<1&/#* *"#**",&<1&$/
7:,!!< ., *34!"" $2;!<'
"< ,!"'' =0!$//#
2?.1 !"'' $1G ,&<1& G 2? !)",9"1 $* ;!*
,,& ,3400*< . *1!,,& 7
*1!,,&!.,D.$*!"1!" ,,& *"!2*
$H ,.. 2540 32. &2 ,.;! V/./
0!7 */,&$)1!,34(&. &*67*)l ,;!
!*"!'Gq* &sG./ )0,'" / ,,&/ !!'0!7 $%&'!"!"
)1!,34!/0!7 ! =0!'&
2 * !'!2 ,!" !2 &1
$H ,.. 2540 )9!(<G /) 0 V*.
&*.$2'0 $1!,34 (&. &*67*)l ,;!'-0
*.&*.$2'0 $1!" 7 '
&!&/&/ & ),'" *.$1!
,34 /1!'1*"*.** ";!
*.1!" G V*.l /;! V*.''!.l !'&'9G/2 *1!&.$& + ($,n* *$
%?? 72;!7!.!'/"!9"1($&.
2* "0/#" *.'0;! &*.$2' 00*! */' *1
$H ,.. 2540 & &&*G 0;! V 1! : , V1") t!l 1! V1l /2 l 7 &&"/,;!/.
!!.9 ' ?$**.2* $/" ,;!!1!
,' ' 1!2'$2' o!9"$2;!,
*!!</?1! 1!2'2' *"!<, $/" )0,'"
!/-0 $//*&)/;! *=0"?1!' 1!&. /-0)1!'G.2 *1!&. =0 /$ ' 9 <9%?? 7. 2 . /;!!&G. '/"!/! 9 7$22 *!9"$' *<, ;! =0
$0 ( )9 0 1!,34" ;! */,& =0 1! *,,& ' !' 2 " ;!
7*7D /" 77 /"%?? 7 !.!'
? &;! o =0)9/#" ,34 &*.! '',& (
$2$!'n*1! $/" ( !!!!"
2 2"1 ;!!!%?/ *
*"!$H ,.. 2541 )9! 01!,34 1 '2;! V!&G. $* 21 : *<9,"-0,&l =0* ,,.$
& 7 0-0!&G.;!!1!
,,& ,'" *<9," G !,*"!
& G !&G. *! *"! ;!
!** 19" !,1! *<9,"#;!!, ,!'/$/" '2 * !''&10(
/!&G. ,&0;!? =0)91 ! /#" ,&"G !&G.1! !"/ ( ( ,G"!'/"2 *7 /'&
$H ,.. 2541 ,. 7,9 # !)*"!&sG.
/$;! V,,&.1!,34 (&.
&*67*)l )0,'" ,34 " !',&.$
,"( *" !&.$&. *#'9G. ( ,&.*1!,340&",$/&.&. '9G.''
" ,,;!'$2&%&' $,&.$;! 1
$H ,.. 2541 2" & ,2* 0;! V/.
!1!,34(.!.&*67*) ,;!,%??*/,&l )0 ,'" ,34!,;!, *! $G''!.
2;!7 7 /?,;!,%?? ,;!$/)9 $2'!"
'' /*& ) ,;!2 * =0- &*.$2'0$
%&' !"
$H ,.. 2542 , , 7 0-0,34 * ,,.
/;!$2;! V,34'!*1!,&l ;!$7!'!' 60 H1!, 34 =0)0,'" ,34, -2;!*"!& *1
'$/" !""2 )9!,,&' ''$
!" 7:,$/?'tt9-'D.$/' ''$
$H ,.. 2542 (1999) < , !';! VBuddhism and Science in Thai Societyl $2&2* 0( 7 G ;!!*!.
!.. 4-8 4 1999 7 &&"/,;!0-0o1!
,,&$<9%??( *"!*. =0<9%??**$/"
19" 70)"*1!,,& ? 3 2" ;!
2" ,,&$ )2?/'*.!")"''1!
#,/G ,2?G7 =02" ,,&1!
*$2'*"!*. !'!//!"$
*.&*.$2',,& 2" !)"''1!,&<1& =0#
/#" *.( &G"/$&*.$2$!' 1$,,& ,./"*.',,&$&
)"''1!*. . < ,34 =02?.(!" ( &!*"!*. **" 2?.$!& )" ;! !/#
"'9G.$*.!,' *. *"!7 !" #*
,,&$ #!/#?1!*. ''9!
$/&.9$2/*&)$/9 =0!!'/1!,,&
!$/2;!/9!" /*&)2"
*&1 7<G (2542) 0-0''1!,34 *"!GD. $ 2;!;! V,34'!'9-'D. l =0* ,,.$1 $ '" 0-0 1!GD. ''1!,D. *"!
9? '' *"! =0 'tt9"$/-'D.
11#)"''1!,D. ? 7:,!"#,/G ,2?G7 ,&<1&,34*' /',34 ( $/?'-'D., ,"/#" -'2&2*!"
-'2&2$!&* %?/".10( 7:,!"
''0 ;! %??9""
$H ,.. 2543 ! *. 0;! V1!,;!$
'!'2 *$1!,34l * ,,.'$/;!,,.
& *"! '* ,,.$G&19< =0;(!/
"$/?" /;!.2 * =0,34 ! '2 *)"1!,,& 7:,1!,;!
& ,;!2". $/2 * '9G. 2"
1$$;(!/1!2 * "!9":,9'' *"*!1-0;(!/
<, %?? =0 <, 9". / *!9"* 1!,34 )91 (( ?$
,9 o'*1!,;! ,;! 9"'!'2 * '9G.
$H ( <, ? 0-0 V */%??2 ,&l ,;!!$2;! V- /%??2 - :
! * %&' !*l ;!&. 10-. 11 2543 $'"
0-0''1!,34$%??2 70
$G ' '',&<1& =0,34 G"!9" !'
* !,,& !9"$!'1!0, *34 )1!"
0-0! *:$< ., *"$1G # ./*&G.!" /)9 ' $%&' ! ( 1 1!"
!'&9;!'&1 !9"$
$H ,.. 2543 , 2&*67 (&.) 02/.;!
V *.',&*.*1!,34(.!.&*67*)l 702
! ,;!0-0;! *. ,./" *.',&*.
