Surface Modification of Sisal Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: Literature Review

„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–rÁ­¦·¤Â¦ŠÄœ¡°¨·Á¤°¦r‡°¤Ã¡­·š: ššªœª¦¦–„¦¦¤

Surface Modification of Sisal Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: Literature Review

¤µœ¡ ¡·¡´•®´˜™„»¨^1* ž¦³¥¼¦ ­»¦·œš¦r² ¨³Á‹¬‘µªŠ¬r°n°œ²

1­µ…µª·µª·«ª„¦¦¤Á‡¦ºÉ°Š„¨ ²­µ…µª·µª·«ª„¦¦¤°»˜­µ®„µ¦

­™µ´œÁš‡ÃœÃ¨¥¸žš»¤ª´œ 833 ™œœ¡¦³¦µ¤ 1 …ªŠª´ŠÄ®¤n Á…˜žš»¤ª´œ „¦»ŠÁš¡² 10330 Ú¦«´¡šr 0 – 2104 – 9099 Email: manop@pit.ac.th

Manop Pipathattakul^1*, Prayoon Surin² and Jessada Wongon²

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, ²Department of Industrial Engineering

Pathumwan Institute of Technology, 833 Rama 1 Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.

Tel: (66)2104 – 9099 Email: manop@pit.ac.th

š‡´—¥n°

š‡ªµ¤œ¸Ê¤¸Ážoµ®¤µ¥Äœ„µ¦ššªœª¦¦–„¦¦¤Á„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡¡ºÊœŸ·ª˜nµŠÇš¸ÉœÎµ¤µÄo„´Á­oœÄ¥

›¦¦¤µ˜·Ã—¥¤»nŠÁœoœš¸ÉÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–r ­Îµ®¦´„µ¦ž¦³¥»„˜rčoŠµœ‡°¤Ã¡­·šÄœ¦³—´­¼Š Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·

ÁžÈœª´­—»Á­¦·¤Â¦Šš¸É¤¸ÂœªÃœo¤Á˜·Ã˜ÄœšµŠš¸É—¸­Îµ®¦´„µ¦ÄoŠµœÄœ‡°¤Ã¡­·š ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¦µ‡µ™¼„, ‡ªµ¤®œµÂœnœ

˜Îɵ, ‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š‹ÎµÁ¡µ³Â¨³¤°—¼¨´­­¼Š, ŤnÁžÈœ°´œ˜¦µ¥˜n°­»…£µ¡, ­µ¤µ¦™®µÅ—oŠnµ¥ÄœµŠž¦³Áš«, œÎµ„¨´¤µ čoÄ®¤nŗo¨³¥n°¥­¨µ¥šµŠ¸ª£µ¡Å—oŠnµ¥°¥nµŠÅ¦„È—¸…o°—o°¥®¨´„…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·Äœ‡°¤Ã¡­·š ‡º°¤¸‡ªµ¤

Á…oµ„´œÅ—o¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¤š¦·„Žr˜Îɵ ¨³¤¸¦³—´„µ¦—¼—Ž´‡ªµ¤ºÊœ­¼Š —´Šœ´Êœ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡šµŠ„¨Â¨³šµŠ

Á‡¤¸ ‹³™¼„œÎµ¤µÄo­Îµ®¦´„µ¦—´—ž¨Š­¤´˜·¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ ×¥ššªœÁ„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦—´—ž¨ŠšµŠ„¨šµŠÁ‡¤¸

œ Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜· ­Îµ®¦´ÄoÁžÈœÁ­oœÄ¥Á­¦·¤Â¦ŠÄœ ¡°¨·Á¤°¦r‡°¤Ã¡­·š „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡šµŠ„¨šµŠÁ‡¤¸š¸É™¼„

œÎµ¤µ¡·‹µ¦–µž¦³„°—oª¥Ã‡Ã¦œµ¡¨µ­¤µ °´¨‡µÅ¨œrŎÁ¨œ°³Ž·š·Á¨´œÁœÃŽ°·¨Á¨´œÁž°¦r°°„ÅŽ—r

­µ¦‡¼n‡ª¤µÁ¨°¸Áš—, ÎÁ—¸¥¤‡¨°Å¦šr, °³‡¦·Á¨´œ, ŰÎŎ¥µÁœ˜, „¦—­Á˜¸¥¦·„, Áž°¦r¤Š„µÁœ˜, ئ°³Ž¸œ,

°œ»¡´œ›r„¦—Å…¤´œ ¨³ÁºÊ°¦µ®¨µ„®¨µ¥ª·›¸­Îµ®¦´„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ ¤¸Ážoµ®¤µ¥Á¡ºÉ°¥„¦³—´„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³

¦³®ªnµŠ¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¤š¦·„ŽrŽ¹ÉŠÅ¤nÁ¡¸¥ŠÂ˜nÁŒ¡µ³ž¦´ž¦»Š¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥Ášnµœ´Êœ ˜n¥´Šnª¥Á¡·É¤­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤

…Ȋ¦ŠÄ®o„´Á­oœÄ¥°¸„—oª¥ ¥·ÉŠÅž„ªnµœ´Êœ‡°¤Ã¡­·š‹³¤¸­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨ ¨³­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤˜oµœšµœ‡ªµ¤ºÊœÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ

‡Îµ­Îµ‡´: „µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ª, Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·, Á­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–r, „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡¡ºÊœŸ·ª

Abstract

This article aims to review about the different surface treatments applied to natural fibers and focused on sisal fiber for advanced composites applications. Natural fibers are a promising reinforcement for use in composites on account of its low cost, low density, high specific strength and modulus, no health risk, easy availability in some countries, renewability, and ready biodegradability. However, the main disadvantages of natural fibers in composites are the low compatibility between fiber and matrix and high degree of moisture absorption. Therefore, physical and chemical treatments are conducted for modification of the fiber surface properties. The different physical/chemical modifications on natural fibers for use in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have been reviewed. Physical/chemical treatments including corona, plasma, alkaline, silane, acetylation, benzoylation, peroxide, maleated coupling agents, sodium chlorite, acrylation, isocyanate, stearic acid, permanganate, triazine, fatty acid derivate and fungal are discussed. The various methods for treatment of fiber aimed to improve the adhesion between the fiber surface and the matrix may not only adjust the fiber surface but also increase fiber strength properties. Moreover, moisture resistance and mechanical properties of composites are improved.

Keywords: Surface modification, Natural fiber, Sisal fiber, Surface treatments

1. šœÎµ

ĜnªŠ®¨µ¥ž¸š¸ÉŸnµœ¤µ ž´®µ¤¨£µª³Â¨³­·ÉŠÂª—¨o°¤Å—ošª¸‡ªµ¤¦»œÂ¦ŠÁ¡·É¤¤µ„…¹Êœ šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦

Á¦¸¥„¦o°ŠÄ®o¤¸„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÅžÄoª´­—»›¦¦¤µ˜·ÄœŠµœ˜nµŠÇ[1] °¸„š´ÊŠœÃ¥µ¥Â¨³„‘¦³Á¸¥—oµœ­·ÉŠÂª—¨o°¤Ä®¤nÇ …°Š¦´“µ¨šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—¦Š„——´œÄ®o„´£µ‡°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤ Ánœ ¥µœ¥œ˜r, ¦¦‹»£´–”r ¨³„µ¦„n°­¦oµŠÄœ„µ¦

­ªŠ®µª´­—»Ä®¤nǚ¸ÉÁžÈœ¤·˜¦„´­·ÉŠÂª—¨o°¤®¦º°ÁžÈœª´­—»š¸É­µ¤µ¦™¥n°¥­¨µ¥Å—ošµŠ¸ª£µ¡ (Biodegradable materials) Á¡ºÉ°š—šœª´­—»‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸ÉŤn¥n°¥­¨µ¥ (Non-biodegradable composites) Á—·¤[2] šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—

‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹ÁžÈœ°¥nµŠ¤µ„Äœ„µ¦¡´•œµª´­—»‡°¤Ã¡­·š‹µ„Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜· (Natural fiber composites) ÁžÈœŸ¨šÎµ Ä®oÁ„·—„µ¦‡oœ‡ªoµª·‹´¥°¥nµŠ„ªoµŠ…ªµŠ Á¡ºÉ°¡´•œµÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·Ä®o¤¸‡»–­¤´˜·Áš¸¥Ášnµ®¦º°—¸„ªnµÁ­oœÄ¥

­´ŠÁ‡¦µ³®rSynthetic fibers) ×¥Áš‡ÃœÃ¨¥¸Äœž´‹‹»´œ­µ¤µ¦™Á¡·É¤‡»–­¤´˜·…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·Ä®o­¼Š…¹Êœ šÎµ Ä®oÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·„¨µ¥ÁžÈœ˜´ªÁ¨º°„š¸É­Îµ‡´ Á¤ºÉ°˜o°Š„µ¦Á­¦·¤Â¦ŠÄ®o„´ª´­—»‡°¤Ã¡­·š [3]

ž´‹‹»´œª´­—»‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸É¤¸¡°¨·Á¤°¦rÁžÈœÁ¤š¦·„Žr¨³Á­¦·¤Â¦Š—oª¥Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜· (Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites) ŗo™¼„¡Á®ÈœÂ¨³¤¸„µ¦Á˜·Ã˜Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´Äœ°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤ª´­—»

‡°¤Ã¡­·š ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­µ¤µ¦™Äo„¦³ªœ„µ¦Ÿ¨·˜°¥nµŠŠnµ¥¤¸¤·˜·Â¨³Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡š¸É—¸, ¨³Ä®ož¦³­·š›·£µ¡šµŠ„¨

š¸ÉÁ¡¸¥Š¡° Ĝ„µ¦ž¦´ž¦»Š‡»–­¤´˜·…°Šª´­—»Ã—¥®¨´„…¹Êœ°¥¼n„´‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š…°Š¡´œ›³Äœ„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³„´œ

¦³®ªnµŠÁ¤š¦·„Žr„´Á­oœÄ¥Â¨³„µ¦Á¨º°„„¦³ªœ„µ¦Ÿ¨·˜š¸ÉÁ®¤µ³­¤ [4-6]×¥‡»–£µ¡…°Šª´­—»‡°¤Ã¡­·š

Á­¦·¤Â¦Š—oª¥Á­oœÄ¥ …¹Êœ°¥¼n„´„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³„´œ…°ŠŸ·ª®œoµ¦³®ªnµŠÁ¤š¦·„Žr„´Á­oœÄ¥®¦º°š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„ªnµ°·œÁ˜°¦rÁ¢Ž

Á¡¦µ³°·œÁ˜°¦rÁ¢Žš¸É­¤¼¦–r‹³nª¥­nŠŸnµœ‡ªµ¤Á‡oœš¸ÉÁ„·—…¹Êœ„´Á¤š¦·„ŽrÁ…oµ­¼nÁ­oœÄ¥Å—o°¥nµŠ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡[7]

Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·¤¸…o°Å—oÁž¦¸¥š¸ÉÁ®œº°„ªnµÁ­oœÄ¥Â„oª®¦º°Á­oœÄ¥‡µ¦r°œš¸ÉÁžÈœÁ­oœÄ¥­´ŠÁ‡¦µ³®r®¨µ¥ž¦³„µ¦

°µš·Ánœ˜oœš»œ˜Îɵ, ‡ªµ¤®œµÂœnœ˜Îɵ,‡»–­¤´˜·‹ÎµÁ¡µ³„µ¦—¹ŠÁš¸¥Á‡¸¥ŠÅ—o„´Á­oœÄ¥­´ŠÁ‡¦µ³®r,Ťn¤¸§š›·Í„´—

„¦n°œ°»ž„¦–r˜nµŠÇ, Ťn¦³‡µ¥Á‡º°Š˜n°Ÿ·ª,‡ªµ¤Á­¸É¥Š˜n°­»…£µ¡˜Îɵ,œÎµ„¨´¤µÄoÄ®¤nŗo,¨³­µ¤µ¦™¥n°¥­¨µ¥

ŗošµŠ¸ª£µ¡ Ž¹ÉŠª´­—»‡°¤Ã¡­·šÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê™¼„œÎµÅžÄo­Îµ®¦´„µ¦·œ, „µ¦„n°­¦oµŠ,„µ¦„¸¯µ, „µ¦¦¦‹»®¸®n°Â¨³ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³°¥nµŠ¥·ÉŠÄœ°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤¥µœ¥œ˜r[8-9]Ž¹ÉŠÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–r™º°ªnµÁžÈœ®œ¹ÉŠÄœÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·š¸É™¼„

œÎµ¤µÄož¦³Ã¥œrÁžÈœ°¥nµŠ¤µ„ÄœÁ·Š¡µ–·¥r ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­µ¤µ¦™®µÅ—oŠnµ¥¤¸Â®¨nŠÁ¡µ³ž¨¼„Äœž¦³Áš«Åš¥

—´Šœ´Êœš‡ªµ¤œ¸Ê¤¸Ážoµ®¤µ¥Äœ„µ¦ššªœª¦¦–„¦¦¤Á„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ

«¦œµ¦µ¥–r—oª¥ª·›¸˜nµŠÇÁ¡ºÉ°Á¡·É¤‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™Äœ„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³„´œ¦³®ªnµŠ¡°¨·Á¤°¦r„´Á­oœÄ¥Á¡ºÉ°ÁžÈœÂœªšµŠÄœ

„µ¦š¸É‹³Á¨º°„čoª·›¸„µ¦Å—o°¥nµŠÁ®¤µ³­¤Á¡ºÉ°œÎµ„¦³ªœ„µ¦—´Š„¨nµªÅžž¦³¥»„˜rčo„´„µ¦…¹Êœ¦¼žª´­—»‡°¤Ã¡­·š

