Ჵ ᆯ ٖ
ᴂᇻښズל ώ1893 10 ᗙ 20 ᔐύᓴ㓡ࣲႂࢡ 柋1969
2 ᗙ 3 ᔐ࣯ᓴ࣍، ώࠩᓄⷕ ώ
ᴂᇻښלݴⷍध㐩ି⊔ฎ㑼⒉ჯ⣯◵ဈⶩゞ ঌ
┐㖎
?iiT,ffrrrXKi?X+X+Mf?mRyyfT;2nRyyeX?iK
Ჵ ᆯ ٖ
۟ ✹ ⾎
فம⌋㓾ᔷ⇩⍭ዷ
ᴂᇻښズל ώ1893 10 ᗙ 20 ᔐύᓴ㓡ࣲႂࢡ 柋1969
2 ᗙ 3 ᔐ࣯ᓴ࣍، ώࠩᓄⷕ ώ
ᵹቭ܊⃞ᷫⶏᵹமចாᬑᙙᙤၣᙄ࠻ᄞک㕤ॠℯဋວ◘ਘ⾾ငၽ ىᔢ✹⃞ດ цᵹቭ܊॒٩᤺९㔮࡚ᷫۙᕧکذ 栾ঞࢲتٲᕟ ᅼላ⃞⪫㔌 栾ᦩ⅙⁓⢶ᙌዷ٦ⶫ цڒ⃞ટ⧙ᔢ✹ா ಎ ц1907
ၣ⛑ࡏ㕤ॠ㞖⏯హ㘟⌋ 栾1909 ၣॖࡏᙥ⌋ 栾ؿ✚ᕧ㕤ॠ㞖
⏯హঘ⢿ хᨷᕄໝ݇⌋ ц1913 ၣڞࠣ‥◯ⳝ㆛ㅉ⾦ࢯᗆ
⚫Ꮺ⊔ ц㕤ॠ⊔⫅⼂ີ 栾ᄨ٨⊔⏘়மວ⊣ᙈ㕮 栾ٜᖺڒ⃞
ᅎ㙌 цᤄၣஙᤦይ⃘᷑ 栾ڒঝㆀ⤏⬋ х⢿மヷࢲᨷமဓ㦯 цங ይᗆဓ㦯⊔ᜉ㓊㒐 栾ᕧᖺᔌἱ⌋ ц1915 ၣࡏဓ㦯✃⿾ᖨفᔷ
ໝ݇ 栾1916 ၣாݴယᷱᄣ㞖⏯ᔷ⺯ᙀ 栾1919 ± 1920
ၣ࠻ᄞாဓ㦯ೲঘ⧙ᄐࢯೲᄣ㞖⏯࢛ᚬ хࣸঘೳᕄد
⺯ᙀ 栾ؿᄣἱ⌋≃ೕۗਘ㛦⾄ೲ⃞㞖⏯ᗣㅛḎἱ⺯ᙀ цِ
ᄞسٍம 栾࠻ک㕤ॠ ⍁ဉᜉਘ㕤ॠ⿾ᔐᜉᔢੌ 栾ᄞ
۟㟹Ᏸ⪥⾦ॠټாம⎧ᚑॠೲ Ἢॠټೲ ࣝㄔ␡⓼ 栾ؿک ᔢᏕىک ц1926 ၣ╲⦦ڭڍ┯ࢲऻټாᬑ⥩ᜉ␡⓼کᔢ Ꮥ 栾ᄞکᬑ⥩ೲ␡⓼ىک цாکᙛ㒙ڒⶏ⠇ᔢᏕ೬㒋㞖ᬂ⸵
⌫ 栾ؿ⠇▮⺋⚉ 栾࡚ف㞖⏯␡࢛ᚬ⺋⚉ⳝ㆛ࡏೲঢᙀ ц‧