)'2;!;! *. *"!,,&*1!, 34 )0,'" *.',&*. **" $"
" *.*. " !n o/. *. - ' /;!!/;!2* *< ., ,0 *. 1!
$"1! "- 9",&1. ",&*.( * ,,& =0 &"1!&. !$/&"/) 1!*! ,;! 9",&1. =0,34 " o-0 !9"1! *.
*"# " '&,9. !9"1! *. 7"/#"
" 2 ($//#-0) 1!,0 *. "-&. 9" ,
*! 2;!$ *. 02;! '&/1!
,,& ;! '&$/'& , , ,*!$/10(
*/ *1
$H ,.. 2543 2" & . <,,,. 0;! V,
&. : 0 ' '/"!' 7. ',34(&. &*67*)l 7 ' '# '2*1!&. ',&.
&GG1!,&. =0)0,'"n4 *&1!7.
,,&$1!,34( G$ / 7:,
!"2*1!&. =0*"/#" &. <,$,*!(
"*$ 7 /!9" 9*! 2 *7!" "
1!**"(!9" 1!*** 2;!$;!
!**/;!** $1G ,,&/!;!!** "*
$H ,.. 2544 ,G. 27 (,9) 0/.-0 V;!
$!&*$1!,34 (.!.&*67*)l 7 &&"/,;!$/'-0
!&*$1!,34 )0,'" !&*1!,34 /-0 !''!" ,0-1!&. G/"
G* <,!!;(!*"! 2$ ,<,1!*$/1-0
!<,( ;! !<, !<, !<,*$ !<,
%?? 0 10(,;!$/&. '0,;!,*! $1!
,34/#" D.*!"/'$!&* =0-1-0 0 -9*!*/ *1 ! ( ,34 $/?'(
9''1! $/?'('&'' %'& *$
9 1!"0-$2 1%?/ ($'%'&
2*!1! 7
$H ,.. 2544 2" ,2. &7 0 ' '1!
,34',&<1&$2;!;! V *"$/;! : ;!
1!",&<1&',34l $ ,<&(!,2?.1!
) 7 &&"/,;!0;!1!(!""
/;!/;! **"!" ' )0,'" (!"
';! **"$! *"# /;!!!
$!" ;! 0-;! * ;! -;!/1!
:*"+ ;!;!1!$/!9"!"*&1 ( 9''1!!9''$# !'- 72.&1$/"22 ;! ;!! * 0-;!
/$!
$H ( )9! 0!*.2?
1!,34$2;!;! V : .2?1!,34 (&. &*67*)l $2&22?/" '
* ,,.$&*.*. /* 7)0,'"
,34)9 0//?$2 * $!
,,& ( (,"/#" // ? & 7 (the Middle Path /;! Middle Way) ( !9" &/
/;!/ "2 2 *$*.$%&' %?/0!9"
), *" ),1!** &"
!22*,;!!&. !" &11!&.10(!9"'!'!
*-& *. 0*!'!*!
*-& 1!$**$ $/ %?/10(!"$%&'
$H ,.. 2545 ' 01!,34;! V77$
1!,34 (.!.&*67*)l * ,,.$/;!&0*. =0
0,;!&1!,34 ';!77 =0
? &$,,& ,34!!/!' ''77!! 10 ''77 ( )9!'* ,34!'! / ? 2" & !. $*
/",& ! $ 77 : ,;!!2&1. ,.
G */",,& 72 $'", *
$H ( , 72 2 ' ';! V 1!.* !.,34 (.!.&*67*) *"!77 : G 02 ' 'l 7 &&"/,;! ' '1!(!" *"!77 )0,'" (!" *"!77 **" ";! !.!"
*-1!77 )*"!&. $ &!*"!72*"/", ,!$2=0! )*"! !9"1!&. $1G ,34!" 77
*.&*. (&G7 =0*!10(!9"')9$2 *! &G =0&G ( !9"$,,&
*"!$H ,.. 2545 )9! 0;! V' ' $ 1!,34(&. &*67*)l !$2&21!
2?/" $/" 25-26 *& 2545 G /'9,
=0)0,'" ,34/#" ' ' !9"(
' '<! %?/ 7:,!"
9"*''!"** ' ' !";
( *!$/?'1! ;! ,,& 7:,-' D. -' -;! " & ? $/?'
,,&( 9"' ' ; ,$/?
(*,n* *$ *%??
! ( $H ,.. 2545 )9 01!,34 *"!
*.77 $ $2;!;! V*.77 ,;!,
; : 1!,34(&. &*67*) *"!,*.77
$ %&'l !$ 2&2!/"2*( 1 ;!
17 2545 G 77* /2 $/" =0)0,'"
,34/#" *.77 1 ''!"?$"
&G<,2 *&. *"$1G # 9"<!(Paradox) $,
&. ,o" *.77 ?/ &G<,2 * 1!;!7 ( (, ),1!*.77
&"!22**!'!*!:,$*-& "( ;!
*.77 19" #o" ' *.
"!$/"$'7< 0 9"%?/ ";10( "0
!" , *.77 *!,$/&,!
',*&.!
$H ( (2545) )9! 0&1!
,34$2;!;! V* *"!"** : &*,,&
$1!,34(&. &*67*)l $2&2H( 14 1!!/"2* G 9.2& ' 9 10 ,n< 2545 =0)0,'" ,34 /.n*G.
2*!$%&'" /*&?'1!!
7$%&' !9"'!1!** !" &.*"/
2* - ,2*2* !'2*,;!*!'!
*!1!&. $&%&'&.0)*!10(/;!2*
1n*G.$%&' ( &.*!' $/" 7*!!
*"+ !"!.$''/"!9"!";1!,&. ;!
&. 2* =0/"''&*,,&
(Buddhist Human Ecology) /# /$,,& /2*
4Gq.1!2* (2;! *,G ,,&#*"
/ 9"!&.2* !"2*
-0) )90-0'' 1!,34 /# " )9$/$$0,10(($0 ";!
1,/"0-0''1!"!! 71!! $*"+
G$2 ' ''2?.!; + $ ,34*1!
,,& "$0( #0, $*";!,;!
/*!' 2=0 "*" # )9$/$010(( # ;!' $%&' 2" 0 *.77 '' *.* =0)9 $/$0"( &"/ 1%?/$&%&' ,& /#" ,34 */"<9%??,&$%&' /./*&G.$/*!'<9%??,& =0<9%??
