ทัศนคติของผู้ป่วยต่อแพทย์เพศที่สาม

(1)

Jarurin Pitanupong et al.

Patientûs Attitudes Towards Overtly Effeminate Male or Overtly Masculine Female Doctors

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J Psychiatr Assoc Thailand 2011; 56(1): 25-34

* Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate patientûs attitudes towards overtly effeminate male or overtly masculine female doctors compared with other overtly effeminate males or overtly masculine females.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among outpatients in 16 clinics at Songklanagarind Hospital from January to March 2009 using self-administered questionnaires.

McNemarûs chi-square test was used for the comparison between attitudes towards overtly effeminate male or overtly masculine female doctors and other overtly effeminate males or overtly masculine females in the general population.

Results: Questionnaires from 419 patients were collected. The average age of participants was 38.8 years old (SD=17.2). Almost all patients (83.8%) thought that overtly effeminate male doctors or overtly masculine female doctors were acceptable in Thai society nowadays. Only 2.4% and 1.4% of patients reported that they felt disgusted and nervous to have contact with them. More men than women, patients aged between 12 and 19 and more than 60 years old, and lower education patients had negative attitudes towards overtly effeminate male doctors or overtly masculine female doctors.

Conclusion: Most of the results showed that the patients had no negative attitudes towards overtly effeminate or masculine doctors

Keywords: attitudes, effeminate, masculine, doctor

Effeminate Male or Overtly Masculine Female Doctors

Jarurin Pitanupong M.D.*

Nisan Sam-angsri M.Sc.*

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¥â“πæƒµ‘°√√¡ ºŸâªÉ«¬ à«π„À≠à‰¡àªØ‘‡ ∏ À√◊ÕÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß∑’Ë®–µ‘¥µàÕ ◊ËÕ “√ À√◊ÕæŸ¥§ÿ¬°—∫∫ÿ§§≈

∑’Ë‡ªìπ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ ¡’‡æ’¬ß√âÕ¬≈– 5.3 ·≈– 33.9 ¢Õß ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë®–ªØ‘‡ ∏À√◊ÕÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß·æ∑¬å·≈–∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª

‡æ»∑’Ë “¡µ“¡≈”¥—∫ (µ“√“ß∑’Ë 2)

πÕ°®“°π’Èæ∫«à“√âÕ¬≈– 16.0 ¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬‡§¬¡’

ª√– ∫°“√≥å√—∫°“√√—°…“°—∫·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡„π‚√ß æ¬“∫“≈À√◊Õ§≈‘π‘°µà“ßÊ ·≈–√âÕ¬≈– 83.1 ¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬

§‘¥«à“°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°∑“ß∑à“∑“ß §”æŸ¥ ∂÷ß°“√‡ªìπ‡æ»

∑’Ë “¡¢Õß·æ∑¬å‡ªìπ∑’Ë¬Õ¡√—∫‰¥â

µ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 ∑—»π§µ‘µàÕ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ (N=419)

®”π«π (√âÕ¬≈–) P-value

∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª∑’Ë‡ªìπ ·æ∑¬å∑’Ë‡ªìπ McNemarûs

‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ chi-squared test

§«“¡·µ°µà“ß®“°ºŸâ™“¬À√◊ÕºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑—Ë«‰ª 0.0001*

‰¡à·µ°µà“ß 198 (47.3) 229 (54.7)

·µ°µà“ß 221 (52.7) 190 (45.3)

°“√¬Õ¡√—∫„π —ß§¡‰∑¬ 0.4610

¬—ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑’Ë¬Õ¡√—∫ 74 (17.7) 68 (16.2)

‡ªìπ∑’Ë¬Õ¡√—∫¡“°¢÷Èπ 345 (82.3) 351 (83.8)

º≈¢Õß°“√‡ªìπ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡µàÕ§«“¡πà“‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ„π Õ“™’æ/°“√ß“π 0.0191*

‰¡à¡’º≈ 269 (64.2) 288 (68.7)

¡’º≈ 150 (35.8) 131 (31.3)

§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°µàÕ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ 1

‰¡à√—ß‡°’¬®/‡©¬Ê 408 (97.4) 409 (97.6)

√—ß‡°’¬® 11 (2.6) 10 (2.4)

√Ÿâ ÷°‰¡à ∫“¬„®/°≈—«/À«“¥√–·«ß À“°µâÕßµ‘¥µàÕ ◊ËÕ “√°—∫‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ 0.0057*

‰¡à¡’‡≈¬ 309 (73.7) 303 (72.3)

¡’∫â“ß 92 (22.0) 110 (26.3)

‰¡à ∫“¬„®/°≈—«/√–·«ß ¡“° 18 (4.3) 6 (1.4)

