• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

ทรรศนะของพระธรรมปิฎก (ประยุทธ์ ปยุตฺโต) ต่อวิถีการดำเนินชีวิตในยุคปัจจุบัน

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan "ทรรศนะของพระธรรมปิฎก (ประยุทธ์ ปยุตฺโต) ต่อวิถีการดำเนินชีวิตในยุคปัจจุบัน"

Copied!
203
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

( !" ) $%&'( )*+,

THE VIEWPOINTS OF PHRA DHAMMAPITAKA (PRAYUDH PAYUTTO) ON THE WAY OF LIFE

IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD

AB C

D E&F,&,

GHI 2545

(2)

!"#$%%!

$& '(& %()(*$&* (+, ' - ./ &,$+ $0*) $ $%,1$%,23 ' + .$+ 5 +0 - ,-*(6

*$$& "# $+,$ * 7 $$& '(& % 8* ($- $%7 )&99:;<&"# !!(*+ .$ 8 9%

!!(** "#$*6 $$&$%7"# 83*

'(& % Dr.Martin Seeger & University of Leeds ,$+O3 $%97 83* 7! $%,1,') & %& !!(*

"#)&+ 8# , 3P "# )+23$%, $%&

7$ "#)&+ !7 $%7 )&9"#

!!(*()(*((*8* (,$- ,R') &

T*+ $2 8( ,P $%,177"#

7./+23 #(6$(($-+ !!(*

7-!(#,,UV6 ( + R,WR'T) $%*9:;<!#

! &X ,') & %& &+23!"#

!!(*$&- $+,$ .)( (8* (

$ $$%*7$7+23

*(2 "# !,19%#)(*

(*!# $%, $- 5,$# '(& %!#)&() (*((*8* (,$- ,R') $+,$ Y+23$%,1

& & )$% )&

-8*

2548

(3)

# : # #1 " #&+#&

2"3 : .. 2548

#9:#&;3 ( ) !"#$%#&'"( )

*+ "$ # &;39:#!9)#)$<1"3" !"#$%#&'"

( )*+ =9:#!9,1+)#)$"3" 10 (

,1# + # #0#&!#"1 #19>9= <)$<1 # +#(#&" -<1?@?& 1$

#%#A ('(#B#'"<10)

0 "3" !"#$%#&'"(*+= &C # !"#$%#&

'"+))1(*+ - .# ( )1#."3A$0#0.##/( D (++))1<1 0) #A &) #E# (/&$" C (&$.#,, &F1< )#

< - ( ="=&#(*+: A A$&,'G#+*G#&;3##<0 1#.&F&;3 )0 & #= #< &,'G+*G#<"3&F;=H#*G#

=$ ); #H#)#)$;+"3,$1#$(I#EH)>93)+%##

: (*+ 3 # ); #&;3: < ###'# $ "H#&F

&#,-0##!)+)<1''#A$ #&;3: <++<+ < <1#

$ # '": # ")#0A$C &;3"!&0+%#& #9%#&0 +<++ "0#0%#)G - +;=H#"3 # 0031&';3 #

<1 $ #&F&* &;=<1 >930#0))#,011; <1 0#$1 .#< '"+))1=($#K ( <10*GG# (/&$" C

&';3 '"&#+'#<$1<10) # 3 ; <)$<1 #9"

1 #9:#&;3#B#'"<10)( )*+

)%#0%#)G : .. #0# !"#$%#&'" )*+

(4)

Research Title : The Viewpoints of Phra Dhammapitaka (Prayudh Payutto) On the Way of Life in Contemporary World

Name of Researcher : Mr.Dhanapon Somwang

Name of Instruction : Sripatum University, Bangkhen Campus Year of Publication : B.E.2548

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research is to study the viewpoints of Phra Dhammapitaka (Prayudh Payutto) on the way of life in contemporary world as well as the impact his thoughts on the modern world.

The result of this research shows that Theravada Buddhism has deeply influenced on Ven.Phra Dhammapitakats thoughts and the way of life.

Phra Dhammapitaka pointed out that the way of life in the present day is in the age of globalization, which has set the stage for a new environment that will empower individual and social as never before. At the same time, it becomes the global paradox or an apparent contradiction. Now the human confronts of many problems which do not come from the globalization alone but critical problem which is a basis of all other human problems is xthe problem of wrong basis of thoughtsy or xthe wrong paradigmy.

He indicated that now culture is based on the belief that human is superior to nature, can overcome and control nature. Therefore, human can control, manage and consume nature. This wrong belief leads to the crisis of human and society in today. The world, now is global and borderless but humants mind is not. He has presented his views with a Buddhist paradigm. Its essence is based on to see the truth that all things are related as cause and effect (dependent origination). In his opinion, the Buddhist paradigm will create a balance between body, mind, society and nature. It will lead to integration to make the sustainable and stable solution for man, society, and nature. His viewpoints influenced on education for individual and social development in the present.

Keywords : The Viewpoints, P.A.Payutto, Buddhism, Way of Life, Contemporary World

(5)

1 ...1

...1

!"...2

!"...3

!"...3

%& !"...4

(")*+ %,!-%...4

2 /*+*+"...5

1234*+")* ...5

1234 %...10

" %&) )...26

... 28

3 *" 8* !"...30

...30

"#$%&&'()*&'("+,...42

"#$%&"+,...45

%**0(...46

,&(23...49

,&(56)&"786,)"786,,..50

&&)59$9%2%:+%& ...53

;009$"7&,236 :<=),9$&...54

;009$"7&&)5...67

(6)

%)29+%& ...70

%#?:"*...72

"#$%&)6@%&93...73

%2%0 4...75

%,9)#"2;00...76

%,9),6,"...77

%"#$%"%&%%...78

...79

4 1 .:...81

2;8<=, *% )* &" !!...81

2;8<=,4"...82

2;8<=,8) %...85

2;8<=%. ...101

8 ;1 %;8<=*+*,("&, ...121

%!%234;8...121

%;;82;>+ (Engaged Buddhism)...123

8 ;,4- ;;82& !!...125

&4;8 "&. 8 N...128

...130

5 O "1 ...131

1 !"...131

O "1...135

...136

(7)

/...138

O 1... 151

O 1 . ;8<= ("8 "P()... 152

O 1 . /;8<= ("8 "P()...158

O 1 . /*+*+".;8<= ("8 "P()...182

",1:. !"...196

(8)

1 ...4 2 !" #$%&'(...78 3 $ !" ,-' & ,...79

4 / $( -&($0 1 ,

$ ...93 5 ,/ $( //-$3 $0...98 6 (5,!6 /...100

(9)

1.1

!

"#$! % &' ! ""() *# +,(

2500 '0& && &1+

$'2*!3**# +, 43& 5 5'

$& ,%&#6 ( 0&7!8 539%

8 05 7!!886&805 #6 6' :!';!**# +, "& *<=>?=

**# +,58 $'!' **# +, *# + +7!8 (!' #'!,% 7 @ 75 #A77# (C!88 =>D=#& 2541 : 4) @

&"7730#A77# &<! "

& 5A8+!&*# ++' +!&

*# +-+'&" '&&*# ++ 7!*'

'&#& **# +, !' "75

" *+JK (# +% #L$) *C!M#9% !'&

4!'(*# +A77# '&!*M%!76% #' "

,& , *C!M#9% (modern monk) !,%

**# +, 3(<$*# ++&*# +!+#%((!&

$&'#6& $'!'&

A8! #$&C!% <7':7*6 7 *-(!86$&*# + C!# (Olson 1995 : 14 Y 15) $' *C!M#

9% !(0 $&& **# +,& "

0&'& "C& , ""!(*

(10)

7 ,&5 **# +,#%!( ' " !+, M&!+5 &

!(' 7 *!( (a scholar monk) !

& 3 (Jackson 1990 : 138) 0& 7 '*!76

!(&*<!($' (( (8< 2535 : 57) 6' &3C**C!M#K!7! +!&

5 **# +, !,7*6&*M5+!

M*-JK& (C * !!87 2532 : 6) 0& 7

!(&# '7:' 07&!(

', M0& &5#%(, M&!7$'75 ', M3 !' *1 !'& , $&

7!7

0!77 : (modernity) $&A77#""

!'&&*# ++73 & $&#' , M3 !'& ,*+JK (# +% #L$) 4

!'(*# + $&& "" 77+!3 A77 ! 0&!'& ,*9% & 7 (533 **# +,$&' 7 #6 '*'' '#" 0!77 '&<, M!73 !'&

,*+JK $&

1.2 !" # $%&

, M!7"" 3#%*<, M3 !'& ,*+JK $& "+!&5 **# +,$&

$'':'"

(1.)*<, M!

(context)

&1+ !'&

%0&*+JK

(11)

(2.)*<, M&M6+!&&*# ++*+JK

$&

(3.)*<, M*1 !'*+JK (4.)*<, M ,*+JK $&

(5.)*<, M3 0& !'&& ,*+JK

$&

1.3 # $%&

(1.) A77 ! &1+ ! +!*&!'& , *+JK

(2.) *+JK+!&*# ++$&

(3.) *+JK*1 !'

(4.) *+JK ,$& " 1+ ,M4!7

&<

(5.) !'& ,*+JK0& #

1.4 # $%&

!7(!"" #, M!%A77 0&!'& ,*

+JK (# +% #L$) ;6 &#, M!%3

*1 !'&0& !'& , !3'5!(!

#A77# $', M&!% * "CM6%!( '

**# +,$'!'!7'"

(12)

# $)*# $%&

$ /,- $)/., # /0"#&*0 - C!& (!/, M $) - , - && - !+!' - , 1+

- && 1+ - +!/ - , ,M4!7 - && ,M4!7 *# ++ - , <

- && <

1# $)0"#&*0

C* 1 0& !' $&

1.5 "&3! )0 %4)5

(1.) 5 3 A77 &1+ 0&!'&%

0&!( **# +,

(2.) 5 3 !'& ,*+JK !3'5!(!