?!"/01!7
2.3 -(. **!+/ '!!'
!/;!0/.)1!"7* ) 0 ',34! </0 )90 /" , 10( #;! !1!" 0*"!;!/;!1
1!"!"2 (!!1!"/$1 1!*
! )$G ( " "'"2 (-01!"7* *"# !!
)1!"/ =0 !$//#-0)'1!1!"
*"! $%&'$'/0 ) "2"-0!" (
01!& !. =0 0/.,,&
/.0/;!;! V!7 77l $H ,.. 2530 V*,&l $H ,.. 2531 V, 9*,&*. : ')2?-G.l $H ,.. 2542
;! V/'9G0*/",&l $H ,.. 2544
*'
$01!& !. .10(
-'G. '1!)9! $2
1!92?. ?1! /"#* *"# G?/0#;!
,'" ,34(.!.&*67*) !,*"!.)1!)9!"
1!& !.0 G"!9" !,&&*.$2' 0 !"&"0 2 $<! 7:,
!",;(! )9!/#" /$,,&( #;!/0
$%&' (! =0!!'1!,34 !" ,,&(
/"0 !&'*)"1 1!,,&#;! !&'*
1 1!0!
/9 (2537) =0 ''7*$ /9 =0/
0 # $/?'1!,34$ $2$
,'& / 9 0 *(G,;!,' /9 7$2/,&/ $" !,&
&*.$2 * ,,.!$2;! V,' /97$2*
,&l ( (G */" ,,&( /"!/!"!
1! ,,&/"
1!/!'',;!,2 *7* , ?!9"
,$/1-01!2 *!"0=0( ,' /9 7$2/,&( 0,!'&!.!',;( 5 !"1!' /9 ;! &&"/ ;(!/ !
<,! =0&!.!'*!'9G 2;!7!"!. $
&!.!'/" ( -$2*,&, !"/ 2"
/G* 77 *
! ( 1!;!! '&G* ;! V*.<!l
$H ,.. 2537 0/. ' '1!2?.**' ,,& 7:,!";!o&' =0 !
$//#-0,.2;!71!,$ !-;! " /$1!*.
!$,,&
*"!$H ,.. 2543 '9G. 1 ?;!/0$/;!,&
1!,34;! ;! V!/'*.* 21 l =0#
,34$/?$'1!/;!,&" "*!,
!'1*"! =0 '9G./#" )!; + 1!"$%&' (
#;! ! ,34 &"/ ! $)" ( /.-0%?/
1!&$%&' "-/!!*.*."!; +
!0!! /'%&'
&*.1!,34$2*"+ ( G " *"%&' ( o" )9!!1!",10( =0$//#
" " *"!#$/"+ $ ;!!
!*( ?*"!%?/,&.,10(
2.4 -
)0-0,34$*"+ " /# " ) 0 '''1!" G ,10(!"*"!;! 1!!
$#*"+ !/;!#2?7* ( (!;!
/.#*"+ 10($%&' ( )"&!,,&(
"$ !1!,34!# 2 !/
,,& /"!! '9G. ( 01!"0"' 0,,&(-) ! ! ( !#
" ! *"!7&*.1'*.#%?/*"+ # 2)9$ $/$,10(2" /*&)#
2" '0''1!"!
!" #* " 0 '2 * )1!
,34 (!!)1!" "!1 *"# ",'"
02($ &"0/.-01!" $2,&
!/,&$*"!7$/"!"'' (
1!" '!'&"$/"!" $ ,2?." -!'* ,&1'&$/" !";
',;( &"$/"!' &""#,0,!$ -0 " 0-0!, 1!" *"!7&$/"" !,!, 2( ( 0 , 0-01!" $2,& *"!- 2 *$&%&' (0-0!,1!1!"
*"!7&$/"
(.."#)
!"#
$%& ' () #*'+",-''" $%&##
./ "% 0%1'23-%&''"
#4& '" .15657 89% :; - ."9-!"#$%&;5 ;20 '" <'"
* ".-2&&!3 ./ !"#7$%& 5;5 #. '" 8 .%5;5##
2 &8&;58.;%<2."!"#$%&
2%857 #7 =4&55&%:<3 / <$4<
8&%8$%&2%857%7
1. ' ()%2'" < #0
2. ## '.8' ()
3. #. '" 8' () 4. #"
3.1 &'('')*+,#+&-
#* .''" $%&==8&%% *.78
$ $%&* 5 ;2.8$ *<3$%&
$ &9-1'. ..$ /
#%7 $%&%<=##8',-=4&+4!33""
.*8''" $ 5*..-8',-=4&
''== <''" & #"./
."= 5C',-+4!33%##0%%%
2 8&==8''" %%8$ : :
##8'09'".. =4&*' .-$%&%<##%
''" ;%%;#7 "08 =##8' ;,2 ' 2$ =4&$%&=22 $%&'2' - .+4; $.+4' 65*9% '.$.7."08 ;5
!"#('2" 2530 : 269 ; 2 %4 2527 : 168 ) & *"
" 9%''" :C',-*23- =4&
;0%%%*<2 0%1'%&+- ''" 65#2&*.<<3 4.589,-$
!"# 2 .;8'- 29- 8'.!33 -8'0' .; 8'-*.& ""
&$C',-0%%%2& .:',-##&- 2%
. $:$%&&8&4"%<3 &$4
* .##.. 65.7.".0-..&
'#%:'&&4 2 4 $%&'NOPN4''" 0%
#''" 2 ."= *.- %&#.- * ...$ #8&4$7 8
'#%:'"&&4 2 5 $%&2&### '
#8&4" #8$$43 7 5*<3##8QR& :$%&##
8',-<$8&43 2 ##8
%:' 9&'2390 =4&;<%2.4
= 7## #'2' - *.& 0%1' 0 65;* 42'" $ 7 '-$%&
$& '* 432..#<#*2'" % ( +9 .+... 2545 : 30-42) 65#*' - T$8 ' -8
#"% ..-2.$$%&#''-='*< *
'' -8'-U ("9 ;- 2529 : 20) ##8 '-% *&<3;5#.8&43 *20+4!33%7%8&4+4!33 .89% :$%&
=#. $* 0%1' .;#''" *;# < &< %0-
"9 &#$2& = 3 < &;#,-43##
*=4&<.33943*=4&<"9 89%: &%
C4''" 857 'NOPN4##8''"
&<3. 0%%8#''" .'" .#
.3 2%$"%..-$8#. /
<"!"# (+33 NOVN4" 2541 : 4) 8#. / 7
;.#.&8=4&"!"#857& 5
<$4!3 #.'" %& #.'"
