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CONTENTS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT c
ABSTRACT IN THAI d
ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH f
LIST OF TABLES l
LIST OF FIGURES m
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY IN ENGLISH n
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY IN THAI o
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Economic and Agricultural Industry 1
1.2 Incentive, Standards, Government Support to Farmers 2 1.3 Behavior, Learning and Practices of Thai Farmers 4 1.4 Research Problems and Proposal Solution Methodology 5
1.5 Structure of Thesis 9
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 Agricultural Economy of Thailand and Global Market 10
2.1.1 Thailand Agro-economy 10
2.1.2 European Union (EU) Market 11
2.1.3 United State of America (USA) Market 16
2.1.4 Australian Market 19
2.1.5 Asian Market 22
2.2 Food-relevant Standards 27
2.2.1 Backgrounds about Standards 27
2.2.2 GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) 29
2.2.3 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) 31 2.2.4 ISO22000:2500 Food Safety System Requirement 33
2.2.5 British Retail Consortium (BRC) 34
2.3 Standards Involving Sectors of Agricultural Goods Production 36
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CONTENTS (Continued)
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2.3.1 Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) 36
2.3.1.1 Global GAP 37
2.3.1.2 National GAP (Thailand) 40
2.3.2 Organic Farming and IFOAM 41
2.4 Environment-related Standard 44
2.4.1 Carbon Foot Print 42
2.5 Trade Norms and Regulations 43
2.5.1 Ethical Trade Initiative (ETI) 43
2.5.2 Fair Trade 44
2.6 Maturity Model (MM) 45
2.6.1 General 45
2.6.2 Five Levels of Software Process Maturity 47 2.6.3 Behavior Characterization of Maturity Levels 47
2.6.3.1 Level 1: The Initial Level 47
2.6.3.2 Level 2: The Repeatable Level 48
2.3.6.3 Level 3: The Defined Level 48
2.3.6.4 Level 4: The Manage Level 49
2.3.6.5 Level 5: The Optimizing Level 49
2.6.4 Skipping Maturity Levels 50
2.6.5 Internal Structure of Maturity Model 50
2.6.5.1 Maturity Model 51
2.6.5.2 Key Process Areas 51
2.6.5.3 Common Features 52
2.6.5.4 Key Practices 53
2.6.6 Application of CMM 53
2.7 Knowledge Management (KM) and Knowledge Engineering (KE) 54
2.7.1 General 54
2.7.2 Fundamentals of KM and Its Extensions 55
2.7.2.1 Knowledge Creation 55
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CONTENTS (Continued)
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2.7.2.2 Learning in Action 58
2.7.3 Knowledge Engineering (KE) 62
2.7.4 Common KADS 63
2.7.4.1 Overview 63
2.7.4.2 Common KADS Model Components 64
2.7.4.3 Knowledge Model 64
2.7.5 Knowledge Management Maturity Model (KMMM) 65
2.7.6 KM in Agriculture 70
2.7.6.1 Agricultural Knowledge Management in India 72 2.7.6.2 Agricultural Knowledge Management in Ghana 74 2.7.6.3 Agricultural Knowledge Management in Bolivia 75
2.8 Closure Towards Proposed Methodology 75
CHAPTER 3 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 76
3.1 Motivation of Methodology Development 76
3.2 Grower Maturity Model (GMM) 78
3.2.1 GAP as An Origin of GMM 78
3.2.2 Designation of Maturity to GMM 83
3.2.3 The Management of Knowledge in GMM 86
3.2.4 The Resulting GMM 93
3.3 Cost and Risk Assessment 98
3.4 Robustness Tests 100
3.5 Benefit from GMM 107
CHAPTER 4 CASE STUDIES 109
4.1 General 109
4.2 Case Study #1 110
4.2.1 General Description 110
4.2.2 Research Process 111
4.2.3 Result and Discussion 124
4.3 Case Study #2 137
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CONTENTS (Continued)
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4.3.1 General Description 137