#A77#

(3.) 5 *1 !'*+JK

(4.) 5 3 &M6+!&&*# ++ '&&

$&

(5.) 5 3 0& !'*+JK $&

(6.) 35!' **# +,#%($&' (7.) $(%'**# +,&7!,%

(13)

: !"##

!"#$

%&'( ")'*"! $&+ ,,&$-'

!.!'!"/01! # ')' (2"

,34(&. &*67*) $,- '!' !,!"9

$2 0-0 -''1!,,& *"!'' ( (," 9!"!'*:$

!,,&9" 7 72;!7'*.*"+ <

" 2 *) *!''/ 1!"0 ' 0$"&*"+ (21! *" $' ( )90 0-0)0 )90-0,34 =0!0 ' ,34( !'" 3 <$/?" + ;!

1. )0 '2 *

2. )0''

3. )&*.$22 4. '&

2.1 & #'!()

,34,<&D.$,,& '!'!"1"

) "$,.),,& =0%&' " 300 " )

*"+ /" (!$//#-02 *1!"" ",2?.$

,,& / ),"))",.,,& #$

.)1!" 0)- 2 *1!" !&$/'

!"*# )1!"/ + " 0 '!'"!!"9 2"

(14)

,& =0 )9 ' ''&1!#,,&7D. ,&

,&*.:'' ,&,&.:'',.*

/*& ( 0 )9$2$/$$0*2 * 1!" 7&"0/.-02 *1!" $"&*" + G< (!/;! &&"/ 1$2 *- 2 * 1!"7* &"1$-0''1!,,&

)"2 *1!"! < ( "

$H .. 1989 (2532) Grant A. Olson !&4 ,.;! VA Person-Centered Ethnography of Thai Buddhism : The Life of Phra Rajavaramuni (Prayudh Payutto)l

*"! Cornell University =0 02 *1!"!"! 0=0( & $

<!n 2( ()9 $2 0 " V A Person-Centered Ethnographyl

=0 & *!1$,,&'' (Thai Buddhism) 7)"

00 -0! 2 *1!,2& (&. &*67*) $

%2 -9/$&" ;! D. )9!

/.G<G.,2& (&. &*67*) 7* <G.

'&!; + 1!! 2" '&$!' ,;! 9 - !. &"2 9. $2 ,D.!; + =0)0,'" 2 *1!,2&

!$//#-0/7!01!&'&* ''0 '/01!GD. **"/",,&*/

,,&''2' //1!,,&'' '*! ,;!)2?/'$/"$- *" + ""

1'$/"+ ,,& 2" *!7 * 0-0*

1!"0-;! " 2"$1$ 10(

"$ ( #o0 ',34$G (

2" *" G)' ' *1!" ,;! *

&G" /.-02 *1!"7* )/" (;!

(15)

(2532) 0-0&GG '''$ *"!

,34 =0 '* ,,.$/;! V,, : o'*$'1!2l

=0&"$//#" !G.,34$, 2 )1 2!" =0)91 /#" !"

,2!" ",o'* /# " " o !'&G!;+ !", ',! 1 1!"0) !!!

'G.1!o'* /*& ( ,340,o'*$'1!

2

$H ,.. 2537 *< &q'&* ' ' ,34' 0,;!*<,. ,;!229 *&**;!$7! 97- 0,;!*<,",34 (&. &*67*) 7;(!/"-0"

*" + ? 4 " ;! " 1 '0,;!*<, " 2 1(*!

!2;!,34 (&. &*67*) $)91!

*"!G/"2*"97 =0 )" '0 ,;!*<, " 3 "/*&) !,3411"1,;!'0,;!

*<, =0$#? + ;! 9- )0 "!$/

*<,$$&. )'*o'*"* " 4 "

";(!/$!97 =0!'*1!,34 ! ) 1!'0,;!*<,

$H (2" <-'2<o 0 ' *)1!"$2;! V.!.&*67*l ( '&$2 2*"+ *"!"$"&*" + ! 2" 2" 1!& !.

<, ?* =0"$/?"1 -0 *&G- 1!"

"$H2538 !< & ' 2 *,34 (&. &*67*)

=0 ' 1 )91 $2 '1!9<G.

! /;!*" + !!'7/*2" +

(16)

,;!$/21$$,*)"2 *1!,34 2( (00 -02 *1!,34*(*"-,;( 9 ' 2 *#"!

'2 0

$H ( & ,.2&* & ' ' 2 * ) *!<G.'& 2;! *"!,34$2;! V ',34 (&. &*67*)l =0$G ';! V.!.&*67*l 7<-'2<o 2( (0 '&!; *"!"?

2" 2" 1! < , &G. ., ,. G *

"$H 2539 G/"2* 0 ,,. V2 *)9&G&l =0' ' ' 2 *)1!"()9&G&"!; + ;! *.

,. *..!. G -

! ( $ ,34 !&' 60 H $ 12 2542 //&sG2 !$"*"+ ,;!229 *&G 1!" ,,./;! V2 *),34(.!.&*67*) . 1!2l =0) '1!2 *"!,34

!'' "$ 2" ,34(.!.&*67*) : ,$!&*1!GD.

7, *( 27) 1 -0,34$ &

'0,34 7$'' *"!/

/&sG2 o ",'-;! "0,$!&*1!G D. ( (," &GG1!** 7 '- ;! 1) 37 o'** '$ 2) & /" ", ,n**"

3) < 7 ""!'-;! $)9" 4) ** :$,9 1$

**;! 5) 17 !$ 't%=-,.G.

6) < ? - ** -!';! &"='=!$/ 1$

7) 7 o 72 " $ /

(17)

,34(.!.&*67*) : ,"(Eminent Monk) / /"&%&' 7 , *7 (2 &*7*) )91 ,!! 4 < ;! ,;

(Common Monks) ;! ,<&D. , (Popular Monks) ;! , 2;! $

%&' , (Good Monks) , "$,!"'9G. ,"

(Eminent Monk) ,2(! !9"(',,

$H ,.. 2542(1999) Bruce Evans 1 -0&G91!,34 *"!

,,&$2;!;! VContributions of Venerable Prayudh to Buddhism and Societyl '* ,,.$/;! Socially Engaged Buddhism for the New Millennium

!/;! ',;! *$ 60 H1!,34 =01/#"

,34)9 ) &G"!" ''!"?/

7:,!"$ $2*'n*G. ,34,2?.

*!!2?.,,&* * 7" ) ", *"

!1!9$/"+ "( *"&*.$2*%??';!*"+ $%&' ( !1!,340 (G ;! / $G1!!.

9,,&* * ;! /$G1!&*.$2

*%??'!.9 ";! !19"<$* ,;! *"*!,G 91!*! $29(,;!*!'2 *;' ( 770 ? ,34 !" 7:,!"$

0 ( (,"/#" %?/$0 !G&!"$2 *1!

&.

$H ,.. 2543 )9! 02 *1!" 1 $!"

$2;!;! V!",;!!<, ; : !*2 *)1!,34 (&. &*67*)l ,;!0-0- !"01!91!" =0)0 ,'" " '!,'&$!''&$,,&$;!1!!"

) !"!/;! #;!<!n /;!<

*1!*. *!/;! !&/"!"0 1!"0 !,!"*"!.)1!"$*" +

(18)

$H ,.. 2543 . ' *1!,34$2;!;!

V& "&G!.,34(&. &*67*)l ,;!,,./;!$

2&2;! V0,;!*<, : - 2,& $

%&'l 72 * 0 ),.1!" =0 <9/

,. !-0, ,!"G *!"1!"

/# " )$" 0 '2 *1!"( ,;!

229 *1!"? /# 22" " '0,;!

*<, =02" )9$/$$0*1!""!1

!" #* )/" (# !$//#-0 2'&!; *"!"

$"&*"+

2.2 & **!+

,34,2?.,,& ) !'$

2$;!'&112 ""0 *<, *. ;!

*.* o" " '-??&4 'Gq*$1*"+

/1 ( $%&'0 )9$0''1!"!"1($

*" )$G ( ;!

$H ,.. 2527 ,. 02,&1!"

$/;!2;! V,2& } 2,&l 7!2,&1!"

$#*" + ( ;!0 )91 ,'" 0

!1!,2& (&"* , *34? 0/.

!"''/ "!0-o'* ($''&

2*

*"!$H ,.. 2530 (1993) Peter A. Jackson 2 01!

//"2*!!* =0 ) '01!,&<1&

0'' $!'* ,,& *"! $2;!;!

VRe-Interpreting the Traiphuum Phra Ruang : Political Functions of Buddhist Symbolism in

(19)

Contemporary Thailand l =0 '* ,,.$/;!2;! VBuddhist Trends in Southeast Asial

$'" -0/ ;! !!)"!'* *<9 ," =0,.7,? /";! 2 =0G< "

!,*"! & ,. *<9,"( !/;!

G,& &&"/?!9" ''/

;!1!,/*. $&&71/#''$2!$/'!.

,/*.$#10(!2. ,!(!"$/'&&71 /# $;!,,2* *"! ;!!**

,"/1$ 10( 7:,!"*(*"2 3 4 /"

&*-7.* o!9"$ *<9," -9!'* $/"

$/!!'*.10( $&/"?$/"

</11!!** !,1! *<9," ;!

0110( ,$/

,&0 ' /;! *<9," # "2 ( ,& ,.2( 1!,34 &&

" 0"G -. / !'/

'' ;!!*,& *<9,"

!"/

*"! $H ,.. 2532 -' 0 &sG./

2;!G,&$ 10( /" 24-25 / 2532

<, ? !';! VG,,&$

%&'l ' &" ' 'G1!,, ',&<1&$;(!/

1!G ! )0,'" ,&<1&

,.G.'' ")9,' *,G ",, !! * ,G ,!'**!1!, *34 $1G #,

&*.!'$/1'-G.1!&"$/" $";(!/(!"

0$;!1!,'&/;!* ,0 ,;!