%7 %&# '" &&$ '$%&
#%"8#''" %857 *
<7 ' () (" - ".W0.) 5#*'+",-%##
%2'" !"# $%&##'-9-"%7 . *'+",- (Modern Monk) ..-''"
8$ ;20'" '" ".-2.0 $%&"9 0%%&$8
!3 ##"0+.-*## #.%:' 9&
'2390'" +8" (Olson 1995 : 14 b 15) 0%*' +",-*2=4&4&0''" &85657
=%&8#*#7+. 772' #<''" 0%".-8 $%& 7 .4## 5 <8*
##. 2 %& 2 / 5 *' 2 4(a scholar monk) &8*##;5 (Jackson 1990 : 138) =85$%&#'9 *82'
20%& (2 2&83 2535 : 57) 89% #;+' 2*'+")4..
#.<''" .'9'
< #..8'$.()* (+' 3 2532 : 6) =8 5*#&8 42"
'92 8$ '# ',- ''" ##<3.<4$ 0%==
'" & #"./ %"+'9 9 #2& (2535) $%&5;5'"
*$"08;5 '# '"
$%&*8$2& <3.&8 &8&8:857 0%'" ;4<&"99$ #
##8". / $%& =##.!338',- =4&;
4&'" $.2
'99##2 8
*9<3.$."& '# ."9
*82'" ..$ 9* ' .$$ $.+4' *982 8$.7."08 ;5$4.
##..22 3 < &' #. <
''" &%&#.- %;5 ."=8''"
/ % %" 8&''- (8< #") 65
;*.97$%& %7$%& # ''" 0+4 &%&#%.- 0%. & ."=8 ''" % / 0 0%1' .-65&4 897
# $%8572 5
'#%:'"&&4 $%&#%'2+8%:'
#2;#".%##.. &8857 7%&
.%8# '9. / 9,- :$%&
<3.#%%& 0%1'##%&5 65 ',-$%&##2&$%&## **%5 27.& *2&4& ',-% &*02- *
& 7*747#&'("2 4h 2529 : 59) ',-=4&<##<32$43 7 $%&
%:' 9& '2390 65'#%:'"& i
#'2;%&%5 50%i &%:' 9&i
*=4&<%5. '-#"
58',- 0%1' 4.# 7%<.7 "C2857< #*;#52748',- $%&
< 2## 8&%#& '-$%&' -.<
2. / 4.# 65.<*2& 4.58 9,-$#"7 2 '" "+. 0 "8 1 2 3 + 1 2 '" . 1 - 2 #$9-*.& $%& "$8 ' -8#"%..-2.$ $%&#''-='*<
*' -8'-" ("9 -$9 2529 : 20)
#%' - 8'-7 $%& "0"
* "< #54.&''" 65' "%" 65
;.#$&;5k 2529 '# ;.''-< 72 7 7 "%
%''-;5 100,000 ("9 -$9 2529 : 25-26) 7
%%'4## / 2 2 " " 65.''-7 k 2523 ;..''-;5k 2534 & 500,000 T #
0U 65.''-& 14 7 100,000 " # < # 527." 0%<''-. / $& 5 <''- $%&#
%%.''-9 / *< 7## 8
5 <''-/ $ 8+m :$%�%
Bhikkhu Pannavaddho (Peter J.Morgan) %R#&.% .''-7 '.. 2514
7 2 '.. 2533 <''- 5,000 0 5* <3.
% 8$ ' %#$%&
( - 2538 : 165-166) 0%1'"8=$43 ..*<<3
07 &* ' "%!"# .:.
*& & :#.8&#" 0%*
'#%:'"&&4 &%:' 9
& '2390' -857 %'2 .;8 24 ) .. 117 %:0
57 8 &2% & / ;5 &85
$ .%2$.8&% 5 07
" .& &857 &.$ %:27
*$ 857 u 5 :;& < #0
## &0.& . &* / 8& / * 'm.8m ;-27.< / 857$%&"902-u .& &
2#& & / 857 &06v% ;&<< #4#; 2 5 ;$*- 1 2 *.& 65 &%:.&<<65*
8& 27$%&%" ('' -%:' 9&' 2390 2514 : 72-73)∗
'2%<7 %:' 9& '2390 5 ' - 0857 %C' .;-8'#%:'"&&4 23 ) .. 118
%&0 $%& %'u :.
#$&%w7 :. 8&< #<-$%&<%
8 &02-'#2 ... &8=4&
N!& .%4;5 %% / x:$%&.%"7
∗ &7 & 36 %...&1##
2< u 843 . 27 02- % &'#2 65$%&%&"9$#2 (%:' 9& '2390 2514 : 74-75)
%:' 9& '2390 ' .;-4.#
%
.+'$%&#'2 '2 .;8 0&
.7 '.7 &"%4&'#248"#". . 2+$7 %857$ 22 "##:" + : #%<..-(Technical terms) 4 '< &<'4%7
<$%& 7 &=4&$%&8&'-4/ %& . &4u (%:
' 9& '2390 2514 : 76)
. :C' .;-8%:' 9& '2390 17 .. 120
.+'8; 065''- .2 + +2'5$%& .#2-1##7& &$&.$<
7 +$% (%:' 9& '2- 390 2514 :76)
''-7. / 5' % 8& #. % &
"5857 ."%" <3807 : * .857< # +"9=4 &'5$%& (%:' 9&
'2390 2534 :%)
"%" 4+"9=4 050&
87 %& 65*#C#..8'#2 ##
C#.$#7.& *<7
<%#7 % 2 8&*.&$ "%&* % 8&C#.8=4&4
9 / $8 0 '.78&.$%&
1. 0 * 2# ;4.857 < # '+"9=4 0%. % & : '9#22$"
$%'5 &52.8=4& 3#=%2#.7 * '9<3.$7 89%$:=23 &#
..$ #8& 05*
9*4 7 .'&< #+% 0%.'&
*'+"9 (#33.) & 54Q!4& 8&
( +) 8$: ( C#.)