ªØ‘‡ ∏À√◊ÕÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß∑’Ë®–µ‘¥µàÕ ◊ËÕ “√ æŸ¥§ÿ¬°—∫∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë‡ªìπ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ < 0.0001*

‰¡àªØ‘‡ ∏À√◊ÕÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß 277 (66.1) 397 (94.7)

ªØ‘‡ ∏À√◊ÕÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß 142 (33.9) 22 (5.3)

* ∑—»π§µ‘¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬µàÕ°“√∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª‡ªìπ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡°—∫°“√∑’Ë·æ∑¬å‡ªìπ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ ·µ°µà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘∑’Ë√–¥—∫ 0.05

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3. ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫∑—»π§µ‘¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’µàÕ

∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª ·≈–·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡

¥â“π§«“¡§‘¥ ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§«“¡§‘¥¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë

¡’µàÕ∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª·≈–·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡æ∫§«“¡·µ°µà“ß

°—πÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘„π‡√◊ËÕß‡æ»∑’Ë “¡¡’§«“¡

·µ°µà“ß°—∫ºŸâ™“¬À√◊ÕºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑—Ë«‰ª (p=0.0001) ·≈–

°“√‡ªìπ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡¡’º≈µàÕ§«“¡πà“‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ„πÕ“™’æ

°“√ß“π (p=0.0191)

¥â“π§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷° ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°¢Õß ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’µàÕ∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª·≈–·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡æ∫

§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ „π‡√◊ËÕß

§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°‰¡à ∫“¬„® °≈—« √–·«ß¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬À“°µâÕß µ‘¥µàÕ ◊ËÕ “√°—∫‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ (p=0.0057)

¥â“πæƒµ‘°√√¡ ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß ºŸâªÉ«¬„π°“√ªØ‘‡ ∏À√◊ÕÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß∑’Ë®–µ‘¥µàÕ ◊ËÕ “√

æŸ¥§ÿ¬°—∫∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª‡æ»∑’Ë “¡·≈–·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡

æ∫§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (p<0.0001) (µ“√“ß∑’Ë 2)

4. ∑—»π§µ‘¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬µàÕ°“√‡ªìπ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡

·¬°µ“¡≈—°…≥–∑“ßª√–™“°√¢Õß°≈ÿà¡µ—«Õ¬à“ß 4.1 ∑—»π§µ‘¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬µàÕ∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª

·≈–·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ ·¬°µ“¡‡æ»

ºŸâªÉ«¬‡æ»™“¬¡’∑—»π§µ‘«à“ ∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª

‡æ»∑’Ë “¡π—Èπ·µ°µà“ß®“°ºŸâ™“¬À√◊ÕºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑—Ë«‰ª ·≈–

¬—ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑’Ë¬Õ¡√—∫„π —ß§¡‰∑¬ ¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°√—ß‡°’¬®

·≈–§‘¥«à“°“√‡ªìπ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡¡’º≈µàÕ§«“¡πà“‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ

„πÕ“™’æ°“√ß“π¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ„πÕ—µ√“∑’Ë Ÿß°«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬

‡æ»À≠‘ßÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (p<0.05) ·≈–

ºŸâªÉ«¬‡æ»™“¬¡—°ªØ‘‡ ∏À√◊ÕÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß∑’Ë®–µ‘¥µàÕ ◊ËÕ “√

æŸ¥§ÿ¬°—∫∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª‡æ»∑’Ë “¡„πÕ—µ√“∑’Ë Ÿß°«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬

‡æ»À≠‘ß Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘‡™àπ°—π (p<0.001) (√Ÿª∑’Ë 1)

„π∑”πÕß‡¥’¬«°—π º≈°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫

∑—»π§µ‘¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’µàÕ·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡®”·π°

µ“¡‡æ» æ∫«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬‡æ»™“¬§‘¥«à“ ·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡

¬—ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑’Ë¬Õ¡√—∫„π —ß§¡‰∑¬ ·≈–¡’º≈µàÕ§«“¡πà“

‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ„πÕ“™’æ°“√ß“π „πÕ—µ√“∑’Ë Ÿß°«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬‡æ»À≠‘ß Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (p<0.01) (√Ÿª∑’Ë 2)

* P-value < 0.05

√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ∑—»π§µ‘µàÕ∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª∑’Ë‡ªìπ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ ·¬°µ“¡‡æ»

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*P-value < 0.01

√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ∑—»π§µ‘µàÕ·æ∑¬å∑’Ë‡ªìπ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ ·¬°µ“¡‡æ»

* P-value < 0.05

√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 ∑—»π§µ‘µàÕ·æ∑¬å∑’Ë‡ªìπ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ ·¬°µ“¡°≈ÿà¡Õ“¬ÿ

* P-value < 0.01

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4.2 ∑—»π§µ‘¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬µàÕ∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª

·≈–·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ ·¬°µ“¡°≈ÿà¡Õ“¬ÿ

∑—»π§µ‘¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬µàÕ∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª·≈–·æ∑¬å

‡æ»∑’Ë “¡„π·µà≈–°≈ÿà¡Õ“¬ÿπ—Èπ·µ°µà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡’

π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ ‚¥¬ºŸâªÉ«¬„π°≈ÿà¡Õ“¬ÿ 12-19 ªï ·≈–

°≈ÿà¡Õ“¬ÿ 60 ªï¢÷Èπ‰ª §‘¥«à“∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª·≈–·æ∑¬å

‡æ»∑’Ë “¡π—Èπ·µ°µà“ß®“°ºŸâ™“¬À√◊ÕºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑—Ë«‰ª ·≈–

¬—ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑’Ë¬Õ¡√—∫„π —ß§¡‰∑¬ àßº≈µàÕ§«“¡πà“‡™◊ËÕ

∂◊Õ„πÕ“™’æ°“√ß“π √«¡∑—Èß¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°‰¡à ∫“¬„®

°≈—« √–·«ßÀ“°µâÕßµ‘¥µàÕ ◊ËÕ “√°—∫∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª

·≈–·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡„πÕ—µ√“∑’Ë Ÿß°«à“°≈ÿà¡Õ“¬ÿÕ◊ËπÊ (p<0.05) (√Ÿª∑’Ë 3)

4.3 ∑—»π§µ‘¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬µàÕ∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª

·≈–·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ ·¬°µ“¡√–¥—∫°“√»÷°…“

ºŸâ ªÉ « ¬ ∑’Ë ¡’ √ – ¥— ∫ ° “ √ »÷ ° … “ · µ ° µà “ ß °— π

¡’∑—»π§µ‘µàÕ∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ (p<0.05) ·≈–

·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ (p<0.01) ·µ°µà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠

∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ ‚¥¬ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫°“√»÷°…“πâÕ¬°«à“®–¡’

—¥ à«π¢Õß∑—»π§µ‘„π‡™‘ß≈∫ Ÿß°«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫

°“√»÷°…“¡“°°«à“ (√Ÿª∑’Ë 4)

«‘®“√≥å

º≈°“√»÷°…“æ∫«à“ ºŸâªÉ«¬¡’∑—»π§µ‘ §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°

·≈–æƒµ‘°√√¡°“√ªØ‘‡ ∏À√◊ÕÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡

„πÕ—µ√“πâÕ¬°«à“∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª‡æ»∑’Ë “¡Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠

∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ º≈°“√»÷°…“¥—ß°≈à“«Õ“®‡ªìπ‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°

ºŸâªÉ«¬¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë®–µâÕßæ∫·æ∑¬å‡æ◊ËÕ√—∫°“√√—°…“

∑”„Àâ‰¡àÕ¬“°¡Õß·æ∑¬å„π·ßà√â“¬ ®÷ß¡Õß¢â“¡

‡√◊ËÕß‡æ»∑’Ë “¡‰ª«à“¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠ ·≈–°“√· ¥ß

§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ„π¥â“πµà“ßÊ ∑’Ë¡’µàÕ·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡„π

¢≥–∑’Ë°”≈—ß‡º™‘≠°—∫ªí≠À“ ÿ¢¿“æ À√◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà„π

√–À«à“ß°“√√Õ‡æ◊ËÕ√—∫°“√µ√«®√—°…“Õ“®¡’º≈µàÕ

∑—»π§µ‘∑’Ë·µ°µà“ßÕÕ°‰ª‰¥â‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫¿“«–∑’Ë‰¡à‰¥â Õ¬Ÿà„π∫∑∫“∑¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬

‡¡◊ËÕ»÷°…“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·¬°°≈ÿà¡ºŸâªÉ«¬µ“¡≈—°…≥–

ª√–™“°√ §◊Õ ‡æ» Õ“¬ÿ ·≈–√–¥—∫°“√»÷°…“ æ∫«à“

ºŸâªÉ«¬‡æ»™“¬ ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’Õ“¬ÿ 12-25 ªï ·≈–¡“°°«à“

60 ªï¢÷Èπ‰ª ·≈–ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’°“√»÷°…“πâÕ¬ ¡’§«“¡§‘¥

§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷° ·≈–æƒµ‘°√√¡°“√ªØ‘‡ ∏À√◊ÕÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß

∫ÿ§§≈∑—Ë«‰ª·≈–·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡¡“°°«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬‡æ»À≠‘ß ºŸâªÉ«¬„π™à«ß°≈ÿà¡Õ“¬ÿÕ◊Ëπ ·≈–ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’°“√»÷°…“ Ÿß