, " !**"$" ",&<1&$2

<?G.$! 2" $2< < $1G ,,

(20)

!<' /!'* *? 1!,, 0!

,!$1!)9 o'*'' *"1!",&<1& ")9 ,!$,%??!"!!'/" * G1!",&<1&

"!72./%??"

$H ,. G 1 '$/;!,,.$/

<G.$ *"! '* ,,."$2;! V ,.

G -0,, ,&<1&l 7 "1!* ')1!

,34" &G"2 ,!' "! V,&l 1!

,34" G!--" )9*";! ,, (G$

1G() #;!,!--." 7 *(1!*" $,& ( "o

*/;! **1!)9*"!9"$/;!,& ! ( ,34, 2 ", *"2 2?$n4 2"( /*"!9 'G.1!"!!

$H ,.. 2533 ,9&1 !G. !,.$'??7

*"!&sG./$;! V/.01!,, (&. &*67*) l7&"/.01!"7$2

!<G.,, ),'" ,, ,G;!0

*,,&7"($" 9''" ;!1!2 *(/

0$1!,, 0;! ';!1!2 * &&"/!9"

!<,

$H ,.. 2533 (1990) Grant A.Olson 1 ';! VFrom Buddhadasa Bhikkhu to Phra Debvedi : Two Monks of Wisdoml =0 '* ,,.$/;! VRadical Conservatism : Buddhism in the Contemporary Worldl '" ( 0-0, '",D.!!<*"+ $ '"!!!""2 ;! '"*

*1 ;! %?? ,&<1&,34-;!*

/", %?? (Wisdom) 7,34( ''!"?$

!*"! *(*" ,.. 2512 *(*",/&. &*67* =0

(21)

!';! V''1!GD. %&'l $2&2;!

V,,&' %&'l 7 '"( 0-9 ,G72?./+ "" &*?$2 ($//#-0&*.

,&$2' !" #* ;!!1!,34 2 " '"!" ,2 $/)9 !') 1!"'& !9"$2 $1G 2,& ! "&

'1!,34

$H ,.. 2535 2 21?; ;! V7/ l ,;!

07/1! $%&' 7;!01!,<&)9 2;! $ ),",& 4 9 ;! ,, (&. &*67*) ,,&

(%??<1&) ,,! 7G ,7. (,&<1&) ) ,'" $;(!/ 1!",& '9& =0;! ' /&, "1!,, &&"//./-9*!22

$1G 1!"%??',,! 7G t%"t%&=0 &"!$'2' "G"1!,<&( 9 (,'" G"

$1!",&( ;! ,. 2" *" < <* 1!

,, G";! ! '-1!/ -/ $ , *34< .!-- 4 (( (-2;!7 -01!!; + 1!"%??<1&( "$ ;! ";!,9<,9

!"? ;! ,9&!"2*/;!)9$/?"!9!/ "90"

;!*%??- o'* "1!,,! 7G(

"$;!1!9 $2<1!&" ,9 &

2" '"%??<1& )90 ' '" ,,!(/ /;!'9 - ;! *!29$/9.$ "! ;(!/ " "%??<1&

/;!9 ;! )99,;($/1$ ";! ",&/;!!.

/ ;! ! "1!27,./"/9*" + ,!

(2 (&*. $/%??". ,G*!*"! "

,, (/;! &"'/.9 $/ 1&,.

%??!''9G. =0!; + $2;!;!/9 """$&$

(22)

$H ,.. 2535 ,/*. q67 !,.'??7 ;!

V0 ' ';!Gq.*$*.1!. '$

,&*.*1!,, (&. &*67*)l ,;!02/.

' ' 'Gq.* $*.1!.' ,&*.*1!,, )& " (! /#

"**"$;!1!$2%??$" " $2%?? !.!'?$

*"*!"!;!( %??2"$/&.-1$**"

/" '2 " **"( . !/# " * ;! */ o'**/ *",, !.!' ? 1!* ;! &91!* Gq.*$1!.0 4 "!** 7 " 1! $1G ,, /#" $ '7 ( Gq.* "$2Gq./*", !" 0-0 Gq.!!' $'7&** Gq.*$,&*.

**"! *"„/9&1!,,&**" *.1!.

$H 2535 2" . V;!1!,, (&. &*67*)l ,;!'-0;!1!" 7/.0 1!9!<G."7* ),'" ;!1!

,, '!,7*,,& ,*1!

,;'!( ! $1G #!'$/"

+ 72. ;!1!"0 !&*!! *"

o,.$ $1!" %?/ $ <, "

V*" ",l ;! !'!**1 $/2*

?/$/ *"$?(#"!$/%?/*" + *!"

7:,!"%?/*$ "0 !$ 1%?/ 7 2 ($//#-0?1!(1! 7,'&*.! $2

"%?/$*!/$;!0/

(23)

$H ,.. 2535 2" ,/' 67() /.

22?;! V2?0$1!,34(&. &*67*)l 7 /.-02?0$1!,34 2?"' ;! !<2?

?G 2?2 *2? (2 ($//#,./"2?"'' 2?0$1!,34 *! &*.$2'01!

=0)0,'" 01!,34 0'*- ,, $/?*"!9 " $/ 0

;! ' ,& &*.$20$/0;! , 2 *-%?/2 * 01!,34 ,&

,;( 0-&*.$2 '&-G.

$H ,.. 2538 22? 2 !,.;! V,&;!' ,2 *$,34 (&. &*67*)l ,;!0-0!

;!2 *!'1!,& 7)"1!,34 ,./"/,& ;!',2 * *!!!

/',2 *-0?1!,,& *"!;! =0)9 $2 !<G.,347* ),'" $ 1!,34 ;!,2 **!*(!9"',;(1!/

,& ;!2 *-;!""1!(' '<$&.) *!!!' ( ;! 1!2*) 0;!

2 * &G<, ",(*! ,&G<,1!? 7

$2/ *1 ;! %??

$H ,.. 2538 . &Gq. 0;! V;! $$…†…%1!

,34 (&. &*67*)l $70;! V*9"H 2000 : ;!

$$…†…%1!!&7l ,;!0-0<,;! $$…†…%/;!;!

$1!,34 70 * ,,.1!"/<G.

!' ),'" ;! ' '',&$;! !!

3 &"*1! *1 ;! /" /" /"%?? , 34,2 !9"$/"%?? =0&"1!,<&o9&"

(24)

'",&<1& *" 1!**" !; + ;! "!

.)1 /;! '*- *" + "$/?"

;!, *34 2 * !/ *!',&*" + $

" !/"(-9*!* " $, *34/;! " ! (, "/#" -/2,&1$/,& !"-9*! #2"%?/

,,,&1! =0 ./"$…†9 9 /"! $…†9 (/")9)9$/ 7!/#-0- /"),

**1!!**!7$%&' ',;(/"

!1!,,&0!.!$/"$/"7 =0!

; "&G<,1!2 * 2*!

$H ,.. 2538 (1995) 7. /.<. 0 ' ';!

&21!,34'&G. . $2;!;! VBuddhism and Human Rights in the Thoughts of Sulak Sivaraksha and Phra Dhammapidok(Prayudh Payutto)l =0*"! ' ),"$ www.jbe.gold.ac.uk/1995conf/honglada.txt '* ,,.!9"$

/;! V Buddhism and Human Rightsl 7)0,'" (&G. . ,34 (&. &*67*) 2(2,&1! $%&' "

&;$ *1!,,&-/;!#* *" *"!%?/

%?/&2#**"!! ";! $1G &G. . ! ,,&-$"& 1!' ;!;! '&$/ 10($

/1!&* 2 * ,&2*

,34'!"&1!!&.$"&1!< .,,&

!"/,,&(&"'&1.$''&" ,'&

$'$/?" ! (&G./#" &2" '„/1!

,,& $1G ,34!" " (means) " (

!;!" (!"!2*1!&2**"!! &G.

. !$!.!'1!„/$!&*1!,,& "

,34!$G!!„/1!,,&

(25)

*"!$H ,.. 2540 (1997) Donald K. Swearer 2?.2**/0 2 2? ',,&-$!2 7:,!" 0 ' '* ',&;! VThe Hermeneutics of Buddhist Ecology in Contemporary Thailand : Buddhadasa and Dhammapitakal =0'$

!$2& Buddhism and Ecology 79./'07 /‹.. '* ,,./;!2;! VBuddhism and Ecology : The Interconnection of Dharma and Deedsl )0$'" !G

**" $!'* !/",&<1&',34 / ";! $1G "$/?" ,&<1&* ,&$2 .$/"+ ,34* !"'' 0< ., *34 *,G 1!-? ,&<1& 9''2 *1!,D. !9"!

7* !9"1!'1!GD. ,34';!

$71!GD. $02?.* ! ( (!""-0%?/! 7$2/"!!< ., *34 * ,G / *"(!"# $* **"=0!$//#*

';(!/,.'GD. **" ,34 /$

* !!',&<1&/#* *"#**",&<1&$/

7:,!!< ., *34!"" $2;!<'

"< ,!"'' =0!$//#

2?.1 !"'' $1G ,&<1& G 2? !)",9"1 $* ;!*

,,& ,3400*< . *1!,,& 7

*1!,,&!.,D.$*!"1!" ,,& *"!2*

$H ,.. 2540 32. &2 ,.;! V/./

0!7 */,&$)1!,34(&. &*67*)l ,;!

!*"!'Gq* &sG./ )0,'" / ,,&/ !!'0!7 $%&'!"!"

)1!,34!/0!7 ! =0!'&

2 * !'!2 ,!" !2 &1

(26)

$H ,.. 2540 )9!(<G /) 0 V*.

&*.$2'0 $1!,34 (&. &*67*)l ,;!'-0

*.&*.$2'0 $1!" 7 '

&!&/&/ & ),'" *.$1!

,34 /1!'1*"*.** ";!