;4.&%. ''" 0%7 *'" *$
5;420* 5%
2. '9%<%#7 & : &0&
8&2% .%<%#7 8&% $20
#49* 5% 77'=4&#"%7 .<%# %
*<3 $% .< %& 2 % 3 $%&'4%;5
#"3.;" 3 &.%&339 3 *.& %7 0&2 &=4&5< % % ''" $%& .:< &
8&+' $%&$2%' 0%1'!"# 2'" $%&
''" 9%$%&=4&'20
#49 & :+'8 % :$%& '" +8":$%&'<
0 # 2 " !" # !" (2534) 0%#7 * 2 + + 1 %& QR"8- + 2 %&
QR%#"8-*.& '99% 0
* &.< 4. (Payutto 1995 : 15)
3. 0 %" '8 ..$ #8&4$
" 0%1'8&8.-65;*. ..
8%&8.%2 .C#. *2'" &2%*
.& 5%857"7 0%1'8%&8.% ."= 8 ''" .-65&4897 ( - 2538 : 160) 9%7 2 &< %7 % 0 92%.< #<$2&2.< * 4Q!*2'" &N{857
4. 0 $%&#'-9-8& % C#. *
%& < #m ;-0%.8%*.; 65< &
$#; 8&;5''" '%#0 %# 0%"
<: 02-0:'7('$' 0 2542 : 11) 9%7
%' #''" &%&#*.- 65*
8&4$7:$%& $:. 9%7< &
''" 8%.%&.3395657
5. 0* 2&*.< 4.589,-$
.7. '.. 2469 (% 4. " " 857 #7%."
2454 ;5!"#$%& 90 k'% 5* =4&=5 ''" . 4.589,-$" .&5 0%7 05* '"%!"# .89%:&
<.#%&2% *.< #+'$
$%: $ - 4.58,- % 5 '' -8%:' 9& '2390
" - (2535 : 258) $%&.78&.$&
$%& :4#& ' 4. #$%&
'-*' 4.'-%;5"8=4& .%
&.< u [] 4.58,-.7..&
.0-;5!"#& 85; %58,-
$$.##8$ 65;&%498 4.
'.(dynamic) 4& :*-4$%&$
9*80% #####8
&-9<38';4 5##<3 2 8$$43 ' () (" - ".W0.) 7 65$%& *=4&##<''" &## $%&
"9 #%:' 9& '2390 '" +8".<%# $%&#'923-''" ##
<3.%##5= 8',-$ =2#
%:' 9&'2390 (Swearer 1995 : 139-140) 0%1' '" '"'" .-1## '"'" - 1##'- 65* $%&#&%2''"
&8 '$' 0 (2542 : 35-39) $%&.78&. 9%8' () *"%## +4!33%7%##'" #= 0%*=4&
<3''" % # . & :*##
#;&"% &<37* 0%"
.%&20#2*% / 0%"% "%& . 8 ''" +'
=0%%%*&8 '" & $%&
432. 65$%&#% 0 ('$' 0 2542 : 137) '2' 2 $%&#.''-& 250 7
432.7 "%.&' ()$%&# $*
#2''" 9 -- '-6 '..
2519 %< & % '7 / / m ;-$4 5$%&## 4%<2. 857 0%
'"'" .-$%&%<$&&* $%&%''-=' .7.7
*.& . $%&%#$& :$%&#"4%<2.
$%&2 * 432. (8%''-2 '" ) 4 '" 0%- Bruce Evans $%&<*+mk '.. 2539 $%&
<''-47+$+m ' T "9 857 2 2&
5 0%*Q+m 4&;&<+m2& %&U 0%%7 &8& &.7+ 5* 432.1##'-k 2539 .k 2540 :#"'.7 '-+$ '&7.2<
<+m7%'8& 7= . 2.82'" ''-'*< &%& < &%* 432.
1###" '. + ;.''-67< 30 7
432.7 7 #"%<2. 0%=4&' -$%&
'.$"%&'8& %$%&%.9-$&
.2.82'" 7 %%<7<&;5<38 2'" 8&C#.5%;C#. 0%7NOP8&C#.
''" &.%$&4. 857*C9-< #2'"
5%;C#.*.$ %<2.&- &%"83u;$%& .2.82'" *9- .<< #%<2.82'" 432.*
$'%<2.% 65;*88.2.82'"
*9-.##7.&< #%<2.8. &&4"9#.
8&C#. 432. '%<2. &% <: *02- 857 #49- (' () 2544 : 6)
'7<& &<3# C#..82'" 5$%&7
* 432..''- * $"%&' 65$%&
=8&$&.&8 432. 1'*.2.82'" 7
$%&#.''-&< 8 7 ('.. 2544)
.& &2'" $%& %<2.;4.&% . ''" 5$%&%<%#7 *4 / $ ;5
&8&4"% 8''" "%'& 658&.%7
1. ###0& :$%& "%<%& / ' .& &* % / #7.&'" 2 654".&
2%8 '" 804"8 &8.- 8 432..& &
'" 24.*#7.& &'$'" 2
" /
2. ##8%%'& :$%&
0' 770* 4.
589,-$ .&2&54& $:. 432.
&$$%&4 4.589,- .:;$%& * $%&#%%
' "% 5$"'" 2 / $ (21'
"5 )
3. '97 0&8 '#
%&..."{ "{ 8 07 '+"9#2 7 5#33. + #
%& C#. 432..%<2.%82'" 0%$
%<. / .'" 7"%%&;5 (=4& %) *{
4"%8''" 2% : %7 ..$ 89 0$%&% . % 4* . 432.$%&%.<%#7
#497 8 " %&20* 5% '<8&
$4{ ;5 7 '99%
'"'" .- 1## 8' () 9&#
0 '* "&%<%# % .+
##9##8 0 432.
7 :$%& ' ()23-''" $%&'
%<2.82'" &%& #$.
