C O N T E N TS
Chapter 1: Introduction ... 1
1.0 – Introduction... 1
1.1 – The problem ... 7
1.2 – The Consequences of Tobacco use ... 13
1.3 – The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) ... 17
1.3.0 – The FCTC Negotiation Process ... 18
1.4 – Overview of Chapters ... 23
Chapter 2:Theoretical Framework ... 25
2.0 – Introduction... 25
2.1 – A Review of International Relations Literature... 25
2.2 – The Liberal-Constructivist Model... 29
2.3 – International Regimes ... 34
2.3.1 – The Structural Tradition... 35
2.3.2 – The Grotian Tradition ... 37
2.4 – Middle Level Theories... 38
2.5 – Theory ... 40
2.5.1 – Epistemic Communities ... 41
2.5.2 – Transnational Advocacy Networks... 44
2.5.3 – Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF)... 47
2.6 – Concepts, Measurements, and Hypotheses... 48
2.6.1 – “Low Politics”... 48
2.6.2 – Policy Transfer/Diffusion ... 51
2.6.3 – Transnationalism... 55
2.6.4 – Globalization and Interdependence... 59
2.7 – Methodology ... 64
2.8 – Summary ... 68
Chapter 3: Transnationalism... 70
3.0 – Introduction... 70
3.1 – Transnational Advocacy Groups... 71
3.1.1 – Anti-Tobacco Advocacy Groups ... 73
3.1.1.0 – Anti-Tobacco Advocacy Groups and the FCTC... 78
3.1.1.0.0 – Working Strategies... 82
3.1.1.1 – Pro-tobacco Advocacy Groups and the FCTC... 86
3.2 – Transnational Tobacco Companies (TTCs) ... 97
3.2.1 – TTCs and the FCTC...103
3.3 – Tobacco Policy Entrepreneurs (TPEs) and Advocates/Activists...110
3.3.0 – TPEs and Advocates/Activists and the FCTC ...112
3.4 – Summary ...117
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Chapter 4: Global Governance in Tobacco Control...119
4.0 – Introduction ...119
4.1 – Conceptualization of Governance...120
4.2 – From Uruguay Round of Talk (GATT) to FCTC ...123
4.3 – Models of Governance...128
Post-Statist Model...128
4.4 – FCTC as a Form of Global Governance ...132
4.4.1 – The Role of States...132
4.4.2 – The Role of the World Health Organization...138
4.4.2.1 – World Health Organization’s Partners...143
4.4.2.2 – World Health Organization’s Tobacco Control Program: The Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) ... 147
4.4.2.3 – World Health Organization’s Tobacco Control Program: “World No Tobacco Day” (WNTD)...150
4.5 – Globalization and Interdependence, and the FCTC ...154
4.5.1 – The Developing Countries Issue...155
4.6 – Summary, Discussions, and Conclusions ...159
Chapter 5: Transfer/Diffusion of Best Practices in Tobacco Control...163
5.0 – Introduction...163
5.1 – “Best Practices” in Tobacco Control ...167
5.2 –Epistemic Community on Tobacco Control: World Conference on Tobacco or Health ...173
5.2.1 – First Phase: Tobacco as a Developed Countries Issue...177
5.2.2 – Second Phase: Tobacco as a Worldwide Issue ...178
5.2.3 – Final Phase: Development of a Global Tobacco Control Regime ...186
5.2.4 – Impact of WCTOH on global Tobacco Control ...187
5.3 – The International Conference on Illicit Tobacco Trade...192
5.4 – Key Nongovernmental Organizations in the Global Diffusion of Tobacco Control Measures...199
5.4.1 – The International Union Against Cancer (UICC) ...200
5.4.2 – The American Cancer Society (ACS)...202
5.5 – Research Institutions in the Diffusion of Global Tobacco Control Measures ..205
5.5.1 – The U.S. Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC)...205
5.5.2 – Research for International Tobacco Control (RITC), Canada ...208
5.5 – Summary and Conclusion ...211
Chapter 6: Preliminary Analysis...213