*.1!" G V*.l /;! V*.''!.l !'&'9G/2 *1!&.$& + ($,n* *$

%?? 72;!7!.!'/"!9"1($&.

2* "0/#" *.'0;! &*.$2' 00*! */' *1

$H ,.. 2540 & &&*G 0;! V 1! : , V1") t„!l 1! V1l /2 l 7 &&"/,;!/.

!!.9 ' ?$**.2* $/" ,;!!1!

,' ' 1!2'$2' o!9"$2;!,

*!!</?1! 1!2'2' *"!<, $/" )0,'"

!/-0 $//*&)/;! *=0"?1!' 1!&. /-0)1!'G.2 *1!&. =0 /$ ' 9 <9%?? 7. 2 . /;!!&G. '/"!/! 9 7$22 *!9"$' *<, ;! =0

$0 ( )9 0 1!,34" ;! */,& =0 1! *,,& ' !' 2 " ;!

7*7D /" 77 /"%?? 7 !.!'

? &;! o =0)9/#" ,34 &*.! '',& (

$2$!'n*1! $/" ( !!!!"

2 2"1 ;!!!%?/ *

(27)

*"!$H ,.. 2541 )9! 01!,34 1 '2;! V!&G. $* 21 : *<9,"-0,&l =0* ,,.$

& 7 0-0!&G.;!!1!

,,& ,'" *<9," G !,*"!

& G !&G. *! *"! ;!

!** 19" !,1! *<9,"#;!!, ,!'/$/" '2 * !''&10(

/!&G. ,&0;!? =0)91 ! /#" ,&"G !&G.1! !"/ ( ( ,G"!'/"2 *7 /'&

$H ,.. 2541 ,. 7,9 # !)*"!&sG.

/$;! V,,&.1!,34 (&.

&*67*)l )0,'" ,34 " !',&.$

,"( *" !&.$&. *#'9G. ( ,&.*1!,340&",$/&.&. '9G.''

" ,,;!'$2&%&' $,&.$;! 1

$H ,.. 2541 2" & ,2* 0;! V/.

!1!,34(.!.&*67*) ,;!,%??*/,&l )0 ,'" ,34!,;!,…Œ…*! $G''!.

2;!7 7 „/?,;!,%?? ,;!$/)9 $2'!"

'' /*& ) ,;!2 * =0- &*.$2'0$

%&' !"

$H ,.. 2542 , , 7 0-0,34 * ,,.

/;!$2;! V,34'!*1!,&l ;!$7!'!' 60 H1!, 34 =0)0,'" ,34, -2;!*"!& *1

(28)

'$/" !""2 )9!,,&' ''$

!" 7:,$/?'tŽt9-'D.$/' ''$

$H ,.. 2542 (1999) < , !';! VBuddhism and Science in Thai Societyl $2&2* 0( 7 G ;!!*!.

!.. 4-8 4 1999 7 &&"/,;!0-0o1!

,,&$<9%??( *"!*. =0<9%??**$/"

19" 70)"*1!,,& ? 3 2" ;!

2" ,,&$ )2?/'*.!")"''1!

#,/G ,2?G7 =02" ,,&1!

*$2'*"!*. !'!//!"$

*.&*.$2',,& 2" !)"''1!,&<1& =0#

/#" *.( &G"/$&*.$2$!' 1$,,& ,./"*.',,&$&

)"''1!*. . < ,34 =02?.(!" ( &!*"!*. **" 2?.$!& )" ;! !/#

"'9G.$*.!,' *. *"!7 !" #*

,,&$ #!/#?1!*. ''9!

$/&.9$2/*&)$/9 =0!!'/1!,,&

!$/2;!/9!" /*&)2"

*&1 7<G (2542) 0-0''1!,34 *"!GD. $ 2;!;! V,34'!'9-'D. l =0* ,,.$1 $ '" 0-0 1!GD. ''1!,D. *"!

9? '' *"! =0 'tŽt9"$/-'D.

11#)"''1!,D. ? 7:,!"#,/G ,2?G7 ,&<1&,34*' /',34 ( $/?'-'D., ,"/#" -'2&2*!"

-'2&2$!&* %?/".10( 7:,!"

''0 ;! %??9""

(29)

$H ,.. 2543 ! *. 0;! V1!,;!$

'!'2 *$1!,34l * ,,.'$/;!,,.

& *"! '* ,,.$G&19< =0;(!/

"$/?" /;!.2 * =0,34 ! '2 *)"1!,,& 7:,1!,;!

& ,;!2". $/2 * '9G. 2"

1$$;(!/1!2 * "!9":,9'' *"*!1-0;(!/

<, %?? =0 <, 9". / *!9"* 1!,34 )91 (( ?$

,9 o'*1!,;! ,;! 9"'!'2 * '9G.

$H ( <, ? 0-0 V */%??2 ,&l ,;!!$2;! V- /%??2 - :

! * %&' !*l ;!&. 10-. 11 2543 $'"

0-0''1!,34$%??2 70

$G ' '',&<1& =0,34 G"!9" !'

* !,,& !9"$!'1!0, *34 )1!"

0-0! *:$< ., *"$1G # ./*&G.!" /)9 ' $%&' ! ( 1 1!"

!'&9;!'&1 !9"$

$H ,.. 2543 , 2&*67 (&.) 02/.;!

V *.',&*.*1!,34(.!.&*67*)l 702

! ,;!0-0;! *. ,./" *.',&*.

)'2;!;! *. *"!,,&*1!, 34 )0,'" *.',&*. **" $"

" *.*. " !n o/. *. - ' /;!!/;!2* *< ., ,0 *. 1!

(30)

$"1! "- 9",&1. ",&*.( * ,,& =0 &"1!&. !$/&"/) 1!*! ,;! 9",&1. =0,34 " o-0 !9"1! *.

*"# " '&,9. !9"1! *. 7"/#"

" 2 ($//#-0) 1!,0 *. "-&. 9"…Œ…,

*! 2;!$ *. 02;! '&/1!

,,& ;! '&$/'& , , ,*!$/10(

*/ *1

$H ,.. 2543 2" & . <,,,. 0;! V,

&. : 0 ' '/"!'‹ 7. ',34(&. &*67*)l 7 ' '# '2*1!&. ',&.

&GG1!,&. =0)0,'"n4 *&1!7.

,,&$1!,34( G$ / 7:,

!"2*1!&. =0*"/#" &. <,$,*!(

"*$ 7 „/!9" 9*! 2 *7!" "

1!**"(!9" 1!*** 2;!$;!

!**/;!** $1G ,,&/!;!!** "*

$H ,.. 2544 ,G. 27 (,9) 0/.-0 V;!

$!&*$1!,34 (.!.&*67*)l 7 &&"/,;!$/'-0

!&*$1!,34 )0,'" !&*1!,34 /-0 !''!" ,0-1!&. G/"

G* <,!!;(!*"! 2$ ,<,1!*$/1-0

!<,( ;! !<, !<, !<,*$ !<,

%?? 0 10(,;!$/&. '0,;!,*! $1!

,34/#" D.*!"/'$!&* =0-1-0 0 -9*!*/ *1 ! ( ,34 $/?'(

9''1! $/?'('&'' %'& *$

(31)

9 1!"0-$2 1%?/ ($'%'&

2*!1! 7

$H ,.. 2544 2" ,2. &7 0 ' '1!

,34',&<1&$2;!;! V *"$/;! : ;!

1!",&<1&',34l $ ,<&(!,2?.1!

) 7 &&"/,;!0;!1!(!""

/;!/;! **"!" ' )0,'" (!"

';! **"$! *"# /;!!!

$!" ;! 0-;! * ;! -;!/1!

:*"+ ;!;!1!$/!9"!"*&1 ( 9''1!!9''$# !'- 72.&1$/"22 ;! ;!! * 0-;!

/$!

$H ( )9! 0!*.2?

1!,34$2;!;! V : .2?1!,34 (&. &*67*)l $2&22?/" '

* ,,.$&*.*. /* 7)0,'"

,34)9 0//?$2 * $!

,,& ( (,"/#" // ? & 7 (the Middle Path /;! Middle Way) ( !9" &/

/;!„/ "2 2 *$*.$%&' %?/0!9"

), *" ),1!** &"

!22*,;!!&. !" &11!&.10(!9"'!'!

*-& *. 0*!'!*!

*-& 1!$**$ $/ %?/10(!"$%&'

$H ,.. 2545 ' 01!,34;! V77$

1!,34 (.!.&*67*)l * ,,.$/;!&0*. =0

(32)

0,;!&1!,34 ';!77 =0

? &$,,& ,34!!/!' ''77!! 10 ''77 ( )9!'* ,34!'! / ? 2" & !. $*

/",& ! $ 77 : ,;!!2&1. ,.

G */",,& 72 $'", *

$H ( , 72 2 ' ';! V 1!.* ‹!.,34 (.!.&*67*) *"!77 : G 02 ' 'l 7 &&"/,;! ' '1!(!" *"!77 )0,'" (!" *"!77 **" ";! ‹!.!"

*-1!77 )*"!&. $ &!*"!72*"/", ,!$2=0! )*"! !9"1!&. $1G ,34!" 77

*.&*. (&G7 =0*!10(!9"')9$2 *! &G =0&G ( !9"$,,&

*"!$H ,.. 2545 )9! 0;! V' ' $ 1!,34(&. &*67*)l !$2&21!

2?/" $/" 25-26 *& 2545 G /'9,

=0)0,'" ,34/#" ' ' !9"(

' '<! %?/ 7:,!"

9"*''!"** ' ' !";

( *!$/?'1! ;! ,,& 7:,-' D. -' -;! " & ? $/?'

,,&( 9"' ' ; ,$/?

(*,n* *$ *%??

! ( $H ,.. 2545 )9 01!,34 *"!

*.77 $ $2;!;! V*.77 ,;!,

; : 1!,34(&. &*67*) *"!,*.77

(33)

$ %&'l !$ 2&2!/"2*( 1 ;!