∑—Èßπ’ÈÕ“®‡ªìπº≈‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°≈ÿà¡ºŸâªÉ«¬‡æ»™“¬∑’Ë¡’

Õ—µ≈—°…≥å (gender identity) ™—¥‡®π·≈â««à“µπ‡Õß‡ªìπ

‡æ»™“¬ °“√· ¥ßÕÕ°«à“µπ‡Õß¬Õ¡√—∫‡√◊ËÕß‡æ»∑’Ë “¡

π—Èπ ®–∑”„Àâ√Ÿâ ÷°‰¡à ∫“¬„®‡æ√“–°√–∑∫µàÕµ—«µπ

·≈–Õ—µ≈—°…≥å¢Õßµπ‡Õß πÕ°®“°π’È‚¥¬∏√√¡™“µ‘

¢Õß‡æ»À≠‘ßπ—Èπ®–¡’®‘µ„®ÕàÕπ‚¬π ·≈–¬Õ¡√—∫

§«“¡·µ°µà“ß„π‡√◊ËÕßµà“ßÊ ‰¥âßà“¬°«à“ ∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂

¬Õ¡√—∫‡√◊ËÕß‡æ»∑’Ë “¡‰¥â¡“°°«à“ à«π„π‡√◊ËÕß°≈ÿà¡

Õ“¬ÿπ—ÈπºŸâªÉ«¬°≈ÿà¡™à«ß™’«‘µ«—¬√ÿàπ ®—¥‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë

°”≈—ß √â“ßÀ√◊Õ§âπÀ“Õ—µ≈—°…≥å¢Õßµπ‡Õß ¡ÿ¡¡Õß

‡√◊ËÕß‡æ»∑’Ë “¡®÷ß‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë§ÿ°§“¡À√◊Õ∫—Ëπ∑Õπ

§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°∑’Ë¡’µàÕÕ—µ≈—°…≥å¢Õßµπ‡Õß ®÷ß· ¥ß

§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ‰ªµ“¡Õ“√¡≥åµ“¡«—¬§◊Õ ‰¡à¬Õ¡√—∫‡√◊ËÕß

‡æ»∑’Ë “¡ à«π„π°≈ÿà¡ºŸâªÉ«¬«—¬ ŸßÕ“¬ÿπ—Èπ‡√◊ËÕß‡æ»∑’Ë “¡

®—¥‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡µàÕ¬ÿ§ ¡—¬¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬°≈ÿà¡π’È

®÷ß∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°‰¡à¬Õ¡√—∫ „π‡√◊ËÕß√–¥—∫°“√»÷°…“

Õ“®‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â«à“ ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’°“√»÷°…“πâÕ¬ ¡’‚Õ°“

‡¢â“∂÷ß ◊ËÕ∑’Ë· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß∑’Ë¡“∑’Ë‰ª À√◊Õ‡Àµÿº≈¢Õß

°“√‡ªìπ‡æ»∑’Ë “¡´÷Ëß‡ªìπ«—≤π∏√√¡¢Õß‚≈°´’°µ–«—πµ°

‰¥âπâÕ¬°«à“§π∑’Ë¡’°“√»÷°…“ Ÿß ∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡‡¢â“„®

· ≈ – ¬ Õ ¡ √— ∫ ‡ √◊Ë Õ ß ‡ æ » ∑’Ë “ ¡ ‰ ¥â πâ Õ ¬ ° «à “ ºŸâ ªÉ « ¬ ∑’Ë ¡’

°“√»÷°…“ Ÿß°«à“ Õ¬à“ß‰√°Áµ“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥—ß°≈à“«π’È®—¥‡ªìπ

¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ”§—≠ ”À√—∫·æ∑¬å‡æ»∑’Ë “¡„π°“√µ√–Àπ—°∂÷ß

°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°´÷ËßÕ“® àßº≈°√–∑∫µàÕ§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑’Ë¥’

„π°≈ÿà¡ºŸâªÉ«¬¥—ß°≈à“«

¢âÕ®”°—¥¢Õß°“√»÷°…“π’È§◊Õ °≈ÿà¡µ—«Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡“√—∫°“√√—°…“„π‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈ ß¢≈“π§√‘π∑√å

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´÷Ëß‡ªìπ‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈√–¥—∫µµ‘¬¿Ÿ¡‘ ºŸâªÉ«¬¡’√–¥—∫

°“√»÷°…“ Ÿß ¥—ßπ—Èπº≈°“√»÷°…“∑’Ë‰¥â®÷ß‡ªìπ§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ

∑’Ë¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπµâÕßæ÷Ëßæ“°“√¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“®“°·æ∑¬å

®÷ß‰¡à “¡“√∂‡ªìπµ—«·∑π∑—»π§µ‘¢Õßª√–™“°√∑—Ë«‰ª∑’Ë

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