" 0%08%:' 9& '2390 *.8
""9 8. 20 432.4 """988
$4. 21 #"".&2%.$: "
0<$%:27 2'" :$ $*
< %"992% <$ 2'" ;5 *4
%&#+9-< #2'" 2&*4%<2. &"8 ;
&-2"2$%&% 65#*<3 ';& 2'"
$8&C#.$*< %& 2'"
''" <$408''" & < &$
'%02-'5$%&''" * 2.$%&
*$$%& $2'" '&5%42'" % 5857*4
%<2. %23-7$%&''$&
2. 7 5$%& ' () *'+"=4&*
23-''" ;8$ ##%"%!"# 7
&$ ##%2'" < #0 <$%&%7
3.1.1 &' *.#+/0+1'+/0 2#+&-
!"#7 ;$%& ' ()*'23-##''"
<3"% 7##='''" 589,- .%
#. <''" 77'*'+"
''" ; -9!3 . / .%<%8 54#'78''" ; 5: $%&2&%
''" *88&2.0 .%9-4& ##
+'%<48"- ;5&$8 '$ 7 ;#'" *;#"%.
%& (Phra Debvedi 1990 : 59)
##8' ()20'" '" 2&
&!3 .%'2.7 *#4&4&&*
7 #278 T!3 +8',-
!"#U $%&#.''- T.--U 1##'" #$
k '.. 2509 # T8;#'" U .- - 1## 4 2512 .$%&# $# T##8',-
$!"#U T'" #$!"#U %0%
% 2512 #877;$%& *"%8
& (Olson 1989 : 188 - 190; 1990 : 257;1995 : 8 - 9) '< &*4&
&8 42$ *"%.&<327 & :;5<3
".-2&'" #$<' 5 &#<3##8',-.857 ##
".-2&'" #850%%%*' %#49- "8<3 (2527 : iii)
$&
',-; =9'" #.-$%&
# #%.- ;".-2&02-
$%&##;4"% 42!332 $%& ' 2"
###8',- &<38',-.
8' ()7 #* <3 5 &<3 ';#
,- *;#''" &.7857' &*;#. % ('2" 2530 : 213)
9,- &7 ''" &.7857*
. %##./ 7 72' 2.
.%5#" 0% &2"
=02-./ 8;#0%;5 4&5%. '"98 4%&
*###& %0*7 % 0'&##49- &;
"9#../ 8./ $%&#Q#3& &0%.:;58%"%
8&##;8;#,- 5* <3 58&
''" <3 7 %<4.78;#,-
%;58''" %& #4&;#,-5*##
' () &<3 7 : ',-;#
''" %.##<3.&-$*
* .7.$.* &:.7.""08*.&
##<38',-;#''" : %&5 %$%&
*4-85 0%'*=4&2. / "8 $*
20 %*4-82"2%&. / ('2" 2527 : 27) $*4-58 *;'=
*.&
' () 5$%&< & 7'4%#827 & :
;5+'8',-;#8''" .$ 8 5 85&;5<3858',- $*#< ,-
$ (2522) ;#,-#$ (2527) 589,- :
!3 (2529) 589,- (2531) %4 ##
859,-&*': ##8 ,-.$
65;*.85,-% 4. &527 2 QR 72QR. 2274 *.8< &
##7 2 %& ##;#58',-"&+"9
% =.< &''" ##*25< #
=4&%&0 ('2" 2529 : 99) !"# ##589,- 4## :$%&3& &$ 78#8 3& &%&2 %57%#33. 330 33 .%#;#5/ .
3.1.2 &' *.# 2#+&-
!"# ..<#<$%&./ < &$
;2..##..857 '&/ #$:8%4&8&
8.7 ' &$$%&8&
%857 .% ..<!3 &%
857#$ #*+<3 5' () &<3 65
$%& *',-$'4%!"# ''27 & :+4 8 $<;*##' 89% :$%&
-+'!3 $;5 '% :$%&=8 $*&!3 $ 4& %4+'8$ *.&
20<'0 85%2% &
$% *'+". =%
.'9 '< #..8'$.():. .:
'%2.8&#% '".-< # &
8&#;9-8" (+' 3 2532 : 6) 659%7%&
# 88''" 9 (5.- #". 2532 : 19)
$:. %8:..$%823-''"
. #''" .. 0%$20#-4&
..$23- & &<3 / 2'" +8"
!33+8" ;58# / 9'-9-
$=4'#.'9 %8' () 5*'5'8"
89%" :#$%& ##%&7 :$%& #<
''" ;8&#%857 2 "2 .-'" .+' ' <& 0 .*.&
20 '" 8�" 87 $'.& & : ''" 7 *.8 %7%8$7 . : "!"# &3& &%&.- 00.:< &!"# .&=23 &#!3 ./ $ $ +4!33%&$8$%& 20'" 8 5* &#"2.!"#7%& 7& ##7
;$%& *<''" 8&4" %& '".0- .28C'+"*%<3 % :$%&
$$%&$43 2 5 %:' 9
&'2390 ;$%& *' (a modern monk) . '" +8"
:;$%& *' ( Jackson 1990 ) k '.. 2475 !"#7 ' ();$%& *' ; # ''" $%&*.- #" (Olson 1995 : 14)
3.1.3 &'('110-+
##.<''" ; #*+<3< # ',- .&5 #<''" .1#%& 65 '$.()*+-<3"% +-;; ) ") / *2 #. ' () #$%& *',-#54"%##
5+#.##589,-$ #$%&3 9 0 89*9 # '" 8:<3 +- '$.() ;; C")./ .<%# 5$% (& )*+',- ('- 9 2532 : 3) 0%=$%&#
* T'27< 5U '" % !33.8
'$.()$%&#;1-"% .# "%# 7'$.()
;; ) ") ##+-" 8''" 0,- (Jackson 1993 : 94) ';;-=4&'" . 10
''" 0,- *';;-2"%..- ''" QR; .<;; '() ;;'"...()7 78"#. ;;'+ () &.*=8
#77 5+#$.7.27.&;5274"% :$%&.<8
#7 % &.;8'"-'+ .;+
8'"" - (' '- "9W99W09 2509 : 99 - 123)
' - T'" U 8' () ;$%& *=&&27
<<38''" +-'$.() ;; )
")+- / 100 0% <*##2%#+-
" '.2&+ 8& '" 59*;;
=4&' - ' ():9*';;-&
%'- 9 (2532 : 13) $%&;5' -'" 7$&
'" 7 =;*;; ;;
: 5 .7=; *'27< 5 #$8& %*
'# 65%4'$.()#& +-;;
#& $..$ / 7 8# $2 9'4 $*.'# 8& 8 7$%& .&""0 % .& .&4 4&7 '4%$ #& 8&47 %&;58 ; : -4& ;2&+ %
".$%&& 7*;87 5...