17 2545 G 77* /2 $/" =0)0,'"

,34/#" *.77 1 ''!"?$"

&G<,2 *&. *"$1G # 9"<!(Paradox) $,

&. ,o" *.77 ?/ &G<,2 * 1!;!7 ( (, ),1!*.77

&"!22**!'!*!:,$*-& "( ;!

*.77 19" #o" ' *.

"!$/"$'7< 0 9"%?/ ";10( "0

!" , *.77 *!,$/&,!

',*&.!

$H ( (2545) )9! 0&1!

,34$2;!;! V*† *"!"** : &*,,&

$1!,34(&. &*67*)l $2&2H( 14 1!!/"2* G 9.2& ' 9 10 ,n< 2545 =0)0,'" ,34 /.n*G.

2*!$%&'" /*&?'1!!

7$%&' !9"'!1!** !" &.*"/

2* - ,2*2* !'2*,;!*!'!

*!1!&. $&%&'&.0)*!10(/;!2*

1n*G.$%&' ( &.*!' $/" 7*!!

*"+ !"!.$''/"!9"!";1!,&. ;!

&. 2* =0/"''&*,,&

(Buddhist Human Ecology) /# /$,,& /2*

4Gq.1!2* (2;! *,G ,,&#*"

/ 9"!&.2* !"2*

-0) )90-0'' 1!,34 /# " )9$/$$0,10(($0 ";!

(34)

1,/"0-0''1!"!! 71!! $*"+

G$2 ' ''2?.!; + $ ,34*1!

,,& "$0( #0, $*";!,;!

/*!' 2=0 "*" # )9$/$010(( # ;!' $%&' 2" 0 *.77 '' *.* =0)9 $/$0"( &"/ 1%?/$&%&' ,& /#" ,34 */"<9%??,&$%&' /./*&G.$/*!'<9%??,& =0<9%??

?!"/01!7

2.3 -(. **!+/ '!!'

!/;!0/.)1!"7* ) 0 ',34! </0 )90 /" , 10( #;! !1!" 0*"!;!/;!1

1!"!"2 (!!1!"/$1 1!*

! )$G ( " "'"2 (-01!"7* *"# !!

)1!"/ =0 !$//#-0)'1!1!"

*"! $%&'$'/0 ) "2"-0!" (

01!& !. =0 0/.,,&

/.0/;!;! V!7 77l $H ,.. 2530 V*,&l $H ,.. 2531 V, 9*,&*. : ')2?-G.l $H ,.. 2542

;! V/'9G0*/",&l $H ,.. 2544

*'

$01!& !. .10(

-'G. '1!)9! $2

(35)

1!92?. ?1! /"#* *"# G?/0#;!

,'" ,34(.!.&*67*) !,*"!.)1!)9!"

1!& !.0 G"!9" !,&&*.$2' 0 !"&"0 2 $<! 7:,

!",;(! )9!/#" /$,,&( #;!/0

$%&' (! =0!!'1!,34 !" ,,&(

/"0 !&'*)"1 1!,,&#;! !&'*

1 1!0!

…Œ/9 (2537) =0 ''7*$…Œ/9 =0/

0 # $/?'1!,34$ $2$

…Œ…,'& / 9 0 *(G,;!,'…Œ/9 7$2/,&/ $" !,&

&*.$2 * ,,.!$2;! V,'…Œ/97$2*

,&l ( (G */" ,,&( /"!/!"!

1! ,,&/"

1!/!'',;!,2 *7* , ?!9"

…Œ…,$/1-01!2 *!"0=0( ,'…Œ/9 7$2/,&( 0,!'&!.!',;( 5 !"1!' …Œ/9 ;! &&"/ ;(!/ !

<,! =0&!.!'*!'9G 2;!7!"!. $

&!.!'/" ( -$2*,&, !"/ 2"

/G* 77 *

! ( 1!;!! '&G* ;! V*.<!l

$H ,.. 2537 0/. ' '1!2?.**' ,,& 7:,!";!o&' =0 !

$//#-0,.2;!71!,$ !-;! " /$1!*.

!$,,&

(36)

*"!$H ,.. 2543 '9G. 1 ?;!/0$/;!,&

1!,34;! ;! V!/'*.* 21 l =0#

,34$/?$'1!/;!,&" "*!,

!'1*"! =0 '9G./#" )!; + 1!"$%&' (

#;! ! ,34 &"/ ! $)" ( /.-0%?/

1!&$%&' "-/!!*.*."!; +

!0!! /'%&'

&*.1!,34$2*"+ ( G " *"%&' ( o" )9!!1!",10( =0$//#

" " *"!#$/"+ $ ;!!

!*( ?*"!%?/,&.,10(

2.4 -

)0-0,34$*"+ " /# " ) 0 '''1!" G ,10(!"*"!;! 1!!

$#*"+ !/;!#2?7* ( (!;!

/.#*"+ 10($%&' ( )"&!,,&(

"$ !1!,34!# 2 !/

,,& /"!! '9G. ( 01!"0"' 0,,&(-) ! ! ( !#

" ! *"!7&*.1'*.#%?/*"+ # 2)9$ $/$,10(2" /*&)#

2" '0''1!"!

!" #* " 0 '2 * )1!

,34 (!!)1!" "!1 *"# ",'"

02($ &"0/.-01!" $2,&

!/,&$*"!7$/"!"'' (

(37)

1!" '!'&"$/"!" $ ,2?." -!'* ,&1'&$/" !";

',;( &"$/"!' &""#,0,!$ -0 " 0-0!, 1!" *"!7&$/"" !,!, 2( ( 0 , 0-01!" $2,& *"!- 2 *$&%&' (0-0!,1!1!"

*"!7&$/"

(38)

(.."#)

!"#

$%& ' () #*'+",-''" $%&##

./ "% 0%1'23-%&''"

#4& '" .15657 89% :; - ."9-!"#$%&;5 ;20 '" <'"

* ".-2&&!3 ./ !"#7$%& 5;5 #. '" 8 .%5;5##

2 &8&;58.;%<2."!"#$%&

2%857 #7 =4&55&%:<3 / <$4<

8&%8$%&2%857%7

1. ' ()%2'" < #0

2. ## '.8' ()

3. #. '" 8' () 4. #"

3.1 &'('')*+,#+&-

#* .''" $%&==8&%% *.78

$ $%&* 5 ;2.8$ *<3$%&

$ &9-1'. ..$ /

#%7 $%&%<=##8',-=4&+4!33""

.*8''" $ 5*..-8',-=4&

''== <''" & #"./

(39)

."= 5C',-+4!33%##0%%%

2 8&==8''" %%8$ : :

##8'09'".. =4&*' .-$%&%<##%

''" ;%%;#7 "08 =##8' ;,2 ' 2$ =4&$%&=22 $%&'2' - .+4; $.+4' 65*9% '.$.7."08 ;5

!"#('2" 2530 : 269 ; 2 %4 2527 : 168 ) & *"

" 9%''" :C',-*23- =4&

;0%%%*<2 0%1'%&+- ''" 65#2&*.<<3 4.589,-$

!"# 2 .;8'- 29- 8'.!33 -8'0' .; 8'-*.& ""

&$C',-0%%%2& .:',-##&- 2%

. $:$%&&8&4"%<3 &$4

* .##.. 65.7.".0-..&

'#%:'&&4 2 4 $%&'NOPN4''" 0%

#''" 2 ."= *.- %&#.- * ...$ #8&4$7 8

'#%:'"&&4 2 5 $%&2&### '

#8&4" #8$$43 7 5*<3##8QR& :$%&##

8',-<$8&43 2 ##8

%:' 9&'2390 =4&;<%2.4

= 7## #'2' - *.& 0%1' 0 65;* 42'" $ 7 '-$%&

$& '* 432..#<#*2'" % ( +9 .+... 2545 : 30-42) 65#*' - T$8 ' -8

#"% ..-2.$$%&#''-='*< *

(40)

'' -8'-U ("9 ;- 2529 : 20) ##8 '-% *&<3;5#.8&43 *20+4!33%7%8&4+4!33 .89% :$%&

=#. $* 0%1' .;#''" *;# < &< %0-

"9 &#$2& = 3 < &;#,-43##

*=4&<.33943*=4&<"9 89%: &%

C4''" 857 'NOPN4##8''"

&<3. 0%%8#''" .'" .#

.3 2%$"%..-$8#. /

<"!"# (+33 NOVN4" 2541 : 4) 8#. / 7

;.#.&8=4&"!"#857& 5

<$4!3 #.'" %& #.'"

%7 %&# '" &&$ '$%&

#%"8#''" %857 *

<7 ' () (" - ".W0.) 5#*'+",-%##

%2'" !"# $%&##'-9-"%7 . *'+",- (Modern Monk) ..-''"

8$ ;20'" '" ".-2&#2.0 $%&"9 0%%&$8

!3 ##"0+.-*## #.%:' 9&

'2390'" +8" (Olson 1995 : 14 b 15) 0%*' +",-*2=4&4&0''" &85657

=%&8#*#7+. 772' #<''" 0%".-8&#2 $%& 7 .4## 5 <8*

##. 2 %& 2 / 5 *' 2 4(a scholar monk) &8*##;5 (Jackson 1990 : 138) =85$%&#'9 *82'

(41)

20%& (2 2&83 2535 : 57) 89% #;+' 2*'+")4..

#.<''" .'9'

< #..8'$.()* (+' 3 2532 : 6) =8 5*#&8 42"

'92 8$ '# ',- ''" ##<3.<4$ 0%==

'" & #"./ %"+'9 9 #2& (2535) $%&5;5'"

*$"08;5 '# '"

$%&*8$2& <3.&8 &8&8:857 0%'" ;4<&"99$ #

##8". / $%& =##.!338',- =4&;

4&'" $.2

'99##2 8

*9<3.$."& '# ."9

*82'" ..$ 9* ' .$$ $.+4' *982 8$.7."08 ;5$4.