ᗆᬑ⥩ೲ␡⓼⃞ᔢᏕㆧᙌ㈦ᜭ⧷ х࠼ㆉਘ់ᤶِ ц1930
ၣکᬑ⥩ೲἱ㓾ڜἱ㓾㒆 цㆽᗆᬑ⥩ೲᯧமࡐᙆ㞖
ၽِت 栾ἱ㓾ᘽ⍶ 栾㖤ၣفڂጁᱢᱢ 栾ഫ㔉ℯゎ х⤝ை
ᩍ х໖㜦 хᛯফ хᄟ⽯݇ хᥧᄯ⏯ цḚࢭᐋࢲ⃞ᖺ⥩♭
ၻ 栾ڒᖺ᧠⫱㊣ಽڂ 栾ࢩف“ᄞஙວ⽁ヘாວ 栾ܨ⠇݇ᔷ
ؿ္ਘᬑ⥩ೲکᔢ⃞ী㈆੯ల╲ㅛ݅ⷉ⹐ᔷક㙃 цتᤄڒ
ாъ⌋ы㕖⸞ذ⃘ⲯᕄ⎮ 栾ᎁъ⫏ы㕖⸞ذ ³⺯ᖣ´ ٯᤄᕥ
⌫মⶫ⃞㎟⸭⛘ⲯἪ࡚ᔷጁ❫ 栾ⳝᵹቭ܊⃘Ἢᄞܨ⹈ࢲᬑ⥩ೲ
цாᄚ⺋⍭⃞ᬑ⥩ೲ 栾ᵹቭ܊ڞࣾἱ⃞ু⚉ຊᏞ⥩♭ၻ
⃞ဉۦ 栾سٍ⥩♭ၻ९⓼ⴂ⃞᪃ぶڂḎؿா⇎ᗆ㒙ࡐܨᙌ⹐ᕄ
ாம೩㕖⸞⃘ⲯ 栾ᄞ܊ாᵹቭ܊⏯ڂ⃞㓊ዃ хᐋᓷرᄣڞㄢㅠ
㒆⃘། ц‧ၣᬑ⥩ೲຖᔢᏕᙏकٯၣম ⹈மㅪⲟⲣ⇩
⍭تၣ цᵹቭ܊ᕧد॒ၣڜࡣঔဓ㦯 栾ா㨸ࣺ⥿⇩⍭ዷ⇩⍭ᔳ
ᔷ⠛ٳ┓ᔷ ц1933 ၣᄣᨷமமວἱ⌋ॡೕۗ 栾ف㒙ᕧ 1932
ၣᙄকࣺாὭೕ⫱㦯غফ㒑⃞ம㔦ᔷວೲᙈ цࡒၣᄞ 栾ڎᬑ
⥩ೲکᔢᏕঘ⓼ىک ц1936 ၣࢩㄔъفமᔷы 栾ڒᙄ ک▮ャ൦ੌ ц1937 ၣ⠌ 1949 ၣک㕤ॠೲᜉ㒆 ц1949 ၣ⏜د ᤄ⾦ᨷமဓ㦯ဴ✌়மᔢ⌋ᕄᙈ⻍ 栾ㅴ‖ဓ㦯☟☪ᄨ٨ᔷ⇩
⍭ ц1950 ၣسၧᇕ➧᭸ⲗ⁙⠍ख़ゎسㅴ 栾ᤴᄞ㕐㊟⁙☬ゎڎ఼
⇩⍭ဉۦ 栾سᕣ⃘ⲯࣝㅡᆄ⹐ᕄ ц1957 ၣ 6 ᙋڒ㘐ኩ⊸ம⃞ফ
ૅ 栾ᥲᵃፄ⁙மকࣺᕟفம⃞Ⴣⷝ٨ цமᄞکفம⌋
㓾ᔷ⇩⍭ዷ⇩⍭ੌ хᔷ⹐⇩⍭ປىک хዷक൦ੌਘⲣ൦ੌ