6.0 – Introduction...213
6.1 – The Interviewing Process...213
6.1.1 – Interviewees by Region...215
6.1.2 – Interviewees by Country ...216
6.2 – Actors and Stakeholders in the FCTC Negotiation Process ...217
6.2.1 – Intergovernmental Organization (WHO) ...218
6.2.2 – Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) ...219
6.2.3 – Business International Organizations (BINGOs)...219
6.2.4 – Policy Entrepreneurs and Advocates/Activists...220
6.2.5 – Public/Government Officials ...221
6.2.6 – Transnational Tobacco Companies (TTCs) ...221
6.3 – Methods of Data Collection ...222
6.3.1 – The Face-to-Face Interview ...222
6.3.2 – The Telephone Interview ...223
6.4 – Analysis of Data...223
6.4.1 – Measure of Concepts...223
6.5 – Adoption of the FCTC: Analysis ...225
6.5.1 – FCTC and Knowledge, Information, and Ideas about Tobacco Use and Tobacco Control...228
6.5.2 – FCTC and “Best Practices”...231
6.5.3 – FCTC and Policy Transfer/Diffusion...232
6.5.4 – FCTC and Transnationalism ...237
6.5.5 – FCTC and Globalization and Interdependence...239
6.5.6 – FCTC and States ...242
6.5.7 – FCTC and NGOs...244
6.5.8 – FCTC and The Tobacco Industry ...247
6.5.9 – FCTC and Policy Entrepreneurs and Advocates/Activists ...248
6.5.10 – FCTC and “Low Politics”...250
6.6 – Summary, Conclusion, and Discussion ...252
Chapter 7: Conclusion...255
7.0 – Introduction...255
7.1 – Summary of Study ...256
7.2 – Findings...261
7.3 – Contribution to Theory ...264
7.4 – Limitations of Study ...267
7.5 – Research Agenda ...267
Appendix...269
Interviewees ...269
Questionnaire ...272
References...277
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T A B L E S
1.0 – The Timeline of Global Tobacco Control, 1950s-2003... 2
3.1 – Date of Establishment of Some Transnational Advocacy Groups...78
3.2 – Framework Convention Alliance Bulletin...83
3.3 – Tobacco Leaf Exporters...92
3.4 – Date of Establishment of Some Key Transnational Tobacco Companies ...102
3.5 – Estimated Share of Global Market...104
3.6 – The Share of U.S. Market ...104
3.7 – Worldwide Activities of Major Transnational Tobacco Companies ...104
3.8 – Transnational Tobacco Companies at the FCTC Public Hearings ...107
4.0 – Estimated Number of Smokers Globally ...155
4.1 – Estimates and Trends of Cigarette Consumption per Adult Aged 15 and Over, 1970-1972 to 1990-1992 ...155
5.0 – World Conference on Tobacco or Health (WCTOH)...164
5.1 – Model Entities...169
5.2 – FCTC Provisions...170
5.3 – International Strategy of Tobacco Control ...187
5.4 – International Conference on Illicit Tobacco Trade and FCTC ...198
6.0 – Interviewees by Type of Conference/Meeting...215
6.1 – Interviewees by Region...216
6.2 – Interviewees by Country of Origin ...217
6.3 – Interviewees by Activity ...218
6.4 – Positions on FCTC...226
6.5 – Percentage of Interviewees on Raised Issues...228
F I G U R E S
1.0 – Institutionalization of Global Tobacco Control ... 6
1.1 – Summary of the FCTC Negotiation Process...21
1.2 – The FCTC Process ...22
2.0 – Liberal-Constructivist Model...34
3.0 – The Growth of NGOs with Interest in FCTC, 1999-2003 ...81
3.1 – Pro-tobacco Groups Central Arguments ...96
5.0 – Number of Countries at World Conference on Tobacco or Health, 1967-2003 ...166
5.1 – Number of Countries at World Conference on Tobacco or Health, 1967-2003 ...166
5.2 – Tobacco Control Epistemic Community: WCTOH...174
5.3 – Activities of the Research International on Tobacco Control, Canada...208
7.1 – The Evolution of Global Tobacco Control ...259