4.3.2 Research Process 138
4.3.3 Result and Discussion 146
4.4 Case Study #3 152
4.4.1 General Description 152
4.4.2 Research Process 152
4.4.3 Result and Discussion 157
4.5 Case Study # 4 158
4.5.1 General Description 158
4.5.2 Research Process 159
4.5.3 Result and Discussion 165
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 174
5.1 Conclusions 174
5.2 Future Work 178
REFERENCES 179
APPENDIX 189
APPENDIX A 189
APPENDIX B 202
APPENDIX C 230
APPENDIX D 259
APPENDIX E 269
CURRICULUM VIATE 282
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LIST OF TABLES
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Table 3.1 Systems Thinking for GMM Improvement 90
Table 3.2 Systems Thinking for a Specific Task 90
Table 3.3 Structure of GMM 95
Table 3.4 The Task Evaluation by GMM 96
Table 3.5 Questionnaires for Exports or producer that have perspective
to Grower Maturity Model by Company #1 CCW 101 Table 3.6 Questionnaires for Exports or producer that have perspective
to Grower Maturity Model by Company #2 KAEC 102 Table 3.7 Questionnaires for Exports or producer that have perspective
to Grower Maturity Model by Company #3 PP 103 Table 3.8 Comparisons of Ordinary Method and GMM Method 106
Table 4.1 GMM Evaluation Chart 112
Table 4.2 Grower #1 126
Table 4.3 Grower #2 129
Table 4.4 Grower #3 132
Table 4.5 Comparison of Grower Maturity Level 136
Table 4.6 The evaluation by GMM finds the following information 147
Table 4.7 Grower 149
Table 4.8 Expense and Revenue of Base Case Group A 153 Table 4.9 Expense and Revenue of Base Case Group B 155
Table 4.10 GMM Evaluation on IPM 160
Table 4.11 Improving Learning Process on IPM by GMM 161
Table 4.12 utilization Learning Process on IPM 162
Table 4.13 Results GMM Evaluation on IPM 168
Table 4.14 Improving Learning Process by GMM 169
Table 4.15 Systems Thinking 172
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LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure 1.1 Supply Chain of Fresh Produce 7
Figure 2.1 Conceptual of Standard in Agricultural Supply Chain 28 Figure 2.2 Integrated Farm Assurances (IFA) Standard 39 Figure 2.3 The Five Level of Software Process Maturity 46
Figure 2.4 The CMM Structure 51
Figure 2.5 The Key Process Areas by Maturity Levels 52 Figure 2.6 Knowledge Creating Company by Nonaka 56
Figure 2.7 Knowledge Creation SECI Model 57
Figure 2.8 Price of Ford Model T 1909-1923 59
Figure 2.9 Common KADS Model Set 64
Figure 2.10 Common KADS, Overviews of Knowledge Categories
in the Knowledge Model 65
Figure 2.11 KMM the Five Maturity Levels of Knowledge Management 67 Figure 2.12 The Eight Key Areas of Knowledge Management 68
Figure 2.13 Process if the KMMM Assessment 69
Figure 3.1 Conceptual Framework of GAP-based GMM 82 Figure 3.2 The Systems Thinking of Okra Growers 89 Figure 3.3 Shows the Systems Thinking Knowledge Linkage 93
Figure 3.4 The Construction of GMM 94
Figure 3.5 Schematic Development Framework of GMM 95 Figure 4.1 Selection of Sample Group for Case Studies 110
Figure 4.2 GG Audit Result 139
Figure 4.3 Learning Cartoon for Capability Improvement 173
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
1) In this thesis grower maturity model has presented as a new model of farmer capability assessment and development. Implementation of Global Good Agricultural Practices (Global GAP) has set as a framework for capability development while maturity model has set as criterion and guide line.
2) The aim is to measure the capabilities of farmers and realize the requisite fundamental knowledge in order to enhance capability of farmers for sustainable farming.
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