ᙈ൦ੌ ц1959 ၣⳝ㆛ࡑமᔐय़൦ੌ 栾ᄞখک⏜க༂ࡑமᔐय़္
൦ ц
ᵹቭ܊॒ࡖ᤺⠛൬⥊▫ഞೕල 栾൬⥊▫ 1989 ၣㄖغ цாࡘ
ীῳ᪃⃞ࡖ॒ၣف 栾ڂڒ⃞ဉۦ॒࢛ἱⶫ 栾ؿೲࣸय़ࣾ цᵹ ቭ܊دᤄ⾦ᨷமࣆᄞࡘ॒جၣ 栾ວفࡑ⽽ڂẺ⎧ᔆᒑ цڒݜᙌ கتഞ 栾९⌅݅ х⌅ᖣ х⌅ⲫ х⌅⚄ਘ⌅ቡ 栾⃟ᙌዷ㒆 ц
ᵹቭ܊“ῳᄨ٨ᕧᔷ⇩⍭ਘᔢ✹٨ 栾ڒዷ⇩⍭⃞㘥ఝᖺⴜ
⻝ᔷ⹐ 栾ㅚݗἱ⹐⃞⇩⍭⼋ᖺⶫᚬᔷ 栾⛘ᔳᔷਘٳ┓
ᔷᖺᙆళᙥਘᙆ㊟⃞ⶫᚬᔷ㙒 栾ᕧ⃞⇩⍭࡛ᙌ⃞ሣ
⚉ 栾ஙᤴৠდ٦⅙೬⦰ুᔷວ⃞⠜⿄ ц1925 ၣࣆᄞ⦰ু⢏⬋ᔷ
ວ 5 ഃᙘᚲ┌ 1HYDQOLQQD ࣝ⎧⃞ٳ┓ᔷݽ࢛۔ἱ⹐ᖺ٩॒
غ⓿ᙆ㊟ೲ⃞ᔷِت 栾ᖺἪڜٳ┓ᔷ⹐⃞ళ⊃ цᵹቭ܊
⃞ىဉۦᖺഃᙘᚲ┌ἱ⹐ㅪⲟ⇩⍭ хᏰႵਘኩΌ цഃᙘᚲ
┌ٳ┓ᔷ f(z) დㅪዷḚᄷᔷ T(r, f) 栾℩‧ᕧᔳᔷ⹐
فᔷ f(z) ⃞ᙆೲᡤ⃞ᔷ 栾ㅚݗᕟ⃞ళᙥ້ᔷாٳ┓ᔷ⹐
ف⾨⦰᧳ຖᆄ⃞ۦΌ цᵹቭ܊ T(r, f) ㅪⲟᬂࡏ┨▽⃞⇩⍭ 栾ா
࡚ॡೕ⹐ᕄ ³㓊ᕧᴸ⎔┙ᔳᔷ⠛ٳ┓ᔷ´ ف㛘ᤄ⺯ᖣᖺ r ⃞࢛
ᥧⶫᚬᔷ ц㓊ᕧᴸ⎔┙ᔳᔷ 2 ယ㟹㒋⪨ᷱ %OXPHQWKDO ᙄდ ࡏ௳ᔷ⃞៷ᅡؿࢯΌ═ᴸ⎔┙ᔳᔷ┙⃞ຖ⚉ 栾ے࡚ဉۦᙣ
❫⠛ ( ᩂ⥿ᷱ %RUHO ᙌ⎔┙ᔳᔷἱ⹐℩෴♶ цᕧٳ┓ᔷ
⃞ᇭჽ 栾ᵹቭ܊⺯ᖣتݗٳ┓ᔷ f(z) 栾ாتݗ়ᕧᩂ⥿
ᷱᤳತ㒆ᆄ⃞ᤳݽ㖪ᬕᔷ U(r) 栾ᵃᄞ ORJU(r) = ρ(r)ORJr ຖ⚉ f(z) ⃞ᴸ⎔┙ ρ(r) 栾ؿᓆڞჽᴸ⎔┙ٳ┓ᔷ⃞ت⠴ἱ