##..22 3 < &' #. <

''" &%&#.- %;5 ."=8''"

/ % %" 8&''- (8< #") 65

;*.97$%& %7$%& # ''" 0+4 &%&#%.- 0%. & ."=8 ''" % / 0 0%1' .-65&4 897

# $%8572 5

'#%:'"&&4 $%&#%'2+8%:'

(42)

#2;#".%##.. &8857 7%&

.%8# '9. / 9,- :$%&

<3.#%%& 0%1'##%&5 65 ',-$%&##2&$%&## **%5 27.& *2&4& ',-% &*02- *

& 7*747#&'("2 4h 2529 : 59) ',-=4&<##<32$43 7 $%&

%:' 9& '2390 65'#%:'"& i

#'2;%&%5 50%i &%:' 9&i

*=4&<%5. '-#"

58',- 0%1' 4.# 7%<.7 "C2857< #*;#52748',- $%&

< 2## 8&%#& '-$%&' -.<

2. / 4.# 65.<*2& 4.58 9,-$#"7 2 '" "+. 0 "8 1 2 3 + 1 2 '" . 1 - 2 #$9-*.& $%& "$8 ' -8#"%..-2.$ $%&#''-='*<

*' -8'-" ("9 -$9 2529 : 20)

#%' - 8'-7 $%& "0"

* "< #54&#7.&''" 65' "%" 65

;.#$&;5k 2529 '# ;.''-< 72 7 7 "%

%''-;5 100,000 ("9 -$9 2529 : 25-26) 7

%%'4## / 2 2 " " 65.''-7 k 2523 ;..''-;5k 2534 & 500,000 T #

0U 65.''-& 14 7 100,000 " # < # 527." 0%<''-. / $& 5 <''- $%&#

%%.''-9 / *< 7## 8

5 <''-/ $ 8+m :$%&#0%

Bhikkhu Pannavaddho (Peter J.Morgan) %R#&.% .''-7 '.. 2514

(43)

7 2 '.. 2533 <''- 5,000 0 5* <3.

% 8$ ' %#$%&

( - 2538 : 165-166) 0%1'"8=$43 ..*<<3

07 &* ' "%!"# .:.

*& & :#.8&#" 0%*

'#%:'"&&4 &%:' 9

& '2390' -857 %'2 .;8 24 ) .. 117 %:0

57 8 &2% & / ;5 &85

$ .%2$.8&% 5 07

" .& &857 &.$ %:27

*$ 857 u 5 :;& < #0

## &0.& . &* / 8& / * 'm.8m ;-27.< / 857$%&"902-u .& &

2#& & / 857 &06v% ;&<< #4#; 2 5 ;$*- 1 2 *.& 65 &%:.&<<65*

8& 27$%&%" ('' -%:' 9&' 2390 2514 : 72-73)

'2%<7 %:' 9& '2390 5 ' - 0857 %C' .;-8'#%:'"&&4 23 ) .. 118

%&0 $%& %'u :.

#$&%w7 :. 8&< #<-$%&<%

8 &02-'#2 ... &8=4&

N!& .%4;5 %% / x:$%&.%"7

&7 & 36 %...&1##

(44)

2< u 843 . 27 02- % &'#2 65$%&%&"9$#2 (%:' 9& '2390 2514 : 74-75)

%:' 9& '2390 ' .;-4.#

%

.+'$%&#'2 '2 .;8 0&

.7 '.7 &"%4&'#248"#". . 2+$7 %857$ 22 "##:" + : #%<..-(Technical terms) 4 '< &<'4%7

<$%& 7 &=4&$%&8&'-4/ %& . &4u (%:

' 9& '2390 2514 : 76)

. :C' .;-8%:' 9& '2390 17 .. 120

.+'8; 065''- .2 + +2'5$%& .#2-1##7& &$&.$<

7 +$% (%:' 9& '2- 390 2514 :76)

''-7. / 5' % 8& #. % &

"5857 ."%" <3807 : * .857< # +"9=4&#2 &'5$%& (%:' 9&

'2390 2534 :%)

"%" 4+"9=4&#2 050&

87 %& 65*#C#..8'#2 ##

C#.$#7.& *<7

(45)

<%#7 % 2 8&*.&$ "%&* % 8&C#.8=4&4

9 / $8 0 '.78&.$%&

1. 0 * 2# ;4.857 < # '+"9=4&#2 0%. % & : '9#22$"

$%&#2'5 &52.8=4& 3#=%2#.7 * '9<3.$7 89%$:=23 &#

..$ #8& 05*

9*4 7 .'&< #+% 0%.'&

*'+"9 (#33.) & 54Q!4& 8&

( +) 8$: ( C#.)

;4.&%. ''" 0%7 *'" *$

5;420* 5%

2. '9%<%#7 & : &0&

8&2% .%<%#7 8&% $20

#49* 5% 77'=4&#"%7 .<%# %

*<3 $% .< %& 2 % 3 $%&'4%;5

#"3.;" 3 &.%&339 3 *.& %7 0&2 &=4&5< % % ''" $%& .:< &

8&+' $%&$2%' 0%1'!"# 2'" $%&

''" 9%$%&=4&'20

#49 & :+'8 % :$%& '" +8":$%&'<

0 # 2 " !" # !" (2534) 0%#7 * 2 + + 1 %& QR"8- + 2 %&

QR%#"8-*.& '99% 0

* &.< 4. (Payutto 1995 : 15)

(46)

3. 0 %" '8 ..$ #8&4$

" 0%1'8&8.-65;*. ..

8%&8.%2 .C#. *2'" &2%*

.& 5%857"7 0%1'8%&8.% ."= 8 ''" .-65&4897 ( - 2538 : 160) 9%7 2 &< %7 % 0 92%.< #<$2&2.< * 4Q!*2'" &N{857

4. 0 $%&#'-9-8& % C#. *

%& < #m ;-0%.8%*.; 65< &

$#; 8&;5''" '%#0 %# 0%"

<: 02-0:'7('$' 0 2542 : 11) 9%7

%' #''" &%&#*.- 65*

8&4$7:$%& $:. 9%7< &

''" 8%.%&.3395657

5. 0* 2&*.< 4.589,-$

.7. '.. 2469 (% 4. " " 857 #7%."

2454 ;5!"#$%& 90 k'% 5* =4&=5 ''" . 4.589,-$" .&5 0%7 05* '"%!"# .89%:&

<.#%&2% *.< #+'$

$%: $ - 4.58,- % 5 '' -8%:' 9& '2390

" - (2535 : 258) $%&.78&.$&

$%& :4#& ' 4. #$%&

'-*' 4.'-%;5"8=4& .%

&.< u [] 4.58,-.7..&

(47)

.0-;5!"#& 85; %58,-

$$.##8$ 65;&%498 4.

'.(dynamic) 4& :*-4$%&$

9*80% #####8

&-9<38';4 5##<3 2 8$$43 ' () (" - ".W0.) 7 65$%& *=4&##<''" &## $%&

"9 #%:' 9& '2390 '" +8".<%# $%&#'923-''" ##

<3.%##5= 8',-$ =2#

%:' 9&'2390 (Swearer 1995 : 139-140) 0%1' '" '"'" .-1## '"'" - 1##'- 65* $%&#&%2''"

&8 '$' 0 (2542 : 35-39) $%&.78&. 9%8' () *"%## +4!33%7%##'" #= 0%*=4&

<3''" % # . & :*##

#;&"% &<37* 0%"

.%&20#2*% / 0%"% "%& . 8 ''" +'

=0%%%*&8 '" & $%&

432. 65$%&#% 0 ('$' 0 2542 : 137) '2' 2 $%&#.''-& 250 7

432.7 "%.&' ()$%&# $*

#2''" 9 -- '-6 '..

2519 %< & % '7 / / m ;-$4 5$%&## 4%<2. 857 0%

'"'" .-$%&%<$&&* $%&%''-=' .7.7

(48)

*.& . $%&%#$& :$%&#"4%<2.

$%&2 * 432. (8%''-2 '" ) 4 '" 0%- Bruce Evans $%&<*+mk '.. 2539 $%&

<''-47+$+m ' T "9 857 2 2&

5 0%*Q+m 4&;&<+m2& %&U 0%%7 &8& &.7+ 5* 432.1##'-k 2539 .k 2540 :#"'.7 '-+$ '&7.2<

<+m7%'8& 7= . 2.82'" ''-'*< &%& < &%* 432.

1###" '. + ;.''-67< 30 7

432.7 7 #"%<2. 0%=4&' -$%&

'.$"%&'8& %$%&%.9-$&

.2.82'" 7 %%<7<&;5<38 2'" 8&C#.5%;C#. 0%7NOP8&C#.

''" &.%$&4. 857*C9‚-< #2'"

5%;C#.*.$ %<2.&- &%"83u;$%& .2.82'" *9‚- .<< #%<2.82'" 432.*

$'%<2.% 65;*88.2.82'"

*9‚-.##7.&< #%<2.8. &&4"9#.

8&C#. 432. '%<2. &% <: *02- 857 #49- (' () 2544 : 6)

'7<& &<3# C#..82'" 5$%&7

* 432..''- * $"%&' 65$%&

=8&$&.&8 432. 1'*.2.82'" 7

$%&#.''-&< 8 7 ('.. 2544)

(49)

.& &2'" $%& %<2.;4.&% . ''" 5$%&%<%#7 *4 / $ ;5

&8&4"% 8''" "%'& 658&.%7

1. ###0& :$%& "%<%& / ' .& &* % / #7.&'" 2 654".&

2%8 '" 804"8 &8.- 8 432..& &

'" 24.*#7.& &'$'" 2

" /

2. ##8%%'& :$%&

0' 770* 4.

589,-$ .&2&54& $:. 432.