ץčo¡°¨·Á°­Áš°¦rÁ¦Ž·ÉœÁžÈœÁ¤š¦·„Žr¨³Á­¦·¤Â¦Š—oª¥Á­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–rš¸É™´„š°Ž¹ÉŠÁžÈœŠµœš¸É‹³—εÁœ·œ„µ¦

˜n°ÅžÄœ°œµ‡˜

2. °Š‡rž¦³„°…°Šª´­—»Ÿ­¤Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·

‡°¤Ã¡­·š‹µ„Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·ÁžÈœª´­—»Ÿ­¤¦³®ªnµŠª´­—»­´ŠÁ‡¦µ³®rª´­—»›¦¦¤µ˜·š¸É¤¸‡»–­¤´˜·

š¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n2°Š‡rž¦³„°Ã—¥°Š‡rž¦³„°Â¦„šÎµ®œoµš¸ÉÁ­¦·¤Â¦ŠÁ¦¸¥„ªnµÁ¢­š¸ÉŤn˜n°ÁœºÉ°Š

(Discontinuous phase)®¦º°Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜· Ĝ…–³š¸É°Š‡rž¦³„°š¸ÉÁ®¨º°šÎµ®œoµš¸É¥¹—Ã¥Š°Š‡rž¦³„°Â¦„

Á…oµÅªo—oª¥„´œÁ¦¸¥„ªnµÁ¢­š¸É˜n°ÁœºÉ°Š(Continuous phase) ®¦º°Á¤š¦·„ŽrMatrix)×¥°Š‡rž¦³„°š´ÊŠ­°Š™¼„Ÿœª„

¦ª¤„´œ ×¥¤¸Ážoµ®¤µ¥Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oŗo¤µŽ¹ÉŠª´­—»‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸É¤¸‡»–¨´„¬–³Â¨³‡»–­¤´˜·˜µ¤š¸É˜o°Š„µ¦ [10]

2.1 Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·

Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·‹µ„¡ºÁžÈœ¨·„ÃœÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­·„(Lignocellulosic) ®¦º°­µ¦ž¦³„°Á·ŠŽo°œ…°ŠÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­

š¸É¤¸°¥¼nĜ›¦¦¤µ˜·Ž¹ÉŠž¦³„°—oª¥ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­(Cellulose), Á±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Hemicellulose),¨·„œ·œLignin), Á¡„š·œ(Pectin), ¨³ÂªÈ„ŽrWax)˜´ª°¥nµŠ°Š‡rž¦³„°Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·Â­—ŠÄœ˜µ¦µŠš¸É1

˜µ¦µŠš¸É1°Š‡rž¦³„°Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜· [11,12]

Name Cellulose (wt.%) Lignin (wt.%) Hemicellulose (wt.%) Pectin (wt.%) Wax (wt.%) Micro-fibrillar/spiral angle (q) Moisture content (wt.%)

%DVWILEHUV

Jute 61–71.5 12–13 13.6-20.4 0.2 0.5 8.0 12.6

Flax 71 2.2 18.6-20.6 2.3 1.7 10.0 10.0

Hemp 70.2-74.4 3.7-5.7 17.9-22.4 0.9 0.8 6.2 10.8

Ramie 68.6-76.2 0.6-0.7 13.1-16.7 1.9 0.3 7.5 8.0

/HDIILEHUV

Sisal 67-78 8.0-11.0 10.0-14.2 10.0 2.0 20.0 11.0

PALF 70-82 5-12 - - - 14.0 11.8

6HHGILEHUV

Cotton 82.7 0.7-1.6 5.7 - 0.6 - 33-34

(a) (b) (c)

¦¼žš¸É1ǦŠ­¦oµŠšµŠÁ‡¤¸…°ŠaÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­bÁ±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­ ¨³c¨·„œ·œ>10]

ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­ÁžÈœ°Š‡rž¦³„°®¨´„…°ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Ž¹ÉŠÄ®o‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š(Strength)‡ªµ¤Â…ÈŠ˜¹Š Stiffness¨³ Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡(Stability) ǦŠ­¦oµŠšµŠÁ‡¤¸…°ŠÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Â­—Š—´Š¦¼žš¸É1(a) ž¦³„°—oª¥„¨»n¤Å±—¦°„Ž·¨

(Hydroxyl: OH) ­µ¤„¨»n¤ ×¥­°ŠÄœ­µ¤„¨»n¤‹³­¦oµŠ¡´œ›³Å±Ã—¦Á‹œ…¹Êœ£µ¥ÄœÃ¤Á¨„»¨ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­

Intramolecular) Ĝ…–³š¸É­nªœš¸ÉÁ®¨º°‹³­¦oµŠ¡´œ›³Å±Ã—¦Á‹œ„´Ã¤Á¨„»¨ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­°ºÉœÇIntermolecular>13]

Á±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­¤¸Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ¨´„¬–³ÁžÈœ„·ÉŠÂ…œŠ¡°¨·Á¤°¦r‹´„´œ°¥¼n®¨ª¤Çž¦³„°—oª¥œÎʵ˜µ¨‡µ¦r°œ®oµ Pentose)¨³œÎʵ˜µ¨‡µ¦r°œ®„Hexoses˜n°°¥¼n„´„·ÉŠÂ…œŠ¡°¨·Á¤°¦r—´Š¦¼žš¸É1b) ¨·„œ·œÁžÈœ­µ¦ž¦³„°

Á·ŠŽo°œš¸É¤¸¦¼ž¦nµŠÅ¤nœnœ°œ°­´–“µœ)ž¦³„°—oª¥‡µ¦r°œ,űצÁ‹œ, ¨³°°„Ž·Á‹œ¦ª¤„´œÁžÈœ®œnª¥¥n°¥

®¨µ¥œ·—Ž¹ÉŠÁžÈœ­µ¦°³Ã¦¤µ˜·„—´Š¦¼žš¸É1(c) [14] Á¡„š·œÁžÈœ¡°¨·ÂŽÈ„‡µÅ¦—rPolysaccharide) ¤¸®œnª¥¥n°¥‡º°

„¦—¨³œÎʵ˜µ¨®¨µ¥œ·—šÎµ®œoµš¸É¥¹—Á„µ³Ÿœ´ŠÁŽ¨¨rÄ®o˜·—„´œ‡¨oµ¥ÁžÈœŽ¸Á¤œ˜rœ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¥´Š¡­µ¦°·œš¦¸¥r­µ¦

š¦„¨³­µ¦°œ·œš¦¸¥rÁ™oµ‹ÎµœªœÁ¨È„œo°¥ÁžÈœ­nªœž¦³„°š¸É¤¸°¥¼nĜǦŠ­¦oµŠ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥¦¼žš¸É2­—Š

Ÿœ£µ¡Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·Â¨³¦¼žš¸É3‹Îµ¨°Š„µ¦‹´—ªµŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ…°Š°Š‡rž¦³„°®¨´„š´ÊŠ­µ¤

£µ¥ÄœŸœ´ŠÁŽ¨¨rÁ­oœÄ¥[15] ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­š¸É¤¸¨´„¬–³ÁžÈœ­µ¥ÃŽn¥µªÁ¤ºÉ°¤¸¡´œ›³Å±Ã—¦Á‹œ¦³®ªnµŠ­µ¥ÃŽnšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—

ÁžÈœÁ­oœÄ¥š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„ªnµÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Å¤Ã‡¦Å¢¦·¨Cellulose microfibrils)‹³¤¸¦¼ž¦nµŠ¨´„¬–³ÁŒ¡µ³˜´ª˜µ¤Â˜n¨³œ·—

…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³ÁžÈœž´‹‹´¥­Îµ‡´­Îµ®¦´„µ¦„ε®œ—‡»–­¤´˜·…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ [10] ץ˜n¨³´ÊœŸœ´ŠÁŽ¨¨rÁ­oœÄ¥

ž¦³„°—oª¥Ÿœ´ŠÁŽ¨¨r®¨´„ Primary¨³Ÿœ´ŠÁŽ¨¨r¦°Š (Secondary)Ž¹ÉŠŸœ´ŠÁŽ¨¨r¦°Šž¦³„°—oª¥´Êœ­µ¤´Êœ

ץ˜n¨³´Êœ¤¸ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Å¤Ã‡¦Å¢¦·¨®¤»œ˜¸Á„¨¸¥ªÁºÉ°¤˜n°„´œ[16] ž¦·¤µ–ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Cellulose content‹³¤¸

‡nµÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ°¥nµŠ­¤ÎɵÁ­¤°‹µ„´Êœ®¨´„Åž¥´Š´Êœ¦°ŠÂ¨³¤¸ž¦·¤µ–Á±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Äœ°´˜¦µ­nªœš¸ÉĄ¨oÁ‡¸¥Š„´œÄœÂ˜n¨³

´Êœ ĜšµŠ„¨´„´œž¦·¤µ–…°Š¨·„œ·œ‹³¨—¨ŠÁ¦ºÉ°¥Ç ‹µ„´Êœ®¨´„‹œ™¹Š´Êœ¦°Š Á±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Ã¤Á¨„»¨

(Hemicellulose molecules) ™¼„Ÿ¼„¡´œ›³Å±Ã—¦Á‹œÁ…oµ„´ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Å¢¦·¨ (Cellulose fibrils) ¨³„n°˜´ªÁžÈœª´­—»

ž¦³­µœ Cementing materials) ­Îµ®¦´Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠÁ­oœÄ¥­nªœ¨·„œ·œÂ¨³Á¡„š·œ‹³™¼„Ÿœª„¦ª¤‡¼nÁ…oµ—oª¥„´œ„´

ǦŠ…nµ¥ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­-Á±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­ Cellulose–hemicellulose network) ¨³Ä®o‡»–¨´„¬–³„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³š¸ÉÁ®œ¸¥ª œnœ (Adhesive quality Á®¤º°œÁžÈœ„µª›¦¦¤µ˜· ´ÊœŸœ´Š¦°Š S₂ (Secondary wall S₂ ¤¸‡ªµ¤®œµ‡·—ÁžÈœ

ž¦³¤µ– ¦o°¥¨³ 80 …°Š‡ªµ¤®œµš´ÊŠ®¤— —´Šœ´Êœ´ÊœŸœ´Š¦°Š S₂ ‹³ÁžÈœ˜´ª„ε®œ—‡»–­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨

(Mechanical properties) …°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ ×¥š´ÉªÅžÂ¨oªÁ­oœÄ¥š¸É¤¸ž¦·¤µ–ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­­¼ŠÂ¨³¤»¤Å¤Ã‡¦Å¢¦·¨¨µ˜Îɵ

(Microfibrillar angle : ÁžÈœ¤»¤¦³®ªnµŠÂ„œ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥„´ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Å¤Ã‡¦Å¢¦·¨) ‹³¤¸‡»–­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Šš¸É

—¸„ªnµ [11,17]

¦¼žš¸É 2 ǦŠ­¦oµŠ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜· [15]

¦¼žš¸É 3 „µ¦‹´—ªµŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ…°Š°Š‡rž¦³„°®¨´„š´ÊŠ­µ¤£µ¥ÄœŸœ´ŠÁŽ¨¨rÁ­oœÄ¥ [15]

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 2 ­—Š‡»–­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·Áš¸¥„´Á­oœÄ¥­´ŠÁ‡¦µ³®r ¤oªnµÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·

‡n°œ…oµŠš¸É‹³¤¸‡»–­¤´˜·šµŠ—oµœ‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—o°¥„ªnµÁ¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´Á­oœÄ¥­´ŠÁ‡¦µ³®r ˜nÁ¤ºÉ°¡·‹µ¦–µ™¹Š¤°—¼¨´­

‹ÎµÁ¡µ³ Specific modulus) ¨³¦o°¥¨³…°Š„µ¦¥º—˜´ªš¸É‹»—…µ— (Elongation at break) Ž¹ÉŠ¸ÊÄ®oÁ®Èœ™¹Š‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœÅž

ŗoĜ„µ¦œÎµÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·¤µÄošœÁ­oœÄ¥­´ŠÁ‡¦µ³®r­Îµ®¦´Ÿ¨·˜‡°¤Ã¡­·š¡°¨·Á¤°¦r Á¡ºÉ°ÄoŠµœšµŠ—oµœ

ª·«ª„¦¦¤

˜µ¦µŠš¸É2Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥‡»–­¤´˜·…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·„´Á­oœÄ¥­´ŠÁ‡¦µ³®r[11, 12, 18]

Name of fibers Density (g/cm³)

Tensile strength (MPa)

Young's modulus (GPa)

Specific strength (Gpa/g/cm³)

Specific modulus (Gpa/g/cm³)

Elongation at break (%)

Jute 1.3-1.4 393-773 13-26.5 0.3-0.5 10-18.3 1.16-1.5

Flax 1.5 345-1100 27.6 0.2-0.7 18.4 2.7-3.2

Hemp 1.14 690 30-60 0.6 26.3-52.6 1.6

Ramie 1.5 400-938 61.4-128 0.3-0.6 40.9-85.3 1.2-3.8

Sisal 1.45 468-640 9.4-22.0 0.3-0.4 6.4-15.2 3-7

PALF 1.52 413-1627 34.5-82.51 0.3-1.1 22.7-54.3 1.6

Cotton 1.5-1.6 287-800 5.5-12.6 0.2-0.5 3.7-7.8 7.0-8.0

E-glass 2.5 2000-3500 70 0.8-1.4 28 2.5

S-glass 2.5 4570 86 1.8 34.4 2.8

Aramid 1.4 3000-3150 63-67 21.-2.2 45-47.8 3.3-3.7

2.2 Á­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–r

žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–r¤¸ºÉ°šµŠª·š¥µ«µ­˜¦rªnµ°³„µÁªÅŽŽµ¨µœµ(Agave sisalana Perr.) ¤¸¨Îµ˜oœ ­´Êœ®œµÂ¨³