⹐ цᤴἱ⹐ᙌࡒݗḚ㦼 桌1 भ፩ዷᙌᴸ⎔┙ٳ┓ᔷ⠛ᴸ⎔┙ᔳ
ᔷ 桍2 ᔳᔷⷁ 栾࡚ⲯㆁ⃞ⓙ≌ᆄীᕧᩂ⥿ᷱ㓊ᕧᙌ⎔┙
ᔳᔷِ⇩⍭ 栾⛘ࠣᕧယ㟹㒋⪨ᷱ⃞╁ᚶ цذㄼ⇩⍭ாٳ┓ᔷ ἱ⹐ف࡛ᙌ㊟⃞ἱ⹐ሣ⚉ 栾ؿᄣࢲᄚ㞖⃞ⷷ߿ 栾ڒዷდࡏ⃞௳
ᔷਘຖ⚉⃞ᴸ⎔┙ⳝ⍄ᵹᦧ௳ᔷਘᵹᦧᴸ⎔┙ ц
ٳ┓ᔷഃᙘᚲ┌ἱ⹐⃞ళᙥࡐຩभ፩⏜تళᙥຖἱ х⏜٩ళ ᙥຖἱਘ⬳㊡㓊ܫ⏯ ц⏜تళᙥຖἱⲯᖣᕧت࢜ⴜᔷ a भ፩ᴸ
⎔ хm(r, a) + N(r, a) ⠛Ḛᄷᔷ T(r, f) ℩ဎتݗᙌ‐⃞℩
ࣺ㊡ 栾࡚ف N(r, a) ⍄ f(z) ⃞ a ݽ㦼ັᎁ㊡ цےㅪتᤵ⃞ક㙃 ᖺ⇩⍭س⻝ਘ m(r, a) + N(r, a) فࡒݗ℩ࣺ㘖⃞℩ೲ цഃᙘ ᚲ┌⏜٩ళᙥຖἱᎁ 桌ت⠴ N(r, a) ೲᕧ m(r, a) 栾९Ḛᄷ
ᔷ T(r, f) ❫ ᔷ f(z) ⃞دݗࢬࢭ⃞ݽ㦼ັᎁ㊡ዷ‐ ц㓊ᕧ
⏜٩ళᙥຖἱᙌᄚ೬ᬂࡏ⃞⇩⍭ਘᏰႵ 栾+ ⒮┃ 0LOORX[ ਘᵹቭ
܊ᙄ࠻ᄞ╁়ዷ⹐ᔷ⃞ᔷᄣࢲ⏜٩ళᙥس⏯ِᏰႵ 栾९Ḛᄷ
ᔷ❫ ᔷ⃞ݽ㦼ັᎁ㊡ਘᔷ⃞ັᎁ㊡܊‐ 栾ےࣆ⛓㓊ᕧ
ᔷݽ㦼ັᎁ㊡⃞ܫᔷೲᕧ 1 栾⛘ᵹቭ܊ዷỂᄣ⛓㔀㓊ᕧᔷ⃞㕦
㦼ਘ៰㦼⛓೩ 栾࡚ັᎁ㊡⃞ܫᔷ 1 цᵹቭ܊ᓆᤴ⺯ᖣٳ┓
ᔷ❫ ᔷঘ࡚ᔷ⃞ᛖٲݽ㦼㕃ت≌ຖ цᤴ೩ڒㆧ╁়ዷ⹐
ᔷِউᔷ ९⍕࢛ Ểᄣ⢵ၡళᙥس⏯ؿᓆڞⷉ⹐⬳㊡㓊ܫਘ
تᆄક㙃 цᵹቭ܊ா⹐ᕄ [2 х7 х8] فዷᄣࢲ⃞ᙌ㓊ళᙥس⏯
ⳝ⫱✌ᔷວ Ⱥ Ⱥ ዑ⛱ᄹ⼹ᷱ Ƚɨɥɶɞɛɟɪɝ ⍄ᖺㅚᕥ㖭 ³ᙆ