9*';;-87 *9%*#
$ % +$ (." '-2". " 2538 : 102) 23-%&
''" .- 5 $%&5###' ()
* $*5<8 %''-
=8' ()<3 '" ; '" * T'27<U 65$%&;59%8' ()..$' 23-4/ $&
=.&; [' ()] *=4&<<''"
;#" $& %$&* "7 .76.
.'$.();.: =% 4#"%7 ... ' '" 2#. .&"9''" ;C '$.().$. $ =4&5 ''"
<..88& -9-.##% ;&
$$.#.8 :.78& 7$28&'$.() ... .&"97'6..'$.()"% =%$2&
2 $2&6 # $<''" $###
'9##=8' ()7 % .%
$%&==''" =:'# *';;-
& :"92"%9-8''" ;7*
%('2" 2527 8 : 91-92) $%&;52%$&
'$7*##; QR;7#:=4&. 0%1'
*QR .< ; .. .%% * QR *8 :& .< ..%7 $2 3
$2 .+'% <.7 $;4.&% .&8
;*7 .'% ."< &% ' 02-"8' 42 .7 *<3 #"!"# ;&$;
.7& $;.8!"# .8!"#7 %4
#.. *$:2 ;&*.; :.'%
. &'% ." &<'02-"8$ ;&.72&:
&$8!3 !"#7$%&
3.1.4 &'+2+0+'5#
##%2% 5"!"# ' ()0%%%*
: ##&-.+''"2. 77 :
&: (Cold War) *%+.5%8"%9-..
8 < 7"%$'"%8. 20 .. 20 :
$%&7% &. 21 $& $*+ !3 &
!3 ''7+ %&272. = !3 2.%&
7!3 %'.-00 (' () 2544 : 1- 6) : '!3 ./ "-#4!"#7 $
;<'"-$4. &"-$%& 339 .%857 9 ""9 . 7 *..&%&
& :< &"-.& <$4+
. 7 &$%& %7 <*.& &
.+'& &%857 &-.+' $2'''
%<'8% %" &$8!3 8%&7 . .&5$;5& .&.<$4.+'& .8"-%&
(' () 2538 : 27 - 28) 5&"%<3&-.+'$&
7 %7.& <7$%&<: : .8&;5# +'"8+ ;.+' 07 &<: .&QQ'. &;#."8+
"8* %& "%'&QR '#<"8 QR<#%C &%#7 +7
<:$%&:.&QQ'#" 65:+85
&.+'&8' () 5.&=#
&5;4.& 0%1'<''" *&$8
!3 8%&+.8#"
7 *'9%'#%&8' ()$%&<
0" 65*9<3"!"# 65& & :;5*%
2'" =4&"%<"%8''" .!3 <380
!"# 890$&$8!3 2% 5*.8 +4!33''" ;0%&
3.1.5
! " $ % & '() '! !&)!!*+,)-.*
% +,/ " '()& 01233&)!!*+,4/
" , /&)' 56', 78, 78, 4. !8!&)!!* %%7 '(1 ).!'(1-- T'(1() ' .*
/ '&, '(19&)9 !!*(),() , &)/%9:&)&234!2-U (:.
2539 : 8) & %4'(1-- 4; .:. 2538
!9& /
56 7 +,-.*4- ( % ' () -.*48 ,+,:.< =4/:!*&)==)' 94 =+2,, ) ,4 () ,/&), ! &)/+,-.*,% &)4 ()) 9!1 44 =2 +% %%% 4/ '()+,! !! !!*&)
0101233 ,!8 ,+,! " % & / ',1 %+,! 4 - ).! & !233
&)+,-.* , &)4 ).!* -.*
1 +4 ,&)+,-.* ,/&), (56 2537 : 86) 9!1 8 ,,:2
'2) 8, ,9,!* &)0101233 ! !!84!+,,,4/'8 ,8,4 (/3 ,
&)&)!!*9! 4 " 4+ &)- ,9=/*& /&)
! (!))8)'! ,+,4 !- % ! ) &),-&) =>, ! ,) ,4) &)4!, :) !,!!!*!9! 4 )+,=)42- 8, 4?@1 !1!
!,3&+ '&
:!* ==) ,-! 94!,3&, , 7 & ,) % !,),01)+,!
4+ 4& +,!=08,,& ! '8 ,,9
!! 94 & &.&)',1
!!,1 &) )!! +%&))' +% =+8%<+,:!*&),-! '
& 4?@1&)!1! (2540 : 160) )
+, :. 4141- 94+,!&') " /,(/323&)', ,&, ),' /,)0),! )8 ,), ,% 4 -% !0/-.*!!GG, ,,+, %794+,
%)' , !1&) /,&23&) 7)' ) ,&)))
!4)%,!+,4?@1 !1! +%8 ,:
43 , =!4+,()&)!!*+% G 78, ! 4:!*&):!* ,').+,4?@1 /, -() 233 /, &!!8! !, &)),
&)4+,==) 4?@!!* &)4& ,-! !1!
(56 2540 : 162 - 163) )
,==)=:!*, % 7!4+, ()&)!!*+% 94-!1 8, :!*
!& 4?@1 &)==)!&
G 8 ,!+& +,,-! 79!1 3++,&)()!!* ,%
-&) ,:.<, ,:*
, ,!& 4?@1!1! &) ,& , ) &)4?@1, 78, , ,7>=/*+,, +,, 8,,7>=/*>
% & ,,4,,4! =) &)/ G 9+,+,1
!4! &),,4).+,!!*, 8, !!*,4?@14! " ,1 !, ,%&) , ) 4 '(1 ,'(18,(1,8 !1
& '(19&)'(14=) 8, ,4 9
=)!1 8 !& '(19 7 '(1 ! 4! !!*=), &
! " ) % 56 9!, T-U 8, T-:!*U '&4!!*
4 8 ,'8%,HIJ&-+% 8,'- :!*&),-! 9),9=),1 42-% %%
7 ( +,-./% )+, ,%!% %
:!*, &'& 1&),97 & &&)!