¤¸®œn°(Sucker) ¦µ„ÁžÈœ¦³¦µ„ °¥Fibrous root system)ĝÁ—¸É¥ªSimple leaf) Á„·—ÁžÈœ¡»n¤Â‹o(Rosette) Áª¸¥œ

¦°¨Îµ˜oœSpiral) ­¸Á…¸¥ªÁ…o¤¤¸Å…Waxy bloom) —´Š¦¼žš¸É4 [19]ĝ…°Š˜oœžnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–r‡º°­nªœš¸É™¼„œÎµ¤µÄo ÁžÈœÁ­oœÄ¥Á­¦·¤Â¦Š¤¸­nªœž¦³„°šµŠÁ‡¤¸®¨´„Çŗo„nÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­,Á±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­,¨·„œ·œ,Á¡œÃšŽµœ

(Pentosan),¨³ÂªÈ„Žrץ˜n¨³­nªœž¦³„°¤¸°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜µ¤ÂŸœ£¼¤·—´Š¦¼žš¸É5[20]

¦¼žš¸É4¨´„¬–³…°Š˜oœžnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–r[19]

¦¼žš¸É5­nªœž¦³„°šµŠÁ‡¤¸…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–r[20]

2.3 Á¤š¦·„Žr

Á¤š¦·„ŽrÁžÈœª´­—»ž¦³­µœšÎµ®œoµš¸É‹´¥¹—Á­oœÄ¥Â¨³­nŠŸnµœÂ¦Š„¦³šÎµ‹µ„£µ¥œ°„ ˜n°Åž¥´ŠÁ­oœÄ¥Ã—¥

¡°¨·Á¤°¦rš¸ÉœÎµ¤µž¦³¥»„˜rčoÁžÈœÁ¤š¦·„Žr¤¸š´ÊŠž¦³Á£šš¸ÉÁžÈœÁš°¦räÁŽ˜ (Thermosets) Ánœ¡°¨·Á°­Áš°¦rÅ¤n

°·É¤˜´ª (Unsaturated polyesters) ¨³°¸¡È°„Ž¸ (Epoxy) ®¦º°Áš°¦r䡨µ­˜·„Thermoplastics) Ánœ¡°¨·¡¦°¡·¨¸œ

(Polypropylene: PP), ¡°¨·Á°š·¨¸œPolyethylene: PE), ¨³°·¨µ­Ã˜Á¤°¦rElastomers) [21, 22] „µ¦Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥

¦³®ªnµŠÁ¤š¦·„Žrž¦³Á£šÁš°¦räÁŽ˜Â¨³Áš°¦r䡨µ­˜·„­—Š—´Š˜µ¦µŠš¸É3

˜µ¦µŠš¸É3 „µ¦Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥¦³®ªnµŠÁš°¦räÁŽ˜Â¨³Áš°¦r䡨µ­˜·„Á¤š¦·„Žr [21]

…o°—¸ …o°—o°¥

Áš°¦räÁŽ˜

- Á¦Ž·Éœ¤¸‡ªµ¤®œº—˜Îɵ - …ȊÁž¦µ³

- —¸­Îµ®¦´Á­oœÄ¥Áž¸¥„ - ¦¸ÅŽÁ‡·¨Å¤nŗo

- Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡šµŠ‡ªµ¤¦o°œ—¸Á¥¸É¥¤ - ‡»–­¤´˜·šµŠÁš‡œ·‡„¨µŠÇ ŤnחÁ—nœ

Á¤ºÉ°Ÿnµœ¡°¨·Á¤°¦rŦŽr (Polymerised)

- šœ˜n°­µ¦Á‡¤¸ - ®¨°¤‡ºœ¦¼žÅ¤nŗo

Áš°¦r䡨µ­˜·„

- ¦¸ÅŽÁ‡·¨Å—o - „µ¦Å®¨˜´ªÁ¤ºÉ°¨³¨µ¥˜Îɵ

- Šnµ¥˜n°„µ¦Žn°¤ÂŽ¤Ã—¥„µ¦ÁºÉ°¤Â¨³˜´ªšÎµ¨³¨µ¥ - ˜o°Š¤¸„µ¦Ä®o‡ªµ¤¦o°œ‹œ°»–®£¼¤·­¼Š„ªnµ‹»—®¨°¤¨³¨µ¥

- ®¨°¤‡ºœ¦¼žÅ—o Á¤ºÉ°˜o°Š„µ¦…¹Êœ¦¼ž

- ¤¸‡ªµ¤Á®œ¸¥ª

2.4 „¦³ªœ„µ¦šµŠÁš‡œ·‡Äœ„µ¦…¹Êœ¦¼ž

×¥®¨´„„µ¦Â¨oª„¦³ªœ„µ¦šµŠÁš‡œ·‡š¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦…¹Êœ¦¼ž‡°¤Ã¡­·šÁ­¦·¤Â¦Š—oª¥Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·

‹³‡¨oµ¥„´„¦³ªœ„µ¦š¸Éčo„´Á­oœÄ¥­´ŠÁ‡¦µ³®r×¥…¹Êœ°¥¼n„´‡ªµ¤¥µªLengthš·«šµŠ„µ¦ªµŠ˜´ª (Orientation¨³œ·—(Type…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ ×¥Á­oœÄ¥š¸ÉœÎµ¤µÄoÁžÈœª´­—»Á­¦·¤Â¦Š°µ‹¤¸¨´„¬–³ÁžÈœÁ­oœÄ¥š¸É™¼„˜´—

Ä®o¤¸…œµ—­´ÊœÇ (Short fiber) š¸É¤¸„µ¦„¦³‹µ¥Â¨³š·«šµŠ„µ¦ªµŠ˜´ªÂ­»n¤ (Random orientation), ÁžÈœÁ­oœ—·

®¦º°šÎµÄ®oÁ­oœ—·ÁžÈœÂŸnœ (Raw and carded) š¸É¤¸Âœª„µ¦ªµŠ˜´ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥°¥¼nĜš·«šµŠÁ—¸¥ª (Unidirectional)

®¦º°ÁžÈœÂŸnœÁ­oœÄ¥š° (Woven fabrics) ­Îµ®¦´‡°¤Ã¡­·šÁš°¦räÁŽ˜ª·›¸„µ¦Ÿ¨·˜¡ºÊœ“µœ‡º°„µ¦…¹Êœ¦¼ž—oª¥¤º°

“Hand-layup” Ž¹ÉŠ‡ªµ¤­¤ÎɵÁ­¤°…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·šÄœÂŠn…°Š‡ªµ¤®œµ, °´˜¦µ­nªœ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥˜n°Á¤š¦·„Žr¨³

‡ªµ¤¡¦»œ‹³…¹Êœ°¥¼n„´š´„¬³ ¸¤º°…°ŠŸ¼ož’·´˜·Šµœ ˜¦Š…oµ¤„´ª·›¸„µ¦…¹Êœ¦¼žÃ—¥°µ«´¥„µ¦šÎµ­»µ„µ«Á¡ºÉ°nª¥

Ä®oÁ¦Ž·ÉœÅ®¨Á…oµ­¼n¤n¡·¤¡r ®¦º°š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„ªnµ Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) ×¥Á¦Ž·Éœ‹³™¼„—¹Š

Á…oµ­¼n¤n¡·¤¡r£µ¥Ä˜o‡ªµ¤—´œ­»µ„µ«Á…oµÅžŸ­¤„´Á­oœÄ¥Á­¦·¤Â¦ŠÄœÂ¤n¡·¤¡r šÎµÄ®oÁ¦Ž·Éœ­µ¤µ¦™„¦³‹µ¥˜´ª Á…oµ„´Á­oœÄ¥Å—o—¸£µ¥ÄœÂ¤n¡·¤¡r šÎµÄ®oŗo‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸É¤¸‡»–£µ¡—¸Â¨³¤¸‡ªµ¤¡¦»œš¸É˜Îɵ„ªnµª·›¸„µ¦…¹Êœ¦¼ž—oª¥¤º°

­nªœÁš‡œ·‡°ºÉœš¸ÉœÎµ¤µÄo„´š´ÊŠÁš°¦räÁŽ˜Â¨³Áš°¦r䡨µ­˜·„Á¤š¦·„Žr ÁžÈœª·›¸š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„ªnµ¡´¨š¦¼´œPultrusion) ×¥šÎµ„µ¦—¹ŠÁ­oœÄ¥°°„‹µ„¤oªœŸnµœÂŸnœœÎµšµŠ Guide plate) ¨oªœÎµÁ…oµ­¼n°nµŠš¸É¤¸¡°¨·Á¤°¦rÁ®¨ª°¥¼n¡°¨·Á¤°¦r Á®¨ª‹³Á‡¨º°Á­oœÄ¥ ‹µ„œ´Êœ‹³™¼„°Ä®o…Ȋ˜´ª Curing) ­nªœ„µ¦°´—…¹Êœ¦¼ž Compression molding) ¨³„µ¦Œ¸—

…¹Êœ¦¼ž Injection molding) ÁžÈœª·›¸„µ¦š¸É™¼„œÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦Ÿ¨·˜‡°¤Ã¡­·š­Îµ®¦´Áš°¦r䡨µ­˜·„Á¤š¦·„Žr ×¥

„µ¦°´—…¹Êœ¦¼ž­nªœÁ­¦·¤Â¦Š‹³™¼„Ÿ­¤Á…oµ„´Á¤š¦·„Žr¨³™¼„„—°´——oª¥ÂŸnœ¦o°œ Hot plate) ­nªœ„µ¦Œ¸—…¹Êœ¦¼ž

Á­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¦Ž·Éœ‹³™¼„—Ÿ­¤Á…oµ—oª¥„´œÄœÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š‹´„¦Â¨³Ä®o‡ªµ¤¦o°œ‹œ¨³¨µ¥ÁžÈœ…°ŠÅ®¨ ‹µ„œ´Êœ‹¹ŠŒ¸—Á…oµ­¼n ¤n¡·¤¡r—oª¥‡ªµ¤—´œ­¼ŠŽ¹ÉŠÄœ„¦³ªœ„µ¦°´—¨³Œ¸—…¹Êœ¦¼ž˜o°ŠÄo°»–®£¼¤·Â¨³‡ªµ¤—´œ­¼Š ¤µ„„ªnµ 200 ^oC / 5Mpa) [23]

3. ž´‹‹´¥š¸É­nŠŸ¨„¦³š˜n°‡»–­¤´˜·…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·š

3.1 ǦŠ­¦oµŠ…°Š¡ºÁ­oœÄ¥

ǦŠ­¦oµŠÁŽ¨¼Ã¨­…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥¤¸‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œ°¥nµŠÁ®ÈœÅ—o´—˜¨°—š´ÊŠ¦·Áª–Ÿ¨¹„ (Crystallite) ¨³

¦·Áª–°­´–“µœAmorphous) ¡´œ›³Å±Ã—¦Á‹œ£µ¥ÄœÃ¤Á¨„»¨Intra-molecular) šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦Âš¦„ÂŽŠ—oª¥Á‡¤¸

°ºÉœÇ ŗo¥µ„„µ¦¤¸°¥¼n…°Š®¤¼nűצ¢·¨¨·„ű—¦°„Ž·¨ Hydrophilic hydroxyl groups) ‹³¦ª¤˜´ª„´œ„´Ã¤Á¨„»¨

…°ŠœÎʵ Water molecules‹µ„¦¦¥µ„µ«Á±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­, ¨·„œ·œ, Á¡„š·œ ¨³ÂªÈ„Žr ÁžÈœ­­µ¦š¸Éž„˜·šÎµ®œoµš¸É¥¹—

Á„µ³Ã¤Á¨„»¨…°ŠœÎʵŽ¹ÉŠšÎµÄ®oÁ­oœÄ¥¤¸‡»–¨´„¬–³‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœ…´Êª Polar) ¨³°œÎʵ Hydrophilic) ÁžÈœŸ¨šÎµÄ®oÁ…oµ

„´œÅ—oŤn—¸„´Á¤š¦·„ŽrŽ¹ÉŠ¤¸‡»–¨´„¬–³Å¤n¤¸…´Êª Non-polar) ¨³Å¤n°œÎʵ Hydrophobic) [24, 13, 17] Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o ǦŠ­¦oµŠŸ¨¹„­µ¤µ¦™…¥µ¥…°Á…˜°°„Şŗo‹ÎµÁžÈœ˜o°Š¤¸„µ¦„ε‹´—®¤¼nűצ¢·¨¨·„ű—¦°„Ž·¨Â¨³­·ÉŠ­„ž¦„

˜nµŠÇ ªȄŽr) š¸ÉÁ„µ³˜·—°¥¼n¦·Áª–Ÿ·ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·Ã—¥Äoª·›¸„µ¦šµŠÁ‡¤¸ °µš·ÁnœÁ¤°¦rÁŽ°Å¦ŽrÁŽ´œ

Mercerization), °³Ž·š·Á¨´œAcetylation), ÁœÃŽ°·¨Á¨´œBenzoylation), Áž°¦r°°„ÅŽ—rPeroxide), ¨³°ºÉœÇ 3.2 Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡šµŠ‡ªµ¤¦o°œ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥

ǦŠ­¦oµŠ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·Á¦·É¤Á­ºÉ°¤­£µ¡š¸É°»–®£¼¤·š¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œ ×¥¨·„œ·œÁ¦·É¤Á­ºÉ°¤­£µ¡š¸É

°»–®£¼¤·ž¦³¤µ–200^oC Ĝ…–³š¸ÉÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Â¨³Á±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­‹³Á­ºÉ°¤­£µ¡š¸É°»–®£¼¤·­¼Š¤µ„„ªnµœ´Êœ [21]

„µ¦¥„¦³—´Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡šµŠ‡ªµ¤¦o°œ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥­µ¤µ¦™šÎµÅ—o×¥„µ¦„ε‹´—Á°µµŠ­nªœ…°ŠÁ±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Â¨³

¨·„œ·œ°°„ „µ¦Á­ºÉ°¤­£µ¡…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·ÁžÈœž´®µ­Îµ‡´˜n°„µ¦¡´•œµ‡°¤Ã¡­·šš´ÊŠÄœ—oµœ„µ¦Ÿ¨·˜

Curing, Extrusion ®¦º°Injection moulding) ¨³„µ¦œÎµ‡°¤Ã¡­·šÅžÄož¦³Ã¥œrĜ—oµœª´­—» [25, 26]

3.3 ‡ªµ¤¥µªÁ­oœÄ¥ž¦·¤µ– ¨³š·«šµŠ„µ¦ªµŠ˜´ª

‡»–­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·š…¹Êœ°¥¼n„´®¨µ¥ž´‹‹´¥Ánœ‡ªµ¤¥µªÁ­oœÄ¥ž¦·¤µ–¨³š·«šµŠ„µ¦ªµŠ˜´ª …°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ÄœÁ¤š¦·„Žr‡ªµ¤Á‡oœš¸ÉÁ„·—…¹Êœ„´Á¤š¦·„Žr‹³™¼„­nŠŸnµœÅž¥´ŠÁ­oœÄ¥Äœ¨´„¬–³…°Š‡ªµ¤Á‡oœÁŒº°œš¸É

°·œÁ˜°¦rÁ¢Ž Á¤ºÉ°¡·‹µ¦–µ™¹Šš·«šµŠ„µ¦ªµŠ˜´ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ÄœÁ¤š¦·„ŽršÎµÄ®o­µ¤µ¦™‹ÎµÂœ„‡°¤Ã¡­·š°°„Å—oÁžÈœ

­µ¤ž¦³Á£šÄ®nÇ —oª¥„´œž¦³Á£šš¸É®œ¹ÉŠÁ­oœÄ¥ªµŠ˜´ª˜µ¤Âœª¥µªÄœÁ¤š¦·„ŽrÄ®o‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹Š­¼Š Higher

tensile strength) ˜n‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š°´—˜Îɵ (Lower compressive strength), ž¦³Á£šš¸É­°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ªµŠ˜´ª˜µ¤Âœª…ªµŠ

„´Á¤š¦·„ŽrÄ®o‡nµ‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹Š˜Îɵ¤µ„ ×¥¦¼žš¸É6 ­—Š‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹Š…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·šÁ¤ºÉ°Á­oœÄ¥ªµŠ˜´ªÄœ

š·«šµŠ˜nµŠÇ [27] ¨³­»—šoµ¥ž¦³Á£šš¸É­µ¤Á­oœÄ¥™¼„˜´—Ä®o¤¸…œµ—­´ÊœÇ ¤¸¨´„¬–³š·«šµŠ„µ¦ªµŠ˜´ªÂ­»n¤

Ž¹ÉŠ‹³Ä®o‡»–­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨š¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œ ×¥„µ¦‡ª‡»¤°´˜¦µ­nªœ¦¼ž¦nµŠ (Aspect ratio), „µ¦„¦³‹µ¥˜´ª (Dispersion), ¨³š·«šµŠ„µ¦ªµŠ˜´ª(Orientation) ­µ¤µ¦™nª¥ž¦´ž¦»Š‡»–­¤´˜·…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·šÅ—o[11, 17, 21]

¦¼žš¸É6 ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹Š…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·šÂ¨³š·«šµŠ„µ¦ªµŠ˜´ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ [27]

3.4 ‡ªµ¤¡¦»œ

Ĝ¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦œÎµÁ­oœÄ¥Á¡ºÉ°Á­¦·¤Â¦ŠÄ®o„´Á¤š¦·„Žr°µ‹¤¸°µ„µ«®¦º°­µ¦¦³Á®¥°ºÉœÇž³žœÁ…oµÅžÂ¨³

˜·—°¥¼n£µ¥Äœ‡°¤Ã¡­·š‹µ„œ´ÊœÁ¤ºÉ°Ÿnµœ„¦³ªœ„µ¦°Â…Ȋ¨oª‹³šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—n°ŠªnµŠ®¦º°ÁžÈœÃ¡¦Š°µ„µ«Á¨È„Ç (Micro-voids) šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—¦¼¡¦»œÁžÈœ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„¨³ÁžÈœ­µÁ®˜»šÎµÄ®o‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸ÉŸ¨·˜Å—o¤¸‡»–£µ¡Â¨³‡»–­¤´˜·

šµŠ„¨Å¤nÁžÈœÅž˜µ¤š¸É˜o°Š„µ¦ °¸„š´ÊŠ„µ¦°Â…Ȋ¨³°´˜¦µ„µ¦Á¥Èœ˜´ªColling rate) …°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·š„ÈÁžÈœž´‹‹´¥š¸É

¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°‡nµ‡ªµ¤¡¦»œ…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·š [21] ‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸É¤¸‡nµ‡ªµ¤¡¦»œ­¼Š (High void content) Ž¹ÉŠ®µ„¤µ„Á„·œ„ªnµ

¦o°¥¨³ 20 ×¥œÎʵ®œ´„‹³­nŠŸ¨šÎµÄ®o‡ªµ¤˜oµœšµœ‡ªµ¤¨oµ˜Îɵ¨Š (Lower fatigue resistance), „µ¦Â¡¦n„¦³‹µ¥

(Diffusion) ¨³„µ¦—¼—Ž¹¤ (Absorption) œÎʵ­¼Š…¹ÊœÂ¨³šÎµÄ®o‡»–­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨¤¸‡ªµ¤Â„ªnŠ˜´ªÁ¡·É¤¤µ„…¹Êœ [28, 29]

×¥‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸É¤¸ž¦·¤µ–Á­oœÄ¥­¼Š„ªnµ (Higher fiber content) ¤¸Ã°„µ­Â¨³‡ªµ¤Á­¸É¥Šš¸É‹³Á„·—‡ªµ¤¡¦»œ

ŗo¤µ„„ªnµ‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸É¤¸ž¦·¤µ–Á­oœÄ¥˜Îɵ„ªnµ (Lower fiber content) 3.5 „µ¦—¼—‡ªµ¤ºÊœ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥

Á­oœÄ¥š¸É¤¸Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠÁžÈœ­µ¦ž¦³„°Á·ŠŽo°œ…°ŠÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­®¦º°Á­oœÄ¥¨·„ÃœÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­·„

(Lignocellulosic fiber) ¤¸‡»–¨´„¬–³°œÎʵ¨³—¼—Ž´‡ªµ¤ºÊœ (Absorb moisture) ×¥¤¸¡´œ›³Å±Ã—¦Á‹œ

‹Îµœªœ¤µ„ (®¤¼nű—¦°„Ž·¨: Hydroxyl groups –OH) °¥¼n¦³®ªnµŠ¤µÃ‡¦Ã¤Á¨„»¨ (Macromolecules) £µ¥ÄœŸœ´Š

ÁŽ¨¨rÁ­oœÄ¥ Á¤ºÉ°‡ªµ¤ºÊœÄœ°µ„µ«­´¤Ÿ´­„´Á­oœÄ¥¡´œ›³Å±Ã—¦Á‹œ‹³™¼„šÎµ¨µ¥Â¨³®¤¼nű—¦°„Ž·¨‹³¢°¦r¤˜´ª

¡´œ›³Å±Ã—¦Á‹œ…¹ÊœÄ®¤n„´Ã¤Á¨„»¨…°ŠœÎʵ „µ¦ž’·­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥š¸É°œÎʵ (Hydrophilic fiber) ¨³Á¤š

¦·„Žrš¸ÉŤn°œÎʵ (Hydrophobic matrix) šÎµÄ®oÁ­oœÄ¥ª¤Ž¹ÉŠœÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Š…œµ—¨³¦¼ž¦nµŠ, „µ¦

˜„¦oµª…°ŠÁ¤š¦·„Žr, ¨³‡»–­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨š¸ÉÂ¥n¨Š…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·š [30] —´Šœ´Êœ„µ¦„ε‹´—‡ªµ¤ºÊœ°°„‹µ„Á­oœÄ¥

‹¹ŠÁžÈœ…´Êœ˜°œ­Îµ‡´ Ž¹ÉŠ°µ‹Äo„µ¦˜µ„®oŠ®¦º°°—oª¥‡ªµ¤¦o°œ [31] „µ¦—¼—Ž´‡ªµ¤ºÊœ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥­µ¤µ¦™šÎµ Ä®o¨—¨ŠÅ—o×¥„µ¦„ε‹´—®¤¼nű—¦°„Ž·¨š¸É°œÎʵ°°„‹µ„ǦŠ­¦oµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Ã—¥Äoª·›¸„µ¦—´—ž¨ŠšµŠÁ‡¤¸˜nµŠÇ [32]

4. „µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·

°·œÁ˜°¦rÁ¢Ž¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¤š¦·„ŽrÁžÈœÃŽœ…°Š„µ¦Â¡¦n„¦³‹µ¥®¦º°ÃŽœž’·„·¦·¥µš¸É­µ¦­°Š­™µœ³ (Two phases) ¦ª¤˜´ª„´œšµŠÁ‡¤¸Â¨³/®¦º°šµŠ„¨„µ¦¥¹—˜·—¦³®ªnµŠ°·œÁ˜°¦rÁ¢Ž¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°‡»–¨´„¬–³­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨

…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·šŽ¹ÉŠ®µ„¤¸„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³„´œÅ¤n—¸šÎµÄ®o‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸Éŗo¤¸‡»–­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨š¸ÉÂ¥n [32] ­Îµ®¦´‡°¤Ã¡­·š

š¸ÉčoÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·ÁžÈœª´­—»Á­¦·¤Â¦Šž´®µš¸ÉÁ„·—…¹ÊœÁœºÉ°Š¤µ‹µ„‡ªµ¤°œÎʵŽ¹ÉŠÁžÈœ›¦¦¤µ˜·…°Š®¤¼nűצ

¢·¨¨·„ÁžÈœ°»ž­¦¦‡˜n°„µ¦Á„·—ž’·„·¦·¥µ„´Á¤š¦·„Žr œ°„‹µ„œ¸ÊÁ¡„š·œÂ¨³Âª„Žr¥´Š‡¦°‡¨»¤„µ¦šÎµŠµœ…°Š®¤¼n

¢´Š„r´œž’·„·¦·¥µ (Reactive functional groups) ¨³ÁžÈœ°»ž­¦¦‡˜n°„µ¦ÁºÉ°¤˜n°„´œ„´Á¤š¦·„Žr Á¡ºÉ°Á¡·É¤„µ¦¥¹—

Á„µ³…°Š¡´œ›³š¸ÉŸ·ª­´¤Ÿ´­‹ÎµÁžÈœ˜o°Š¤¸„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥—oª¥ª·›¸„µ¦šµŠ„¨š¸ÉÁž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Š­¤´˜·

¡ºÊœŸ·ª, ª·›¸„µ¦šµŠÁ‡¤¸š¸ÉÁ¡·É¤®¤¼nž’·„·¦·¥µ, ­µ¦Á˜·¤Â˜nŠž’·„·¦·¥µ (Reactive additives), ¨³­µ¦nª¥ž¦³­µœ‡¼n‡ª

(Coupling agents) ¨oªœÂ˜n¤¸­nªœnª¥­œ´­œ»œ„µ¦ÁºÉ°¤˜n°„´Á¤š¦·„ŽršÎµÄ®o‡»–­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·š—¸

…¹Êœ [33]

4.1 „µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥—oª¥ª·›¸„µ¦šµŠ„¨Physical methods)

ª·›¸„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ªšµŠ„¨œ¸Ê¦ª¤™¹Š „µ¦¦¸— „µ¦Ÿnµœ„¦³ªœ„µ¦šµŠ‡ªµ¤¦o°œ (Thermal treatment)

Ž¹ÉŠª·›¸„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥šµŠ„¨šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠÂ¨³­¤´˜·¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥

¨³¤¸°·š›·¡¨˜n°„µ¦­¦oµŠ¡´œ›³¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥„´Á¤š¦·„Žr¡°¨·Á¤°¦r Ž¹ÉŠª·›¸„µ¦šµŠ„¨œ´ÊœÅ¤nŗoÁž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Š

°Š‡rž¦³„°…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â˜n°¥nµŠÄ— ×¥ª·›¸„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ªšµŠ„¨‹³nª¥šÎµÄ®o„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³„´œ¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥

¨³Á¤š¦·„Žr—¸…¹Êœ ª·›¸„µ¦—´—ž¨ŠÁ­oœÄ¥šµŠ„¨¤¸®¨µ¥ª·›¸Å—o„n 4.1.1 „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥Ã‡Ã¦œµCorona treatment)

