The purpose of this study is to find out the factors that transform pharmacists into the entrepreneurs by comparing the factors found in this study with the factors of motivation theories: Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two factors. The organizational behavior theories such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor will be used to create the interview questions for the interview participants.
Herzberg’s two-factor theory
When all the aforementioned needs are satisfied, the needs for self-actualization emerge. The hygiene factors for the jobs include company policy, pay, job security, interpersonal relationships, working conditions and supervision. If people lack hygiene factors at work, they may feel dissatisfied or unhappy at work.
Motivation factors are the internal factors related to a person's ability to achieve or grow, therefore, the internal factors at work are for example, achievement, recognition for their achievements at work, responsibility and growth or advancement in career. Comparing Herzberg's two-factor theory with Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory, we can see from figure 2.2 that hygiene factors are the first three orders of the pyramid which are physiological, safety and social needs (belongingness and love) . The motivation factors are the main needs of the two orders which are the needs of evaluation and self-actualization. Regarding figure 2.3, hygiene factors are necessary to prevent job dissatisfaction, even improving hygiene factors does not create job satisfaction.
Therefore, motivational factors are necessary to create job satisfaction or motivate people for high performance work (Dartey-Baah and Amoako, 2011).
Related Studies
They found that opportunity-driven entrepreneurs had a greater need for achievement than non-entrepreneurs. In addition, there is research into the motivational drivers of gray entrepreneurship, which looks at entrepreneurs who become independent at a later age (Harms, 2014). And many studies on women have been conducted to identify the factors that motivate women to start their own businesses (Orhan and Scott, 2001; Buttner and Moore, 1997 and Hisrich and Ozturk, 1999).
Phillips and Garman (2006) stated that the healthcare sector has received little attention due to barriers in the structure and culture of healthcare organizations. In terms of behavioral barriers, job security and stability of employment have been one of the motivating factors for individuals to prefer a career in healthcare as the healthcare sector is considered one of the most stable sectors in terms of job security and predictability of career paths. Moreover, the healthcare careers also offer the professional autonomy which was considered one of the important factors in choosing the career.
Therefore, it is interesting to study the factors that lead pharmacists to become entrepreneurs.
Research Framework
Chen and Elston (2014) investigated the entrepreneurial motives and characteristics of small restaurant owners. However, there are so far only a limited number of studies on entrepreneurship in pharmaceuticals or even in a broader field such as the healthcare industry.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Selected Participants
She chose the Faculty of Pharmacy as her last choice for the university entrance exam, after the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. Her entrance exam score led to her admission into the Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University. She said the reason she chose to study at the faculty was related to healthcare because she wanted to help people and she thought that if she could work as a healthcare professional, she would have a better chance of helping people directly.
In addition to working normal office hours, Ae sometimes had to work evening or night shifts to ensure that there was always a pharmacist to check the drugs dispensed by the pharmacy unit. This makes her shop one of the market leaders in the wood products industry and has many loyal customers during her 3 years in business. Fai had worked to ensure the successful submission of drug and medical device registration to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), so that the drug or medical device could be sold locally and properly advertised.
She found that in the market, Chinese children's product businesses compete by lowering the price to be really low, and it was very difficult to compete in the market if you were a small seller.
Interview Questions
There are mainly four types of products sold in her store which are the bedding products: baby pillows, mattresses, feeding products: containers, cutlery, safety products: corner pillows, edge protectors and bath time products: bathtubs, towels. She said that apart from the retailer of the imported products; she has now begun to produce her own children." The interview took approximately one hour and fifteen minutes, and began by asking the general questions about her and business before using the set of designed questions with probing techniques to gather the information.
After the interview, once I had any questions about the interview, I would ask her to apply via Line. In addition to setting the above questions, the probing questions will also be used to guide the participants to give the specific answers to the primary questions in the set and to answer the completeness of the necessary information that can be analyzed. our research question "What are the factors that transform pharmacists into entrepreneurs?".
RESEARCH FINDING
She admitted that she previously had no knowledge of how to run the business, so once she started her business, she had to develop her business skills and the knowledge about her products through real practices. Similarly, she is also working on expanding her business with a wider variety of products. As for Fai, she said the starting point for her business came during her maternity leave.
For Fai, the starting point of her business was mentioned above that she quit her job to take care of her child, so when she had free time, she looked after children". After seeing her doing well in her business , then she was allowed to work on her business alone.For her, she likes doing business more because it fulfills her requirements and she has a passion to see her business grow.
Even her family did not agree with her business and wanted her to work in government job to have security in her life, she insisted to continue working for her company.
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
However, Ae and Fai can accept the risk in business by trying to plan ahead and expand their products to be more variety and diverse to mitigate the risk as much as possible. In terms of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, Ae and Fai became self-actualized; they need to continue the entrepreneurship journey to see how far they can go so that they work at their maximum potential to have successful businesses as well as the esteem needs as they want to master their businesses and try to develop their skills and knowledge to achieve their goals to achieve For the lower levels, they were aware that it was risky to run the business, they were not too concerned about the risk and future guarantee of their businesses.
Therefore, the lack of need for stability and security in this researched entrepreneur contradicts Maslow's theory that the level of needs must be satisfied in a hierarchy from the lowest to the highest. The reason why Ae and Fai are less concerned about stability and security may be because of the stability in the healthcare industry, both of them can return to work as healthcare workers at any time if the business is not successful because stability and security are high in healthcare careers of workers and due to the labor shortage in the industry, there is always a job available to work. The factors influencing the transformation of pharmacists into entrepreneurs are therefore external and internal factors.
When external and internal factors or needs were not met when they were employed,.
Limitations and Future Researches
Recommendations
Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which is somewhat consistent with Herzberg's motivational factors or what in this research is called internal factors, for example the needs of a challenging job, the needs for achievement and advancement, all combined with the triggers of the lower Maslow level. needs or Herzberg's hygiene factors or so-called external factors such as economic needs, personal autonomy and security to realize their dream as an entrepreneur. The willingness to be an entrepreneur is important in the first phase of starting a business. They can start a small business at the same time while working their full-time job to reduce the risk of business failure and loss of income. However, becoming a business owner, which is not a specialty of pharmacists and other healthcare professionals, requires a lot of hard work.
For this reason, the pharmacists or health professionals who want to start their own business should always look for the opportunity, or in other words, when the opportunity comes, they should be able to identify it. In addition, they must develop a habit of lifelong learning of the new skills and knowledge of things they have never learned or known before, for example the knowledge of their products and business management as well as financial skills. In order to have the loyalty of the customers in the long run, the pharmacist-entrepreneurs, once they start the business, should behave ethically, such as having sincerity in telling the facts about the products and choosing the products that have proven benefits to the customers.
The most important thing is that they should be optimistic and believe that they can achieve the success and work hard to achieve the goals.
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene and Job Satisfaction in the Malaysian Retail Sector: Mediating Effect of Love of Money, Asian Academy of Management Journal, Vol. Application of Maslow's hierarchy of needs; Impacts and Implications for Organizational Culture, Human Resources and Employee Performance, International Journal of Business and Management Invention.