-)', , 8, /0,&)>- % 4+ &-% ,'& ,1&),9 -2 " &) '& -.*, ,)-,, 56 (2540 : 125 - 127) )
-:! ). !93 8, )'& ,1 8, ,1,*,+,! " ,+-2+,! %) u +)'
& ,9 -:!!, -.*, &)9 4' -.* ,9, ,u (%) -:! ()'& 4?@1&)!1! , u 9',- , ', :!*&),-! :!* , ,
& :!*!4?@1 !& -() &) ,-!/ 4!1! 7 & 8 , :!* 1 8, -% 8,'48,'&)+, -, u
<&- QR4&4&87 5*<
' <$48"2. $'.
8$7 .*!<3<$48 / %& 65' ()2* $$%&+4
!337$&* .;47 %7 7NOP $ ''" 5*<3<$4&!3 '$#$
3.2 +7'-8'
' () +4 82.5=4'#''" 0%.%
% 5 & ##"8&8&#
''" 77 $%& 2.87 *2. ''"
''" 2.8 ' & :2% 5<!*##
'.8 !%&2.+4 5
< ! %& 65$%&=.
%<8
3.2.1 9 :')2'*5; 8<= '2'
#2.+4 5 &8' ()7 =4&$%&
##& ( +9 2540 : 29-38) 658<'.%:
;*!=#.%8%7 ' () (" -
".W0.) 2% " - 4 % 12 2481 .%<+
.- %"'9#" #%2<3 %22" *45$ -
#2'&8 '&7 % 9 *2 5 3 4 * 6
*#".2:8.4 !"#2.4 7 =4& '.2.%:
#'2*98 7%&#'7"
. / "9'"9 (+ " 2538 : 9 - 10)
#%8 "9'<3 7 2."&#%.7.%: .7." 12 k
*%:%%'2."' (%0' ) "$%& 16 k &$4%#3#'.
$%&#'2*9" 18 k 7$%&"#*'+" $%&5 ##3 4 0 $%&8$.&2.##
"92" 0%#2' '7# 2 87<%65=.%&
8%:$%& .%:#7=&8 #.-#&
< 7=& =&$ 2&# 8.% :#=&
; $;5(%00 5*.& (' () 2539 : 42 - 57)
#%85*=4&%% -&$ 8% 2.%:
8' ():&2%## $%&656#9<38#
*'78"* %$%&$& %:%(+9- 3%2 2532 : 147 - 148)
.*%: 4 / &2%#' ''.&$<
7# 0*% # / $# <$%&
*%: 0'7*%" 4 / #"
%8 *. $ &2;86.
&82#&2 2'#678&8 ;&0$#;#67%&
2#& &8&8 0%$.&'4%;5 '82; 6.
$0 u4%!3 $ 0'< &#
2 4#&.%: / 02< 0%4 &'& & # ." #=. / &N! & 0*
'4% ."= ;27%2$%&2% 2#&
:. &2$.% & '
&2
&2%#%: 5=.&"8 ' () &9<3 / 2 *% : 8 % 4&
# 89%:6.- 4&% ." = %
$#=4&*.& (+ " 2538 : 21) 9 7C2%=
8*#82" 6..'$.() 6..+-
&./ (+ " 2538 : 14) 6..
./ #.''" 2 0%.'9 '< #..8'$.()%#'7 "
#$%&":'5' '9%'5% '
*.% $*9.0 9''m.=%' / *.&
%: ' ()"8+'$8: :#$8&$%&R*< 2 R
*0% &"#2.$%*.& 0#&
$%&#& $%&*0<.8. < &.&8&
0'#4*<%&0+$8&:# / %#"#= 9." (2538 :84 - 85)
&88$&
7'<3$%&#'2*9& :%*$&.# .&8&#
=.% *0% =% :$%&# 8%& . :
*0'& $% '- &2&'8 % .:.&8&#
=.%%& 4# #8&$;5%4'" 4 .%- %."# / *' / .&8&#=.% 0%1' 4 .%-;5 2 7 2*-4 "92 %
&$. .&:#%4 & "%$ &
7 #8 8&78%
:#" %;5#8$$%& "9 '2.&;
0'##.$'4 #k'" 2 2526 . %
# .#$. <$&'# 'k'" 2 2534 $8&. ## .&(%.
78& 17' -827 5*<:%& T 4U (#) #.0%N!=4& & .k'" 2 2536 28&':R%&# '- &'4% '173.0
$.7 <$%& 2&% :8.#8&6;
u 7 =%.8#$$%& 65
* '.. 2537 '-$%& &2& 8&QO($2%N!) 65 7"9 # &*
:#R%#' ().%7 =#.+%&.
8 .=4&&2%4&.7.%. / :- $=#% / %857
* *0 &%54&9 5 % (+ " 2538 : 28 - 29)
.4&5#..7.%: 0+$8&:#%'&.
*' .$ *.4 .%: / <$%& #7#+4 R .:<$%& .;:$%&27k5 . :#R#*0 * ." &*8. $%& $%&<.:
R:2 & : :$ *$.&$
#7# &$%&##9-## 2 $%&4&#=.% $%&
=.%-;5 2 7 48&6&#$$%& :$%&# u :#R
$$%&*". u .2#5 R:0$%&&
%857#. 2 medical encyclopaedia (%%4 R*$ :&%4 .< :$%&4&:#R8.
#""&&2% :#%2% :#$8&$%&R$$%&
=## &%!3 ".;2.8 %
"9 3 .-$%&$& (... : 104)
#"8 5&$%& 7&
C## &8.% $. ' %4$
&7&.% &.;' 8 5 N!&5$ 7&4$%&$
.8& :#R 7=23 #<3.
&-%&'" #'- 27 (Martin Seeger *= & &+9-, +9 *=4&+9-, &<25$ " 26 2545) = 7 2 $8& $8& "8- 5'.-$ '-'" "'-#!3
"0+.- : ##8'-# $8& #0' "
''" *.& 65.$%&.''- '-$ : "
0+.-
7& 2. 4& : 4&%:8
< &*%:.QR4&.. / ##9
% 5 *%:#& 4&%&;. &'=4& 3 5< &' =4& 3.. .#<; # &4&
5"8"#4&./ *=4&.<58 QR54& &$./ .%: 7 :*$9
*4&%& %#"#= 9." (2538 : 90) &8$%&8$&