Ç朵š¦¸šÁ¤œšrÁžÈœª·›¸„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥šµŠ„¨Ã—¥¡¨µ­¤µÃ‡Ã¦œµ™¼„­¦oµŠ…¹Êœ‹µ„„µ¦‹nµ¥

Å¢¢oµ«´„¥r­¼ŠÄ®o„n°·Á¨È„Ú¦—ž¨µ¥Â®¨¤ (Tips) „µ¦ž¦³¥»„˜rÇ朵¨ŠÅžœ¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥š¸ÉÁžÈœ®¤¼n

¢´Š„r´œš¸É¤¸…´Êªnª¥ž¦´ž¦»Š‡»–­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤°œÎʵ˜µ¤›¦¦¤µ˜·…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ „µ¦ž¦´ž¦»Š­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨…°Š

‡°¤Ã¡­·š¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·„´°¸¡È°„Ž¸Ã—¥„µ¦šÎµÃ‡Ã¦œµœÁ­oœÄ¥ž°„¦³Á‹µ(Jute fibers) nª¥šÎµÄ®o

­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·š—¸…¹Êœ [34] œ°„‹µ„œ¸ÊÇ朵nª¥šÎµÄ®o‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹Š…°Šª´­—»‡°¤Ã¡­·š¦³®ªnµŠ

Á­oœÄ¥„´Š (Hemp fibers) „´¡°¨·¡¦°¡·¨¸œÁ¡·É¤…¹ÊœšÎµÄ®o¤°—¼¨´­…°Š¥´Š (Young’s modulus) Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ¦o°¥¨³ 30 [35]

4.1.2 „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥¡¨µ­¤µPlasma treatment)

¡¨µ­¤µš¦¸šÁ¤œšrÁžÈœª·›¸„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥šµŠ„¨š¸É‡¨oµ¥„´Ã‡Ã¦œµš¦¸šÁ¤œšršÎµÅ—o×¥„µ¦

­¦oµŠž¦³‹»…¹Êœœ¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°Šª´­—» „µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°Šª´­—»œ´Êœ…¹Êœ°¥¼n„´œ·—¨³›¦¦¤µ˜·…°ŠÂ„p­š¸Éčo,

°œ»¤¼¨°·­¦³š¸ÉŪ˜n°ž’·„·¦·¥µ (Reactive free radical), ¨³®¤¼n¢´Š„r´œŽ¹ÉŠ­µ¤µ¦™­¦oµŠ…¹ÊœÅ—o×¥š¸É¡¨´ŠŠµœ¡ºÊœŸ·ª

­µ¤µ¦™Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ®¦º°¨—¨Š„Èŗo Ž¹ÉŠ‹³šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦ÁºÉ°¤Ã¥Š…oµ¤¡ºÊœŸ·ª (Surface cross-linking) …¹ÊœÃ—¥‡°¤Ã¡­·š

¦³®ªnµŠ¡°¨·Á°­Áš°¦r„´Á­oœÄ¥žnµœ¨·œ·œ (Flax fibers) š¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ª—oª¥±¸Á¨¸¥¤Ã‡¨¡¨µ­¤µ(Helium cold plasma) Á­oœÄ¥‹³¤¸¨´„¬–³¡ºÊœŸ·ªš¸É­³°µ——´Š¦¼žš¸É7 nª¥šÎµÄ®o„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥„´Á¤š¦·„Žr—¸…¹Êœ

­nŠŸ¨Ä®o­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨‡º°‡ªµ¤Â…ÈŠ˜¹Š…°Š·ÊœŠµœ—¸…¹Êœ [36] œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê„µ¦Á˜¦¸¥¤‡°¤Ã¡­·š¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ

«¦œµ¦µ¥–r (Sisal fibers) „´¡°¨·Á°š·¨¸œ‡ªµ¤®œµÂœnœ­¼Š (High density polyethylene) ‹³šÎµÄ®o­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨

…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·š—¸…¹ÊœÁ¤ºÉ°Å—ošÎµ„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥—oª¥Áš‡œ·‡¡¨µ­¤µš¦¸šÁ¤œšr [37]

(a) (b)

¦¼žš¸É7 Scanning electron micrograph …°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ¨·œ·œ(a) untreated; (b) treated plasma [36]

4.2 „µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥—oª¥ª·›¸„µ¦šµŠÁ‡¤¸Chemical methods)

„µ¦šÎµÁ‡¤¸‡´¨š¦¸šÁ¤œšrChemical treatment) ­µ¤µ¦™¨—¦³—´‡ªµ¤°œÎʵ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥¨ŠÂ¨³nª¥Á¡·É¤

„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥„´Á¤š¦·„Žr [38, 39] ×¥¤¸„µ¦«¹„¬µ„µ¦šÎµÁ‡¤¸‡´¨š¦¸šÁ¤œšr—oª¥ª·›¸„µ¦˜nµŠÇ—´Šœ¸Ê 4.2.1 „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥°´¨‡µÅ¨œrAlkaline treatment)

°´¨‡µÅ¨œrš¦¸šÁ¤œšr®¦º°Á¤°¦rÁŽ°Å¦ŽrÁŽ´œMercerization) ÁžÈœ„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·—oª¥

­µ¦°´¨‡µÅ¨œrš¸É¤¸§š›·ÍÁžÈœ—nµŠÂ„n ÁnœÃŽÁ—¸¥¤Å±—¦°„ÅŽ—r (Sodium hydroxide) ®¦º°ÃŽ—µÅ¢NaOH)

Ž¹ÉŠ­µ¦°´¨‡µÅ¨œr‹³Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠÂ¨³šÎµ¨µ¥„µ¦‹´—Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª…°ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠŸ¨¹„ÁŽ¨¼Ã¨­¨ŠšÎµÄ®oŠnµ¥˜n°„µ¦Âš¦„

Ž¹¤šµŠÁ‡¤¸°¸„š´ÊŠšÎµ¨µ¥¡´œ›³Å±Ã—¦Á‹œÄœÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠÃ‡¦Š…nµ¥ (Network structure) šÎµÄ®o‡ªµ¤®¥µ…°Š¡ºÊœŸ·ª Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ Ĝ¦·Áª–°­´–“µœÁŽ¨¼Ã¨­Å¤Ã‡¦Ã¤Á¨„»¨‹³™¼„Â¥„°°„‹µ„„´œÂ¨³n°ŠªnµŠœ´Êœ‹³™¼„Á˜·¤Á˜È¤—oª¥

äÁ¨„»¨…°ŠœÎʵ ®¤¼nű—¦°„Ž·¨ (OH) š¸ÉŪ˜n°ž’·„·¦·¥µÄœÃ¤„»¨…°Š­µ¦°´¨‡µÅ¨œr‹³Â˜„˜´ª°°„ ‹µ„œ´Êœ‹³šÎµ

ž’·„·¦·¥µ„´Ã¤Á¨„»¨…°ŠœÎʵ (H-OH) ¨³®¨»—°°„‹µ„Á­oœÄ¥ ץäÁ¨„»¨š¸ÉÁ®¨º°°¥¼n‹³„n°˜´ªÁžÈœ®¤¼nÁŽ¨¨rÁ­oœÄ¥

O-Na (Fiber-cell-O-Na groups) ¦³®ªnµŠ­µ¥ÃŽnäÁ¨„»¨ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­[16] ÁžÈœŸ¨šÎµÄ®o®¤¼nűצ¢·¨¨·„ű—¦°„Ž·¨¨

—¨Š °¸„š´ÊŠ¥´Šnª¥„ε‹´—µŠ­nªœ…°ŠÁ±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­, ¨·„œ·œ, Á¡„š·œÂª„Žr, ¨³œÎʵ¤´œœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥ [40-42]

œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¥´Šnª¥Á¡·É¤¡ºÊœš¸ÉŸ·ªž¦³­·š›·Ÿ¨…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ [21] ˜n®µ„‡ªµ¤Á…o¤…oœ…°Š°´¨‡µÅ¨œr¤¸‡nµ­¼ŠÁ„·œ„ªnµ‡nµš¸É Á®¤µ³­¤‹œšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦„´—ÁŽµ³Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠš¸É¤µ„Á„·œÅž ÁžÈœŸ¨šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤Á­¸¥®µ¥Ä®o„´Á­oœÄ¥Â¨³šÎµÄ®o

‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥¨—¨Š[32, 40, 43] ­¤„µ¦š¸É(1) [15] ­—Šž’·„·¦·¥µšµŠÁ‡¤¸…°ŠÁŽ¨¨rÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³ NaOH

­nªœ¦¼žš¸É 8 ­—ŠÂŸœŸ´Š‹Îµ¨°Š…°ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠÁ­oœÄ¥ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­„n°œÂ¨³®¨´Š‹µ„„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥°´¨‡µÅ¨œr Á­oœÄ¥š¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª ‹³¤¸ž¦·¤µ–¨·„œ·œš¸É˜Îɵ¨ŠµŠ­nªœ…°ŠÂª„Žr¨³œÎʵ¤´œ®µ¥Åž ¦¼žš¸É9 ­—Š£µ¡

Scanning electron micrograph …°Š¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–rš¸ÉŤnŗoŸnµœ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ªÁž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„´„µ¦

šÎµ°´¨‡µÅ¨œrš¦¸šÁ¤œšr š¸É‡ªµ¤Á…o¤…oœ5% (wt.%) ˜µ¦µŠš¸É4 ÁžÈœ„µ¦­¦»žŸ¨Šµœª·‹´¥Á„¸É¥ª„´Ÿ¨„¦³š…°Š„µ¦

ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥°´¨‡µÅ¨œr š¸É¤¸˜n°­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨Â¨³­¤´˜·šµŠ‡ªµ¤¦o°œ…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·š

(1)

(a) (b)

¦¼žš¸É8 ŸœŸ´Š‹Îµ¨°Š…°ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠÁ­oœÄ¥ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­; (a) Untreated; (b) Alkalized cellulose fiber [13]

(a) (b)

¦¼žš¸É9 Scanning electron micrograph …°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–r; (a) Untreated; (b) 5% Alkali [50]

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 4 Šµœª·‹´¥Á„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦šÎµ°´¨‡µÅ¨œrš¦¸šÁ¤œšrÄ®o„´Á­oœÄ¥Á­¦·¤Â¦Š…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·š [15:ž¦´ž¦»ŠÃ—¥Ÿ¼o Á¦¸¥Á¦¸¥Š]

‡°¤Ã¡­·š Á­oœÄ¥-Á¤š¦·„Žr ª·›¸„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª Ÿ¨¨´¡›rš¸É¤¸˜n°­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨Â¨³šµŠ‡ªµ¤¦o°œ ž¸ °oµŠ°·Š

Sponge gourd-polyester 2% NaOH for 10, 60, 90 min „µ¦šÎµ°´¨‡µÅ¨œrš¦¸šÁ¤œšr 90 œµš¸ Ä®o‡»–­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹Š

š¸É—¸š¸É­»—

2014 [44]

Coir-polypropylene 5% NaOH for 1 h ‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹ŠÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ ¦o°¥¨³ 39 Á¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸ÉÁ­oœÄ¥Å¤nŗo

Ÿnµœ„µ¦šÎµ°´¨‡µÅ¨œrš¦¸šÁ¤œšr

2014 [45]

Sisal-polyester 2%, 6%, 10% NaOH „µ¦šÎµ°´¨‡µÅ¨œrš¦¸šÁ¤œšrš¸É‡ªµ¤Á…o¤…oœ 10% (wt.%) ÁžÈœÁª¨µ 2 ¨³ 5 ¤ Ä®o‡»–­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹Š¤µ„š¸É­»—

2014 [46]

Flax-epoxy Alkali treatment ‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹ŠÂ¨³¤°—¼¨´­Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ ¦o°¥¨³ 30 —oª¥„µ¦„ε‹´—

Á¡„š·œ°°„

2007 [40]

Sisal-polyester 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 10% NaOH treatment at room temperature

„µ¦šÎµ°´¨‡µÅ¨œrš¦¸šÁ¤œšr š¸É‡ªµ¤Á…o¤…oœ 4% (wt.%) Ä®o‡»–­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤

…Ȋ¦Š—¹Š¤µ„š¸É­»—

2007 [40]

Hemp non-woven mat with euphorbia resin

0.16% NaOH for 48 h ‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹ŠÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ¦o°¥¨³ 30 ¨³‡»–­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦ŠÁŒº°œ

(Shear streng) Á¡·É¤…¹ÊœÁžÈœ­°ŠÁšnµÁ¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸ÉÁ­oœÄ¥Å¤nŗo

Ÿnµœ„µ¦šÎµ°´¨‡µÅ¨œrš¦¸šÁ¤œšr

2007 [41]

Hemp fiber 8% NaOH treatment Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡šµŠ‡ªµ¤¦o°œÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ ¦o°¥¨³ 4 2005 [47]

Sisal-polycaprolactone composite

10% NaOH for 1, 3, 24 and 48 h ¤°—¼¨´­¥º—®¥»nœ (Elastic modulus) ‹³Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ Á¤ºÉ°Á¡·É¤¦³¥³Áª¨µ Ĝ„µ¦šÎµž’·„·¦·¥µ

2004 [48 ] Jute-vinylester 5% NaOH for 4, 6 and 8 h „µ¦šÎµ°´¨‡µÅ¨œrš¦¸šÁ¤œšr 4 ¤ šÎµÄ®o‡°¤Ã¡­·š¤¸‡»–­¤´˜·

‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—´— (Flexural strength) ¨³‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦ŠÁŒº°œ