&$$%&4 4.589,- .:;$%& * $%&#%%

' "% 5$"'" 2 / $ (21'

"5 )

3. '97 0&8 '#

%&..."{ "{ 8 07 '+"9#2 7 5#33. + #

%& C#. 432..%<2.%82'" 0%$

%<. / .'" 7"%%&;5 (=4& %) *{

4"%8''" 2% : %7 ..$ 89 0$%&% . % 4* . 432.$%&%.<%#7

#497 8 " %&20* 5% '<8&

$4{ ;5 7 '99%

'"'" .- 1## 8' () 9&#

0 '* "&%<%# % .+

(50)

##9##8 0 432.

7 :$%& ' ()23-''" $%&'

%<2.82'" &%& #$.

" 0%08%:' 9& '2390 *.8

""9 8. 20 432.4 """988

$4. 21 #"".&2%.$: "

0<$%:27 2'" :$ $*

< %"992% <$ 2'" ;5 *4

%&#+9-< #2'" 2&*4%<2. &"8 ;

&-2"2$%&% 65#*<3 ';& 2'"

$8&C#.$*< %& 2'"

''" <$408''" & < &$

'%02-'5$%&''" * 2.$%&

*$$%& $2'" '&5%42'" % 5857*4

%<2. %23-7$%&''$&

2. 7 5$%& ' () *'+"=4&*

23-''" ;8$ ##%"%!"# 7

&$ ##%2'" < #0 <$%&%7

3.1.1 &' *.#+/0+1'+/0 2#+&-

!"#7 ;$%& ' ()*'23-##''"

<3"% 7##='''" 589,- .%

#. <''" 77'*'+"

''" ; -9!3 . / .%<%8 54#'78''" ; 5: $%&2&%

''" *88&2.0 .%9-4& ##

(51)

+'%<48"- ;5&$8 '$ 7 ;#'" *;#"%.

%& (Phra Debvedi 1990 : 59)

##8' ()20'" '" 2&

&!3 .%'2.7 *#4&4&&*

7 #278 T!3 +8',-

!"#U $%&#.''- T.--U 1##'" #$

k '.. 2509 # T8;#'" U .- - 1## 4 2512 .$%&# $# T##8',-

$!"#U T'" #$!"#U %0%

% 2512 #877;$%& *"%8

& (Olson 1989 : 188 - 190; 1990 : 257;1995 : 8 - 9) '< &*4&

&8 42$ *"%.&<327 & :;5<3

".-2&'" #$<' 5 &#<3##8',-.857 ##

".-2&'" #850%%%*' %#49- "8<3 (2527 : iii)

$&

',-; =9'" #.-$%&

# #%.- ;".-2&02-

$%&##;4"% 42!332 $%& ' 2"

###8',- &<38',-.

8' ()7 #* <3 5 &<3 ';#

,- *;#''" &.7857' &*;#. % ('2" 2530 : 213)

(52)

9,- &7 ''" &.7857*

. %##./ 7 72' 2.

.%5#" 0% &2"

=02-./ 8;#0%;5 4&5%. '"98 4%&

*###& %0*7 % 0'&##49- &;

"9#../ 8./ $%&#Q#3& &0%.:;58%"%

8&##;8;#,- 5* <3 58&

''" <3 7 %<4.78;#,-

%;58''" %& #4&;#,-5*##

' () &<3 7 : ',-;#

''" %.##<3.&-$*

* .7.$.* &:.7.""08*.&

##<38',-;#''" : %&5 %$%&

*4-85 0%'*=4&2. / "8 $*

20 %*4-82"2%&. / ('2" 2527 : 27) $*4-58 *;'=

*.&

' () 5$%&< & 7'4%#827 & :

;5+'8',-;#8''" .$ 8 5 85&;5<3858',- $*#< ,-

$ (2522) ;#,-#$ (2527) 589,- :

!3 (2529) 589,- (2531) %4 ##

859,-&*': ##8 ,-.$

65;*.85,-% 4. &527 2 QR 72QR. 2274 *.8< &

##7 2 %& ##;#58',-"&+"9

(53)

% =.< &''" ##*25< #

=4&%&0 ('2" 2529 : 99) !"# ##589,- 4## :$%&3& &$ 78#8 3& &%&2 %57%#33. 330 33 .%#;#5/ .

3.1.2 &' *.# 2#+&-

!"# ..<#<$%&./ < &$

;2..##..857 '&/ #$:8%4&8&

8.7 ' &$$%&8&

%857 .% ..<!3 &%

857#$ #*+<3 5' () &<3 65

$%& *',-$'4%!"# ''27 & :+4 8 $<;*##' 89% :$%&

-+'!3 $;5 '% :$%&=8 $*&!3 $ 4& %4+'8$ *.&

20<'0 85%2% &

$%&#2 *'+". =%

.'9 '< #..8'$.():. .:

'%2.8&#% '".-< # &

8&#;9-8" (+' 3 2532 : 6) 659%7%&

# 88''" 9 (5.- #". 2532 : 19)

$:. %8:..$%823-''"

. #''" .. 0%$20#-4&

..$23- & &<3 / 2'" +8"

!33+8" ;58# / 9'-9-

$=4'#.'9 %8' () 5*'5'8"

(54)

89%" :#$%& ##%&7 :$%& #<

''" ;8&#%857 2 "2 .-'" .+' ' <& 0 .*.&

20 '" 8&#0" 87 $'.& & : ''" 7 *.8 %7%8$7 . : "!"# &3& &%&.- 00.:< &!"# .&=23 &#!3 ./ $ $ +4!33%&$8$%& 20'" 8&#3 5* &#"2.!"#7%& 7& ##7

;$%& *<''" 8&4" %& '".0- .28C'+"*%<3 % :$%&

$$%&$43 2 5 %:' 9

&'2390 ;$%& *' (a modern monk) . '" +8"

:;$%& *' ( Jackson 1990 ) k '.. 2475 !"#7 ' ();$%& *' ; # ''" $%&*.- #" (Olson 1995 : 14)

3.1.3 &'('110-+

##.<''" ; #*+<3< # ',- .&5 #<''" .1#%& 65 '$.()*+-<3"% +-;; ) ") / *2 #. ' () #$%& *',-#54"%##

5+#.##589,-$ #$%&3 9 0 89*9 # '" 8:<3 +- '$.() ;; C")./ .<%# 5$%&#8 (& )*+',- ('- 9 2532 : 3) 0%=$%&#

* T'27< 5U '" % !33.8

(55)

'$.()$%&#;&#49-"% .# "%# 7'$.()

;; ) ") ##+-" 8''" 0,- (Jackson 1993 : 94) ';;-=4&'" . 10

''" 0,- *';;-2"%..- ''" QR; .<;; '() ;;'"...()7 78"#. ;;'+ () &.*=8

#77 5+#$.7.27.&;5274"% :$%&.<8

#7 % &.;8'"-'+ .;+

8'"" - (' '- "9W99W09 2509 : 99 - 123)

' - T'" U 8' () ;$%& *=&&27

<<38''" +-'$.() ;; )

")+- / 100 0% <*##2%#+-

" '.2&+ 8& '" 59*;;

=4&' - ' ():9*';;-&

%'- 9 (2532 : 13) $%&;5' -'" 7$&

'" 7 =;*;; ;;

: 5 .7=; *'27< 5 #$8& %*

'# 65%4'$.()#& +-;;

#& $..$ / 7 8# $2 9'4 $*.'# 8& 8 7$%& .&""0 % .& .&#8&4 4&7 '4%$ #& 8&47 %&;58 ; : -4& ;2&+ %

".$%&& 7*;87 5...

9*';;-87 *9%*#

$ % +$ (." '-2". " 2538 : 102) 23-%&

(56)

''" .- 5 $%&5###' ()

* $*5<8 %''-

=8' ()<3 '" ; '" * T'27<U 65$%&;59%8' ()..$' 23-4/ $&

=.&; [' ()] *=4&<<''"

;#" …$& %$&* "7 .76.

.'$.();.: =% 4#"%7 ... ' '" 2#. .&"9''" ;C '$.().$. $ =4&5 ''"

<..88& -9-.##% ;&

$$.#.8 :.78& 7$28&'$.() ... .&"97'6..'$.()"% =%$2&

2 $2&6 # $<''" $###

'9##=8' ()7 % .%

$%&==''" =:'# *';;-

& :"92"%9-8''" ;7*

%('2" 2527 8 : 91-92) $%&;52%$&

'$7*##; QR;7#:=4&. 0%1'

*QR .< ; .. .%% * QR *8 :& .< ..%7 $2 3

$2 .+'% <.7 $;4.&% .&8

;*7 .'% ."< &% ' 02-"8' 42 .7 *<3 #"!"# ;&$;

.7& $;.8!"# .8!"#7 %4

#.. *$:2 ;&*.; :.'%

(57)

. &'% ." &<'02-"8$ ;&.72&:

&$8!3 !"#7$%&

3.1.4 &'+2+0+'5#

##%2% 5"!"# ' ()0%%%*

: ##&-.+''"2. 77 :

&: (Cold War) *%+.5%8"%9-..

8 < 7"%$'&#7"%8. 20 .. 20 :

$%&7% &. 21 $& $*+ !3 &

!3 ''7+ %&272. = !3 2.%&

7!3 %'.-00 (' () 2544 : 1- 6) : '!3 ./ "-#4!"#7 $

;<'"-$4. &"-$%& 339 .%857 9 ""9 . 7 *..&%&

& :< &"-.& <$4+

. 7 &$%& %7 <*.& &

.+'& &%857 &-.+' $2'''

%<'8% %" &$8!3 8%&7 . .&5$;5& .&.<$4.+'& .8"-%&

(' () 2538 : 27 - 28) 5&"%<3&-.+'$&

7 %7.& <7$%&<: : .8&;5# +'"8+ ;.+' 07 &<: .&QQ'. &;#."8+

"8* %& "%'&QR '#<"8 QR<#%C &%#7 +7

<:$%&:.&QQ'#" 65:+85

(58)

&.+'&8' () 5.&=#

&5;4.& 0%1'<''" *&$8

!3 8%&+.8#"

7 *'9%'#%&8' ()$%&<

0" 65*9<3"!"# 65& & :;5*%

2'" =4&"%<"%8''" .!3 <380

!"# 890$&$8!3 2% 5*.8 +4!33''" ;0%&

3.1.5

! " $ % & '() '! !&)!!*+,)-.*

% +,/ " '()& 01233&)!!*+,4/

" , /&)' 56', 78, 78, 4. !8!&)!!* %%7 '(1 ).!'(1-- T'(1() ' .*

/ '&, '(19&)9 !!*(),() , &)/%9:&)&234!2-U (:.