Ĝ´Êœ¨µ¤·œµ¦r (Interlaminar shear strength) Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ

‡·—ÁžÈœ¦o°¥¨³ 20 ¨³ 19

2001 [42 ]

Coir-polyester 5% NaOH treatment for 72 h ‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—´—¨³‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š„¦³Âš„ (Impact strength) Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ¦o°¥

¨³ 40 Á¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸ÉÁ­oœÄ¥Å¤nŗoŸnµœ

„µ¦šÎµ°´¨‡µÅ¨œrš¦¸šÁ¤œšr

1983 [49]

4.2.2 „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥ÅŽÁ¨œSilane treatment)

ŎÁ¨œÁžÈœ¤´¨˜·¢´Š„r´œÃ¤Á¨„»¨ (Multifunctional molecule) Ž¹ÉŠ™¼„čoÁžÈœ­µ¦‡¼n‡ª (Coupling agent) Ĝ

„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥ ץŎÁ¨œ‹³Á…oµÅžž¦´­£µ¡‡ªµ¤°œÎʵš¸É¦·Áª–°·œÁ˜°¦rÁ¢Ž¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥„´

Á¤š¦·„ŽrŎÁ¨œ‹³„n°˜´ªÁžÈœ¦¼žÂ„µ¦ÁºÉ°¤Ã¥ŠšµŠÁ‡¤¸Ÿnµœ­³¡µœÅŽ¨°„ÁŽœ (Siloxane bridge) ×¥Ÿnµœ®¨µ¥

…´Êœ˜°œž¦³„°—oª¥ „µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ (Hydrolysis), „µ¦¦ª¤˜´ª (Condensation), ¨³„µ¦­¦oµŠ¡´œ›³ (Bond formation) Ĝ¦³®ªnµŠ„¦³ªœ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥®¤¼nŎ¨µœ°¨ (Silanol) ‹³¢°¦r¤˜´ª…¹Êœ‹µ„‡ªµ¤ºÊœš¸É¤¸°¥¼n

£µ¥ÄœÂ¨³®¤¼n°´¨‡°„Ž¸š¸É­µ¤µ¦™Â¥„°°„ÁžÈœÃ¤Á¨„»¨Á¨È„Ç (Hydrolysable alkoxy groups) (Hydrolysis, —¼

­¤„µ¦š¸É (2a) [51]) Ĝ¦³®ªnµŠ„¦³ªœ„µ¦¦ª¤˜´ª®¦º°‡°œÁ—œÁŽ´œ (Condensation process) ž¨µ¥—oµœ®œ¹ÉŠ

…°ŠÅŽ¨µœ°¨ ‹³šÎµž’·„·¦·¥µ„´®¤¼nÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Å±—¦°„Ž·¨ (Cellulose hydroxyl group: Si–O–cellulose, —¼ ­¤„µ¦

š¸É (2b) [51]) ¨³­nªœš¸ÉÁ®¨º°‹³šÎµž’·„·¦·¥µÃ—¥­¦oµŠ¡´œ›³ (Bond formation) „´®¤¼n¢´Š„r´œ…°ŠÁ¤š¦·„Žr (Si- Matrix) Ž¹ÉŠž’·„·¦·¥µ¦nª¤ (Co-reactivity) Á®¨nµœ¸Ênª¥Ä®oÁ„·—äÁ¨„»¨š¸ÉÁºÉ°¤Ã¥Š„´œ˜¨°—Âœª°·œÁ˜°¦rÁ¢Ž…°Š

‡°¤Ã¡­·š °¸„š´ÊŠ¥´ŠšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—­µ¥ÃŽnűצ‡µ¦r°œ (Hydrocarbon chain) Ž¹ÉŠnª¥¥´¥´ÊŠ„µ¦ª¤˜´ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥

(Fiber swelling) [32, 52] ÁžÈœŸ¨šÎµÄ®o„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³„´œ¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¤š¦·„Žr—¸…¹ÊœÂ¨³šÎµÄ®o‡»–­¤´˜·…°Š

‡°¤Ã¡­·š¤¸‡ªµ¤­¤ÎɵÁ­¤°„´œ [40] Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·Ã—¥ž„˜·‹³¤¸¦¼¡¦»œÁ¨È„Njεœªœ¤µ„š¸ÉŸ·ª…°Š˜´ª¤´œÃ—¥­µ¦

‡¼n‡ªÅŽÁ¨œ‹³šÎµ®œoµš¸ÉÁ‡¨º°¡ºÊœŸ·ªŽ¹ÉŠ‹³Âš¦„Ž¹¤Á…oµ­¼n¦¼¡¦»œÂ¨³¡´•œµ„¨Å„„µ¦Á‡¨º°ž¦³­µœ¨Šœ¡ºÊœŸ·ª …°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ ×¥Á­oœÄ¥š¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥ÅŽÁ¨œ Á¤ºÉ°œÎµ¤µŸ¨·˜ÁžÈœ‡°¤Ã¡­·š‹³Ä®o‡»–­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤

…Ȋ¦Š—¹Šš¸É—¸„ªnµÁ¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´Á­oœÄ¥š¸Éčo„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡—oª¥°´¨‡µÅ¨œr[53] Seki [54] «¹„¬µš—¨°ŠŸ¨„¦³š

…°Š„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥°´¨‡µÅ¨œr5% NaOH for 2 h) ¨³ÅŽÁ¨œ(1% oligomeric siloxane with 96% alcohol solution for 1 h) š¸É¤¸˜n°‡»–­¤´˜·„µ¦—´—…°Šª´­—»‡°¤Ã¡­·š¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥ž°°¸¡È°„Ž¸Â¨³Á­oœÄ¥ž°¡°¨·Á°­

Áš°¦r ¡ªnµ­Îµ®¦´‡°¤Ã¡­·šÁ­oœÄ¥ž°°¸¡È°„Ž¸„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡—oª¥ÅŽÁ¨œÄ®oŸ¨—¸„ªnµ°´¨‡µÅ¨œr ץĮo­¤´˜·

‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦ŠÂ¨³¤°—¼¨´­š¸ÉÁ®œº°„ªnµ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡—oª¥°´¨‡µÅ¨œr‡·—ÁžÈœ¦o°¥¨³ 12 ¨³7 Ĝ…–³š¸É‡°¤Ã¡­·š

¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥ž°¡°¨·Á°­Áš°¦r„È‹³Ä®oŸ¨ÄœšÎµœ°ŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œ ×¥„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡—oª¥ÅŽÁ¨œÄ®oŸ¨š¸ÉÁ®œº°„ªnµ‡·—

ÁžÈœ¦o°¥¨³20 ¨³8 Á¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡—oª¥°´¨‡µÅ¨œr Sever ¨³‡–³[55] šÎµ„µ¦š—¨°Š„µ¦ž¦´

­£µ¡—oª¥ÅŽÁ¨œ (J-Methacryloxy-propyl-trimethoxy-silane) …°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·š¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥ž°¡°¨·Á°­

Áš°¦rš¸É‡ªµ¤Á…o¤…oœ˜nµŠÇ (0.1%, 0.3% ¨³0.5%) ×¥š—­°‡»–­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹Š‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—´—¨³

‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦ŠÁŒº°œ¦³®ªnµŠ´Êœ¨µ¤·œµ¦rÁž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„´‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸ÉÁ­oœÄ¥ž°Å¤nŗoŸnµœ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡ ×¥Ÿ¨š¸É ŗo¡ªnµ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥ž°—oª¥ 0.3% ŎÁ¨œ‹³šÎµÄ®o‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸Éŗo¤¸‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹Š‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š

—´—¨³‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦ŠÁŒº°œ¦³®ªnµŠ´Êœ¨µ¤·œµ¦rÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ‡·—ÁžÈœ¦o°¥¨³40, 30 ¨³55 ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´

(2a)

(2b)

4.2.3 „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥„¦³ªœ„µ¦°³Ž·š·Á¨´œ (Acetylation treatment)

°³Ž·š·Á¨´œš¦¸šÁ¤œšr°µ«´¥„µ¦Á˜·¤®¤¼n¢´Š„r´œ…°Š°³Ž·š·¨ (Acetyl group) ¨ŠÅžÄœ­µ¦ž¦³„°°·œš¦¸¥r Á¡ºÉ°šÎµÄ®o‡ªµ¤°œÎʵ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·¤¸„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠÅž ×¥®¤¼n°³Ž·š·¨ (CHCO) ‹³šÎµž’·„·¦·¥µ„´®¤¼n

űצ¢·¨¨·„ű—¦°„Ž·¨OH…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³—¹Š‡ªµ¤ºÊœ°°„ÅžšÎµÄ®o‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸Éŗo¤¸Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡šµŠ—oµœ¤·˜·

¨³¦¼ž¦nµŠÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ[56]œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê°³Ž·š·Á¨´œš¦¸šÁ¤œšr¥´Šnª¥šÎµÄ®o¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥¤¸‡ªµ¤®¥µÂ¨³‡ªµ¤

¡¦»œ˜´ªœo°¥[57, 40]Á­oœÄ¥‹³™¼„œÎµ¤µž¦´­£µ¡˜µ¤„¦³ªœ„µ¦°³Ž·š·Á¨´œ—oª¥„µ¦Äo®¦º°Å¤nčo„¦—ÁžÈœ

˜´ªÁ¦nŠAcid catalyst)Á¡ºÉ°˜n°Á˜·¤®¦º°ž¨¼„™nµ¥š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„ªnµ„µ¦„¦µ¢˜rGraft®¤¼n°³Ž·š·¨¨ŠÅžœÁ­oœÄ¥Ž¹ÉŠÃ—¥

ž„˜·Â¨oª„¦—°³Ž·˜·„Acetic acid)¨³°³Ž·˜·„°œÅ±Å—¦—rAcetic anhydride) ®µ„Á¨º°„čoÁ¡¸¥Š˜´ªÄ—˜´ª®œ¹ÉŠ

‹³Å¤n­µ¤µ¦™šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—ž’·„·¦·¥µ„´Á­oœÄ¥Å—o°¥nµŠÁ¡¸¥Š¡°—´Šœ´ÊœÁ¦·É¤˜oœÁ­oœÄ¥‹³™¼„‹»n¤ÂnĜ„¦—°³Ž·˜·„¨oª‹¹Š

˜µ¤—oª¥°³Ž·˜·„°œÅ±Å—¦—r1-3 ´ÉªÃ¤ŠÄœ¦³—´°»–®£¼¤·š¸É­¼Š„ªnµÃ—¥ž’·„·¦·¥µ°³Ž·š·Á¨´œAcetylation reactionœÁ­oœÄ¥š¸É¤¸Â¨³Å¤n¤¸„¦—ÁžÈœ˜´ªÁ¦nŠÂ­—ŠÄœ ­¤„µ¦š¸É 3) [58]Rowell ¨³‡–³[59]«¹„¬µ„µ¦šÎµ°³

Ž·˜·„°œÅ±Å—¦—rš¦¸šÁ¤œšrAcetic anhydride treatment) „´Á­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·œ·—˜nµŠÇÁ¡ºÉ°ª·Á‡¦µ³®rŸ¨„¦³š

…°Šž¦·¤µ–‡ªµ¤ºÊœ­¤—»¨Equilibrium moisture content) ×¥¡ªnµÁ­oœÄ¥›¦¦¤µ˜·š¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦šÎµ°³Ž·˜·„

°œÅ±Å—¦—rš¦¸šÁ¤œšr‹³¤¸­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤˜oµœšµœ‡ªµ¤ºÊœÁ¡·É¤­¼Š…¹ÊœÁœºÉ°Š¤µ‹µ„Á±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Â¨³¨·„œ·œ™¼„„ε‹´—

°°„ÅžMishra ¨³‡–³[60] «¹„¬µ„µ¦šÎµ°³Ž·˜·„°œÅ±Å—¦—rš¦¸šÁ¤œšr—oª¥„¦—„¨µÁŽ¸¥ °³Ž·˜·„Glacial acetic acid) ®¦º°„¦—œÎʵ­o¤Â¨³„¦—Ž´¨¢·ª¦·„ Sulphuric acid)®¦º°„¦—„夳™´œœÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–rš¸ÉŸnµœ

„µ¦š¦¸šÁ¤œšr…´Êœ˜oœ®¦º°¡¦¸-š¦¸šÁ¤œšr¤µÂ¨oª—oª¥­µ¦°´¨‡µÅ¨œrPre-treated—oª¥5%¨³ 10% NaOHš¸É

°»–®£¼¤·300^oC ÁžÈœÁª¨µ 1 ´ÉªÃ¤ŠÁ¡ºÉ°„ε‹´—ª„Žr°°„)¡ªnµšÎµÄ®o„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³„´œ¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¤š¦·„Žr—¸

…¹ÊœBledzki ¨³‡–³[61@«¹„¬µ„µ¦šÎµ°³Ž·š·Á¨´œš¦¸šÁ¤œšr—oª¥‡ªµ¤Á…o¤…oœ˜nµŠÇœÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ¨·œ·œ¡ªnµšÎµ Ä®o­¤´˜·šµŠ‡ªµ¤¦o°œÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ‡·—ÁžÈœ¦o°¥¨³ 50 œ°„‹µ„œ¸ÊÁ¤ºÉ°œÎµÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ¨·œ·œš¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦šÎµ18%°³Ž·š·Á¨

´œš¦¸šÁ¤œšr¤µŸ¨·˜‡°¤Ã¡­·šÃ—¥Äo¡°¨·¡¦°¡·¨¸œÁžÈœÁ¤š¦·„Žr‹³šÎµÄ®o­¤´˜·„µ¦—¹ŠÂ¨³­¤´˜·„µ¦—´—Š°

Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ‡·—ÁžÈœ¦o°¥¨³25

3) 4.2.4 „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥„¦³ªœ„µ¦ÁœÃŽ°·¨Á¨´œ (Benzoylation treatment)

ÁœÃŽ°·¨Á¨´œš¦¸šÁ¤œšr‹³ÄoÁœÃŽ°·¨‡¨°Å¦—rBenzoyl chloride)Á¡ºÉ°¨—‡ªµ¤°œÎʵ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥¨Š

¨³Á¡·É¤„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³Ä®o„´Á­oœÄ¥šÎµÄ®o‡°¤Ã¡­·š¤¸‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦ŠÂ¨³Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡šµŠ‡ªµ¤¦o°œÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ[40, 62]

Ĝ„µ¦šÎµÁœÃŽ°·¨Á¨´œš¦¸šÁ¤œšrÁ­oœÄ¥‹³Ÿnµœ„µ¦¡¦¸-š¦¸šÁ¤œšr—oª¥­µ¦°´¨‡µÅ¨œr¤µ„n°œŽ¹ÉŠÄœ…´Êœ˜°œœ¸Ê

¨·„œ·œÂª„Žr¨³Å…¤´œœÁ­oœÄ¥‹³™¼„„ε‹´—°°„ި³®¤¼nű—¦°„Ž·¨(OH)š¸ÉŪ˜n°ž’·„·¦·¥µReactive

hydroxyl (OH) groups) ‹³™¼„˜„°°„¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥¤µ„…¹Êœ ‹µ„œ´ÊœÁ­oœÄ¥‹³™¼„ž¦´­£µ¡—oª¥ÁœÃŽ°·¨

‡¨°Å¦—r®¤¼n OH …°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥‹³™¼„šœš¸É×¥®¤¼nÁœÃŽ°·¨Â¨³¥¹—˜·—„´Â„œÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­ Ž¹ÉŠÁžÈœŸ¨šÎµÄ®oÁ­oœÄ¥

¤¸‡»–­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Å¤n°œÎʵÁ¡·É¤…¹ÊœÂ¨³Á¡·É¤‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™Äœ„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³„´Á¤š¦·„Žr Joseph ¨³‡–³[63]

ŗo­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ„µ¦š¦¸šÁ¤œšr—oª¥ÁœÃŽ°·¨‡¨°Å¦—rœÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–rš¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡ÁºÊ°Š˜oœ

—oª¥­µ¦°´¨‡µÅ¨œr‹³šÎµÄ®o‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸Éŗo¤¸Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡šµŠ‡ªµ¤¦o°œÁ¡·É¤…¹ÊœÁ¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸ÉÁ­oœÄ¥

ŤnŗoŸnµœ„µ¦š¦¸šÁ¤œšr ˜n°¤µ Wang ¨³‡–³[32] ŗočo„µ¦š¦¸šÁ¤œšrĜ¨´„¬–³Á—¸¥ª„´œœÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ¨·œ·œ

Á­¦·¤Â¦ŠÄœ‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸É¤¸¡°¨·Á°š·¨¸œ‡ªµ¤®œµÂœnœ˜ÎɵÁžÈœÁ¤š¦·„Žr (Low density polyethylene) Ÿ¨š¸Éŗo¡ªnµ

‡°¤Ã¡­·š‹³Ä®o‡nµ‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹ŠÂ¨³­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤˜oµœšµœ‡ªµ¤ºÊœš¸É­¼Š„ªnµ‡·—ÁžÈœ¦o°¥¨³6 ¨³33 ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´

ž’·„·¦·¥µ¦³®ªnµŠ®¤¼nÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­·„ –OH …°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥„´ÁœÃŽ°·¨‡¨°Å¦—r­—Š—´Š ­¤„µ¦š¸É (4) [15]

(4)

4.2.5 „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥Áž°¦r°°„ÅŽ—r (Peroxide treatment)

„µ¦šÎµÁž°¦r°°„ÅŽ—rš¦¸šÁ¤œšršÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦„¦µ¢˜r…°Š¡°¨·Á°š·¨¸œ¨Šœ¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥ œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¥´Š

„n°Ä®oÁ„·—°œ»¤¼¨°·­¦³ (Free radicalsŽ¹ÉŠ‹³šÎµž’·„·¦·¥µ„´®¤¼nű—¦°„Ž·¨…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¤š¦·„ŽrÁ¡·É¤„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³

˜¨°—Âœª°·œÁ˜°¦rÁ¢Ž °¸„š´ÊŠ¥´Šnª¥¨—„µ¦—¼—Ž¹¤‡ªµ¤ºÊœÂ¨³šÎµÄ®oÁ­oœÄ¥¤¸Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡šµŠ‡ªµ¤¦o°œ—¸…¹Êœ [32, 64] ×¥Sapieha ¨³‡–³[65] ¦µ¥Šµœªnµ„µ¦¡¦¸-š¦¸šÁ¤œšrPre-treatment) Ä®o„´Á­oœÄ¥—oª¥ÁœÃŽ°·¨Áž°¦r

°°„ÅŽ—r (Benzoyl peroxide) ®¦º°Å—‡·ª¤·¨Áž°¦r°°„ÅŽ—r(Dicumyl peroxide) ‹³šÎµÄ®o‡°¤Ã¡­·š¤¸‡»–­¤´˜·

šµŠ„¨š¸É­¼Š„ªnµ ×¥Á¦·É¤‹µ„„µ¦¡¦¸-š¦¸šÁ¤œšrÁ­oœÄ¥—oª¥­µ¦°´¨‡µÅ¨œr‹µ„œ´Êœ‹¹ŠšÎµ„µ¦Á‡¨º°ÁœÃŽ°·¨Áž°¦r

°°„ÅŽ—r®¦º°Å—‡·ª¤·¨Áž°¦r°°„ÅŽ—r š¸É‡ªµ¤Á…o¤…oœž¦³¤µ– 6%Ĝ­µ¦¨³¨µ¥°³Ž·ÃšœAcetone solution) ÁžÈœÁª¨µ30 œµš¸ ×¥¤¸„µ¦Ä®o‡ªµ¤¦o°œ„´­µ¦¨³¨µ¥Á¡ºÉ°šÎµÄ®oÁž°¦r°°„ÅŽ—r˜„˜´ª°¥nµŠ­¤¼¦–r [40, 64]

Joseph ¨³‡–³[63] «¹„¬µÁ„¸É¥ª„´‡ªµ¤Á…o¤…oœš¸ÉÁ®¤µ³­¤…°ŠÁœÃŽ°·¨Áž°¦r°°„ÅŽ—r6%®¦º°Å—‡·ª¤·¨Áž°¦r

°°„ÅŽ—r (4%) ­Îµ®¦´„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–rœ·—˜´—­´ÊœÄœ‡°¤Ã¡­·š¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥

žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–r¨³¡°¨·Á°š·¨¸œ¡ªnµ‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸Éŗo¤¸­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹ŠÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ ×¥ž’·„·¦·¥µ¦³®ªnµŠ®¤¼n ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­·„ –OH …°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³„µ¦Â˜„°Š‡rž¦³„°…°ŠÁž°¦r°°„ÅŽ—r­—Š—´Š ­¤„µ¦š¸É5 [15]

(5)

4.2.6 „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥­µ¦‡¼n‡ª¤µÁ¨°¸Áš— (Maleated coupling agents)

„µ¦—´—ž¨ŠÁ­oœÄ¥—oª¥­µ¦‡¼n‡ª¤µÁ¨°¸Áš—œ¸Ê‹³Â˜„˜nµŠ‹µ„ª·›¸°ºÉœÇ ‡º°¤µÁ¨°·„°œÅ±Å—¦—r Maleic anhydride) ‹³Á…oµÅžšÎµž’·„·¦·¥µš´ÊŠš¸ÉŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Ÿ·ªÁ¤š¦·„Žr¡°¨·Á¤°¦rĜ¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦„¦µ¢˜r˜·ÊŠ Grafting)

¤µÁ¨°·„°œÅ±Å—¦—r‹³šÎµž’·„·¦·¥µ„´®¤¼nű—¦°„Ž·¨ OH Ĝ¦·Áª–°­´–“µœÂ¨³„ε‹´—®¤¼n OH °°„‹µ„ÁŽ¨¨r Á­oœÄ¥Â¨³¨—‡ªµ¤°œÎʵ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥¨Š ­µ¦‡¼n‡ª¤µÁ¨°¸Áš—‹³¢°¦r¤¡´œ›³‡µ¦r°œ-‡µ¦r°œ Carbon-carbon)

„´­µ¥ÃŽn¡°¨·Á¤°¦rĜÁ¤š¦·„Žr [52] ¡´œ›³Ã‡ªµÁ¨œ˜r Covalent bonding) ¦³®ªnµŠ®¤¼nű—¦°„Ž·¨…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³

®¤¼n°œÅ±Å—¦—r Anhydride groups) š¸ÉÁ„·—…¹Êœœ¸Ê šÎµÄ®oÄ®oÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¤š¦·„Žr­µ¤µ¦™ÁºÉ°¤ž¦³­µœ„´œÅ—o°¥nµŠ¤¸

ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ [66] „¨Å„„µ¦Á„·—ž’·„·¦·¥µ…°Š¤µÁ¨°·„°œÅ±Å—¦—r ¡°¨·¡¦°¡·¨¸œ MAPP) ¨³Á­oœÄ¥Â­—Š—´Š

­¤„µ¦š¸É 6) [15] ¡°¨·Á¤°¦r¦nª¤®¦º° MAPP Ç¡°¨·Á¤°¦r MAPP copolymer) ‹³™¼„„¦³˜»oœš¸É¦³—´°»–®£¼¤·

1700 ^oC Ž¹ÉŠ„µ¦š¦¸šÁ¤œšršÎµÄ®o‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™Äœ„µ¦Áž¸¥„ Wettability) …°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥—¸„ªnµÂ¨³Á¡·É¤„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³

¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¤š¦·„Žr [40, 66] Mishra ¨³‡–³ [67] «¹„¬µ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥„¨oª¥ Banana fiber), Á­oœÄ¥„´Š ¨³Á­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–r—oª¥¤µÁ¨°·„°œÅ±Å—¦—rÁ­¦·¤Â¦ŠÄ®o„´ÃœÃªÂ¨„Á¦Ž·œ Novolac resin) Á¤š¦·„Žr ¡ªnµ‡°¤Ã¡­·šÄ®o‡nµ­¤´˜·šµŠ„¨Ánœ ¤°—¼¨´­…°Š¥´Š ¤°—¼¨´­—´—Š° Flexural modulus), ‡ªµ¤Â…ÈŠ

(Hardness) ¨³‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š„¦³Âš„Á¡·É¤­¼Š…¹Êœ Mohanty ¨³‡–³ [68] «¹„¬µ„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ž°

„¦³Á‹µ ž¦·¤µ–Á­oœÄ¥ 30%, ‡ªµ¤¥µª 6 ¤¤ —oª¥¤µÁ¨°·„°œÅ±Å—¦—r, ¡°¨·¡¦°¡·¨¸œ (MAPP) ‡ªµ¤Á…o¤…oœ

05% ĜÚ¨¼°¸œ Toluene ÁžÈœÁª¨µ 5 œµš¸Á¡ºÉ°Á­¦·¤Â¦ŠÄœ¡°¨·¡¦°¡·¨¸œ PP) Á¤š¦·„Žr×¥‡°¤Ã¡­·š¤¸­¤´˜·

‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—´—Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ¦o°¥¨³ 72 °¸„š´ÊŠ‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸ÉÁ­oœÄ¥Ÿnµœ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥­µ¦‡¼n‡ª¤µÁ¨°¸Áš—¤¸

œªÃœo¤Äœ„µ¦—¼—Ž¹¤œÎʵ¨—¨Š Mohanty ¨³‡–³ [69] «¹„¬µÄœ¨´„¬–³Á—¸¥ª„´…oµŠ˜oœÃ—¥Äo 1% MAPP š¦¸š

Á¤œšrÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–rÁ­¦·¤Â¦ŠÄœ PP Á¤š¦·„Žr Ž¹ÉŠ¡ªnµ‡°¤Ã¡­·š¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–r¨³ PP

‹³¤¸­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹Š ‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—´— ¨³‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š„¦³Âš„Á¡·É¤­¼Š…¹Êœ‡·—ÁžÈœ¦o°¥¨³ 50, 30 ¨³ 58

˜µ¤¨Îµ—´

(6)

4.2.7 „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥ÃŽÁ—¸¥¤‡¨°Å¦šr (Sodium chlorite treatment)

ÎÁ—¸¥¤‡¨°Å¦šr NaClO₂ ™¼„čo­Îµ®¦´„µ¦¢°„ Bleaching Á­oœÄ¥Äœ­µ¦¨³¨µ¥„¦—×¥ NaClO₂

‹³™¼„ž¦´­£µ¡‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœ„¦—¨³ž¨—ž¨n°¥„¦—‡¨°¦´­ HClO₂: Chlorous acid) Ÿnµœž’·„·¦·¥µ°°„Ž·Á—´œ

Oxidation reaction) ¨³¢°¦r¤˜´ªÁžÈœ‡¨°¦¸œÅ—°°„ÅŽ—r Chlorine dioxide: ClO₂) Ž¹ÉŠ ClO₂ ‹³nª¥„ε‹´—¨·„œ·œ

°°„‹µ„Á­oœÄ¥ °¸„š´ÊŠ¥´ŠšÎµž’·„·¦·¥µ„´®¤¼nűצ¢·¨¨·„ű—¦°„Ž·¨…°ŠÁ±¤·ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­ [70] šÎµÄ®o‡ªµ¤ºÊœ™¼„„ε‹´—

°°„¨³Á¡·É¤‡ªµ¤Å¤n°œÎʵĮo„´Á­oœÄ¥ ®¨´Š‹µ„„µ¦„ε‹´—¨·„œ·œ Delignification) Á­oœÄ¥‹³¤¸‡ªµ¤¥º—®¥»nœ¤µ„

…¹Êœ More flexible) ¨³¤¸­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Â…ÈŠ˜¹Š˜Îɵ¨Š [40] Li ¨³‡–³ [71] «¹„¬µŸ¨„¦³š…°Š„µ¦šÎµÃŽÁ—¸¥¤‡¨°

Ŧšrš¦¸šÁ¤œšr (Sodium chlorite treatment, —oª¥°´˜¦µ­nªœÃŽÁ—¸¥¤‡¨°Å¦šr : œÎʵ ÁžÈœ 1 25, š¸É 700^oC ÁžÈœÁª¨µ 24 ¤ œÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–rš¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ªÁºÊ°Š˜oœ—oª¥­µ¦°´¨‡µÅ¨œr 5% NaOH, 1 ¤ ¡ªnµ

šÎµÄ®o­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹ŠÁ¡·É¤…¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸°´˜¦µ„µ¦—¼—Ž´‡ªµ¤ºÊœ¨—¨Š ×¥ Mishra ¨³‡–³ [72] „Èŗo¦µ¥Šµœ

Ÿ¨¨´¡›rš¸ÉŗoĜ¨´„¬–³Á—¸¥ª„´œÁ¤ºÉ°œÎµÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–rš¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦š¦¸šÁ¤œšr—oª¥ª·›¸—´Š„¨nµª¤µÁ­¦·¤Â¦Š

Ä®o„´‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸É¤¸¡°¨·Á°­Áš°¦r¥n°¥­¨µ¥Å—o Polyester biocomposites ÁžÈœÁ¤š¦·„Žr

4.2.8 „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥°³‡¦·Á¨´œÂ¨³°³‡¦·Ã¨ÅœÅ˜¦¨r „¦µ¢˜r˜·ÊŠ Acrylation and acrylonitrile grafting)

„¦—°³‡¦·¨·‡ Acrylic acid : CH₂ CHCOOH) ™¼„œÎµ¤µÄoÁ¡ºÉ°Á¡·É¤„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¤š

¦·„Žr ¡°¨·¡¦°¡·¨¸œ : PP) CH₂ CHCOOH ‹³šÎµž’·„·¦·¥µ„´®¤¼nÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­·„ű—¦°„Ž·¨ Cellulosic hydroxyl groups) …°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³šÎµÄ®o°œ»¤¼¨°·­¦³…°ŠÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­­µ¤µ¦™Á…oµ™¹Š˜´ª„¨µŠ¡°¨·Á¤°¦rŦÁŽ´œ Polymerization medium) ŗo¤µ„…¹Êœ „¦—‡µ¦r°„Ž·¨·„ Carboxylic acids) ‹µ„­µ¦‡¼n‡ªšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦ÁºÉ°¤Ã¥ŠÁ°­Áš°¦r Ester linkages „´®¤¼nÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Å±—¦°„Ž·¨ Cellulose hydroxyl groups) Ž¹ÉŠÁžÈœ„µ¦¨—®¤¼nűצ¢·¨¨·„ű—¦°„Ž·

¨…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥ ¨³Á¡·É¤­¤´˜·Äœ„µ¦˜oµœšµœ‡ªµ¤ºÊœ „µ¦„¦µ¢˜r˜·ÊŠ—oª¥„¦—°³‡¦·¨·‡¨ŠœÁ¤š¦·„Žr‹³Á¦·É¤˜oœÃ—¥

°œ»¤¼¨°·­¦³ Áž°¦r°°„ÅŽ—r Peroxide radicals) Ž¹ÉŠÁž°¦r°°„ÅŽ—ršÎµÄ®oÁ„·—¡´œ›³°°„Ž·Á‹œ-°°„Ž·Á‹œ Oxygen- oxygen) Á¡ºÉ°š¸É‹³—¹ŠÅ±Ã—¦Á‹œ°³˜°¤ Hydrogen atoms) ‹µ„‡µ¦r°œ¨Îµ—´š¸É­µ¤ Tertiary carbon) …°Š­µ¥ÃŽn

¡°¨·Á¤°¦r (Polymer chain) „¨Å„‡¼n‡ª¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¤š¦·„Žr×¥„¦—°³‡¦·¨·‡nª¥Á¡·É¤„µ¦­nŠŸnµœ‡ªµ¤Á‡oœ

š¸É°·œÁ˜°¦rÁ¢Ž šÎµÄ®o‡»–­¤´˜·…°Š‡°¤Ã¡­·š—¸…¹Êœ [40, 73, 74] „¦³ªœ„µ¦š¦¸šÁ¤œšrÁ¦·É¤‹µ„Á­oœÄ¥š¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦

ž¦´­£µ¡ÁºÊ°Š˜oœ¤µÂ¨oª—oª¥­µ¦°´¨‡µÅ¨œr‹µ„œ´Êœ‹»n¤ÂnĜ„¦—°³‡¦·¨·‡š¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤Á…o¤…oœš¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œÁžÈœÁª¨µ 1 ¤ ¨oª¨oµŠ°°„—oª¥­µ¦¨³¨µ¥Â°¨„°±°¨r Alcohol) ¨³°Â®oŠ [40] ž’·„·¦·¥µ¦³®ªnµŠ®¤¼n –OH …°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥

Fiber –OH groups) ¨³„¦—°³‡¦·¨·‡Â­—Š—´Š ­¤„µ¦š¸É (7) [15] Li ¨³‡–³ [75] ¦µ¥ŠµœªnµÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ¨·œ·œš¸É

Ÿnµœ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡—oª¥„¦—°³‡¦·¨·‡Á­¦·¤Â¦ŠÄ®o„´‡°¤Ã¡­·š¡°¨·Á°š·¨¸œ‡ªµ¤®œµÂœnœ­¼Š High density polyethylene : HDPE) Á¤š¦·„Žr‹³šÎµÄ®o‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹ŠÁ¡·É¤…¹ÊœÂ¨³‡ªµ¤°œÎʵ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥¤¸ÂœªÃœo¤š¸É¨—¨Š

Patel ¨³‡–³ [76] «¹„¬µ„µ¦šÎµ°³‡¦·Á¨´œœÁ­oœÄ¥ž°„¦³Á‹µš¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦¡¦¸-š¦¸šÁ¤œšr—oª¥°´¨‡µÅ¨œrĜ

‡°¤Ã¡­·š°¸¡È°„Ž¸-¢·œ°¨·„ Phenolic) ¡ªnµšÎµÄ®o‡°¤Ã¡­·š¤¸‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹ŠÂ¨³‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—´—Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ‡·—

ÁžÈœ¦o°¥¨³ 42.2 ¨³ 13.9 ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ „¦³ªœ„µ¦„¦µ¢˜r˜·ÊŠœ¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥—oª¥°³‡¦·Ã¨ÅœÅ˜¦¨r

(AN(CH₂ CHC{N)) ×¥AN(CH₂ CHC{N)Á¦·É¤˜oœ‹µ„°œ»¤¼¨°·­¦³š¸É‹³šÎµž’·„·¦·¥µ„´Ã¤Á¨„»¨…°Š

ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Ã—¥ž’·„·¦·¥µ—¸Å±Ã—¦‹¸Áœ´œ(Dehydrogenation) °°„Ž·Á—´œ (Oxidation) ‹µ„œ´ÊœšµŠ—oµœ°œ»¤¼¨°·­¦³š¸É

™¼„„¦³˜»oœÂ¨oª‹³¤¸ž’·„·¦·¥µ„´¤°œ°Á¤°¦rMonomer…°ŠÁ¤š¦·„ŽršÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„¦³ªœ„µ¦¡°¨·Á¤°¦r¦nª¤

(Copolymer process¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¤š¦·„ŽršÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦ÁºÉ°¤ž¦³­µœ„´œÅ—o°¥nµŠ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡[77]Ž¹ÉŠ

Á­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–rš¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦š¦¸šÁ¤œšr—oª¥°³‡¦·Ã¨ÅœÅ˜¦¨ršÎµÄ®oœªÃœo¤Äœ„µ¦—¼—Ž´œÎʵ¨—¨Š¦o°¥¨³25 Ä®o­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹ŠÂ¨³¤°—¼¨´­Á¡·É¤­¼Š…¹ÊœÁ¤ºÉ°œÎµÅžŸ¨·˜‡°¤Ã¡­·š[40] Mishra ¨³‡–³[78]«¹„¬µ

Ÿ¨„¦³š…°Š„µ¦šÎµ°³‡¦·Ã¨ÅœÅ˜¦¨rš¦¸šÁ¤œšrœÁ­oœÄ¥žnµœ«¦œµ¦µ¥–rÁ­¦·¤Â¦ŠÄœ‡°¤Ã¡­·š¡°¨·Á°­Áš°¦r Á°Å¤—r(Polyesteramide : BAK)Á¤š¦·„Žr ¨³¦µ¥Šµœªnµ‡°¤Ã¡­·š‹³¤¸­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹ŠÂ¨³‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š

—´—Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ‡·—ÁžÈœ¦o°¥¨³13 ¨³11 ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´Ã—¥ž’·„·¦·¥µ¦³®ªnµŠ®¤¼n –OH…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥Fiber –OH groups

„´°³‡¦·Ã¨ÅœÅ˜¦¨r­—Š—´Š­¤„µ¦š¸É (8) [15]

(7)

(8)

4.2.9 „µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Ÿ·ª—oª¥Å°ÃŽÅŽ¥µÁœ˜ Isocyanate treatment)

ŰÎŎ¥µÁœ˜ÁžÈœ­µ¦‡¼n‡ªÄœ„µ¦—´—ž¨Š¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥®¤¼n¢´Š„r´œ(N C O) …°ŠÅ°ÃŽÅŽ¥µÁœ˜

‹³šÎµž’·„·¦·¥µ„´®¤¼nű—¦°„Ž·¨…°ŠÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­Â¨³­nªœš¸ÉÁžÈœ¨·„œ·œ…°ŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨oª¢°¦r¤˜´ª„µ¦ÁºÉ°¤Ã¥Š¥¼¦¸Ášœ

(Urethane linkage…¹ÊœšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—¡´œ›³Ã‡ªµÁ¨œ˜r(Covalent bond)¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³Á¤š¦·„ŽrŰÎŎ¥µÁœ˜‹³

šÎµž’·„·¦·¥µ„´‡ªµ¤ºÊœœŸ·ªÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³¢°¦r¤˜´ªÁžÈœ¥¼Á¦¸¥Urea)×¥¥¼Á¦¸¥‹³šÎµž’·„·¦·¥µ„´®¤¼nű—¦°„Ž·¨…°Š

ÁŽ¨¨¼Ã¨­[52]Ž¹ÉŠž’·„·¦·¥µ¨Îµ—´š¸É 2œ¸ÊšÎµÄ®oÁ­oœÄ¥¤¸‡ªµ¤˜oµœšµœ‡ªµ¤ºÊœ­¼Š…¹ÊœÁ¡·É¤„µ¦¥¹—Á„µ³„´Á¤š¦·„Žr

šÎµÄ®o‡°¤Ã¡­·š¤¸‡»–­¤´˜·š¸É—¸…¹Êœ[77] ž’·„·¦·¥µ¦³®ªnµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Â¨³­µ¦‡¼n‡ªÅ°ÃŽÅŽ¥µÁœ˜Â­—Š—´Š ­¤„µ¦š¸É (9) [15] ×¥ R­µ¤µ¦™ÁžÈœ®¤¼nÁ‡¤¸š¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œÅ—o George ¨³‡–³[79]čoŰÎŎ¥µÁœ˜—oª¥˜´ªšÎµ¨³¨µ¥Å—

Á¤š·¨¢°¦r¤µÅ¤—rDimethyl formamide : DMF) Ĝ„µ¦ž¦´­£µ¡Á­oœÄ¥žnµœ¨·œ·œÃ—¥˜´ªšÎµ¨³¨µ¥DMF ¤¸‹»—

Á—º°—­¼ŠÂ¨³Ä®o„µ¦¨³¨µ¥Solubility)…°ŠÅ°ÃŽÅŽ¥µÁœ˜Â¨³Á­oœÄ¥š¸É—¸„ªnµšÎµÄ®oÁ­oœÄ¥¤¸Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡šµŠ‡ªµ¤

¦o°œÁ¡·É¤…¹ÊœÃ—¥Ÿ¨…°Š„µ¦š¦¸šÁ¤œšrÁ­oœÄ¥Á¤ºÉ°œÎµÅžÁ­¦·¤Â¦ŠÄœ°¸¡È°„Ž¸Á¤š¦·„Žr‹³šÎµÄ®o‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸Éŗo¤¸

­¤´˜·‡ªµ¤Â…Ȋ¦Š—¹ŠÂ¨³¤°—¼¨´­Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ‡·—ÁžÈœ¦o°¥¨³12.5¨³17.7Á¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´‡°¤Ã¡­·šš¸ÉŤnŗoŸnµœ„µ¦

—´—ž¨Š

(9)