2539 : 8) & %4'(1-- 4; .:. 2538

!9& /

56 7 +,-.*4- ( % ' () -.*48 ,+,:.< =4/:!*&)==)' 94 =+2,, ) ,4 () ,/&), ! &)/+,-.*,% &)4 ()) 9!1 44 =2 +% %%% 4/ '()+,! !! !!*&)

(59)

0101233 ,!8 ,+,! " % & / ',1 %+,! 4 - ).! & !233

&)+,-.* , &)4 ).!* -.*

1 +4 ,&)+,-.* ,/&), (56 2537 : 86) 9!1 8 ,,:2

'2) 8, ,9,!* &)0101233 ! !!84!+,,,4/'8 ,8,4 (/3 ,

&)&)!!*9! 4 " 4+ &)- ,9=/*& /&)

! (!))8)'! ,+,4 !- % ! ) &),-&) =>, ! ,) ,4) &)4!, :) !,!!!*!9! 4 )+,=)42- 8, 4?@1 !1!

!,3&+ '&

:!* ==) ,-! 94!,3&, , 7 & ,) % !,),01)+,!

4+ 4& +,!=08,,& ! '8 ,,9

!! 94 & &.&)',1

!!,1 &) )!! +%&))' +% =+8%<+,:!*&),-! '

& 4?@1&)!1! (2540 : 160) )

+, :. 4141- 94+,!&') " /,(/323&)', ,&, ),' /,)0),! )8 ,), ,% 4 -% !0/-.*!!GG, ,,+, %794+,

%)' , !1&) /,&23&) 7)' ) ,&)))

(60)

!4)%,!+,4?@1 !1! +%8 ,:

43 , =!4+,()&)!!*+% G 78, ! 4:!*&):!* ,').+,4?@1 /, -() 233 /, &!!8! !, &)),

&)4+,==) 4?@!!* &)4& ,-! !1!

(56 2540 : 162 - 163) )

,==)=:!*, % 7!4+, ()&)!!*+% 94-!1 8, :!*

!& 4?@1 &)==)!&

G 8 ,!+& +,,-! 79!1 3++,&)()!!* ,%

-&) ,:.<, ,:*

, ,!& 4?@1!1! &) ,& , ) &)4?@1, 78, , ,7>=/*+,, +,, 8,,7>=/*>

% & ,,4,,4! =) &)/ G 9+,+,1

!4! &),,4).+,!!*, 8, !!*,4?@14! " ,1 !, ,%&) , ) 4 '(1 ,'(18,(1,8 !1

& '(19&)'(14=) 8, ,4 9

=)!1 8 !& '(19 7 '(1 ! 4! !!*=), &

! " ) % 56 9!, T-U 8, T-:!*U '&4!!*

4 8 ,'8%,HIJ&-+% 8,'- :!*&),-! 9),9=),1 42-% %%

7 ( +,-./% )+, ,%!% %

(61)

:!*, &'& 1&),97 & &&)!

-)', , 8, /0,&)>- % 4+ &-% ,'& ,1&),9 -2 " &) '& -.*, ,)-,, 56 (2540 : 125 - 127) )

-:! ). !93 8, )'& ,1 8, ,1,*,+,! " ,+-2+,! %) u +)'

& ,9 -:!!, -.*, &)9 4' -.* ,9, ,u (%) -:! ()'& 4?@1&)!1! , u 9',- , ', :!*&),-! :!* , ,

& :!*!4?@1 !& -() &) ,-!/ 4!1! 7 & 8 , :!* 1 8, -% 8,'48,'&)+, -, u

<&- QR4&4&87 5*<

' <$48"2. $'.

8$7 .*!<3<$48 / %& 65' ()2* $$%&+4

!337$&* .;47 %7 7NOP $ ''" 5*<3<$4&!3 '$#$

3.2 +7'-8'

' () +4 82.5=4'#''" 0%.%

% 5 & ##"8&8&#

''" 77 $%& 2.87 *2. ''"

(62)

''" 2.8 ' & :2% 5<!*##

'.8 !%&2.+4 5

< ! %& 65$%&=.

%<8

3.2.1 9 :')2'*5; 8<= '2'

#2.+4 5 &8' ()7 =4&$%&

##& ( +9 2540 : 29-38) 658<'.%:

;*!=#.%8%7 ' () (" -

".W0.) 2% " - 4 % 12 2481 .%<+

.- %"'9#" #%2<3 %22" *45$ -

#2'&8 '&7 % 9 *2 5 3 4 * 6

*#".2:8.4 !"#2.4 7 =4& '.2.%:

#'2*98 7%&#'7"

. / "9'"9 (+ " 2538 : 9 - 10)

#%8 "9'<3 7 2."&#%.7.%: .7." 12 k

*%:%%'2."' (%0' …) "$%& 16 k &$4%#3#'.

$%&#'2*9" 18 k 7$%&"#*'+" $%&5 ##3 4 0 $%&8$.&2.##

"92" 0%#2' '7# 2 87<%65=.%&

8%:$%& .%:#7=&8 #.-#&

< 7=& =&$ ˆ 2&# 8.% :#=&

; $;5(%00 5*.& (' () 2539 : 42 - 57)

#%85*=4&%% -&$ 8% 2.%:

8' ():&2%## $%&656#9<38#

*'78"* %$%&$& %:%(+9- 3%2 2532 : 147 - 148)

(63)

.*%: 4 / &2%#' ''.&$<

7# 0*% # / $# <$%&

*%: 0'7*%" 4 / #"

%8 *. $ &2;86.

&82#&2 2'#678&8 ;&0$#;#67%&

2#& &8&8 0%$.&'4%;5 '82; 6.

$0 u4%!3 $ 0'< &#

2 4#&.%: / 02< 0%4 &'& & # ." #=. / &N! & 0*

'4% ."= ;27%2$%&2% 2#&

:. &2$.% & '

&2

&2%#%: 5=.&"8 ' () &9<3 / 2 *% : 8 % 4&

# 89%:6.- 4&% ." = %

$#=4&*.& (+ " 2538 : 21) 9 7C2%=

8*#82" 6..'$.() 6..+-

&./ (+ " 2538 : 14) 6..

./ #.''" 2 0%.'9 '< #..8'$.()%#'7 "

#$%&":'5' '9%'5% '

*.% $*9.0 9''m.=%' / *.&

%: ' ()"8+'$8: :#$8&$%&R*< 2 R

*0% &"#2.$%*.& 0#&

$%&#& $%&*0<.8. < &.&8&

0'#4*<%&0+$8&:# / %#"#= 9." (2538 :84 - 85)

&88$&

(64)

7'<3$%&#'2*9& :%*$&.# .&8&#

=.% *0% =% :$%&# 8%& . :

*0'& $% '- &2&'8 % .:.&8&#

=.%%& 4# #8&$;5%4'" 4 .%- %."# / *' / .&8&#=.% 0%1' 4 .%-;5 2 7 2*-4 "ˆ92 %

&$. .&:#%4 & "%$ &

7 #8 8&78%

:#" %;5#8$$%& "9 '2.&;

0'##.$'4 #k'" 2 2526 . %

# .#$. <$&'# 'k'" 2 2534 $8&. ## .&(%.

78& 17' -827 5*<:%& T 4U (#) #.0%N!=4& & .k'" 2 2536 28&':R%&# '- &'4% '173.0

$.7 <$%& 2&% :8.#8&6;

u 7 =%.8#$$%& 65

* '.. 2537 '-$%& &2& 8&QO($2%N!) 65 7"9 # &*

:#R%#' ().%7 =#.+%&.

8 .=4&&2%4&.7.%. / :- $=#% / %857

* *0 &%54&9 5 % (+ " 2538 : 28 - 29)

.4&5#..7.%: 0+$8&:#%'&.

*' .$ *.4 .%: / <$%& #7#+4 R .:<$%& .;:$%&27k5 . :#R#*0 * ." &*8. $%& $%&<.:

R:2 & : :$ *$.&$

#7# &$%&##9-## 2 $%&4&#=.% $%&

(65)

=.%-;5 2 7 48&6&#$$%& :$%&# u :#R

$$%&*". u .2#5 R:0$%&&

%857#. 2 medical encyclopaedia (%%4 R*$ :&%4 .< :$%&4&:#R8.

#""&&2% :#%2% :#$8&$%&R$$%&

=## &%!3 ".;2.8 %

"9 3 .-$%&$& (... : 104)

#"8 5&$%& 7&

C## &8.% $. ' %4$

&7&.% &.;' 8 5 N!&5$ 7&4$%&$

.8& :#R 7=23 #<3.

&-%&'" #'- 27 (Martin Seeger *= & &+9-, +9 *=4&+9-, &<25$ " 26 2545) = 7 2 $8& $8& "8- 5'.-$ '-'" "'-#!3

"0+.- : ##8'-# $8& #0' "

''" *.& 65.$%&.''- '-$ : "

0+.-

7& 2. 4& : 4&%:8

< &*%:.QR4&.. / ##9

% 5 *%:#& 4&%&;. &'=4& 3 5< &' =4& 3.. .#<; # &4&

5"8"#4&./ *=4&.<58 QR54& &$./ .%: 7 :*$9

*4&%& %#"#= 9." (2538 : 90) &8$%&8$&

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

The results of the workload analysis calculation for the Performance Accountability Report Analyst Position, Treasurer Position, and Financial Report Manager Position is used to find