ᬂࡏ⃞╁ᚶ´ ц
1912 ၣ⠌ 1919 ၣ 3 ᄹᷱ 0RQWHO ࣝ⎧⃞ⶫᚬᔷᤳᕴ ἱ⹐ 栾سےἱ⹐ᙥゎ॒࢛ຌ♶ 栾⛘ظாᔷ⃞হݗ࢛ᔆᙌႵᨼ⃞
ኩΌ⛘ᙌᔕ⃞ဉ࡛ цᤳᕴἱ⹐⃞فᅂક㙃ᖺᕟ⃞⑹ᖣ
⃞ᤳຖࣁ 栾९ࢬຖᔷᕴᤳᕴ⃞࠸࢛ ਘᅃ⃞ ڧ ц
ᄹᷱᙄ╲ᐋر㖭⃞ક㙃 桌ఝ D ࡐࡑ┓ᔷᕴ F 栾ഫᚶتᔷ f(z) ∈ F سঝ 0ݽظ࡚ k ᤄᔷ f(k)(z)سঝ1ݽ 栾ࣁ F ாD ࡐᤳᕴ цㅚݗક㙃╲ ) ⧮ᩨ %XUHDX 㒆ᙛ⇩⍭ᄞ═࢛⺯
ᖣ 栾ᄞ & ⒮ᙖㆁ 0LUDQGD ᄣتຌࡑⶫᨷ⛘Ⴣ⎧⒮ᙖㆁຖࣁ цᵃ
⛘⒮ᙖㆁ⃞⺯ᖣ㘤ࡪ㒆 栾㕐╲ * ῎ࢯ㔖 9DOLURQ ᔌㅪ 栾ڎس ல᮹ 栾ᵹቭ܊ᄣتᕟᨷ 栾ጮ⒮ᙖㆁ⃞ىس⏯ⓙັऺ 栾ㆁࢲዷ ᙛᙘ⃞╁ᚶ цாထᙌ⃞ᤳຖࣁف☻ݽ⾨⦰ᄚೲ⃞ۦΌ 栾☻ݽᖺ ᎁᔷسঝዜߘঝᙌ⎔ᤄ⃞ݽ 栾ᵹቭ܊㛘࠻ᩆሣࢲᔷমঝᴸ⎔ᤄ
⃞೩ݽ 栾ஙᤴდࡏ B ೩ݽ⃞៷ᅡ 栾ᄨ⛘Ểᄣၬݗ⑹ᖣ⃞ᤳ
ຖࣁ ц
ڜᔷ㞓ᔷᖺḚ᥉ت㙒೬ݽⶫᚬᔷ 栾ா + 㨸ࣺ⥿ 3RLQFDUp ᙆࢩდࡏᗆ 栾* ㆁယ 'DUERX[ ९⸟ᖺ㊟⃞ت㙒ᔷ 栾ᄞ܊
খⳝ 3 ए㗰 3DLQOHYp ኩΌᕧ္ᄴ࢛ᕥ⌫ ц1930 ၣࣆᄞ 栾῎ࢯ 㔖 х( ᴅᷱ㊞သ 8OULFK ਘ + ౻ᷱۄ 6HOOEHUJ ࢛ࢭΌسী⃞
ᕥᨷჃ⎧℩‧ᕧٳ┓ᔷ⃞ഃᙘᚲ┌ἱ⹐ ц῎ࢯ㔖ᙄᏰႵഃᙘᚲ┌
㓊ᕧٳ┓ᔷ⃞ᕥᨷ 栾ᎁমڞࢯΌتݗᆙ⏯ᄣڜᔷ㞓ᔷ⃞
⏜٩ళᙥس⏯ 栾ے࡚ჽᙣㆁࢲٳ┓ᔷᇭჽ⃞ⓙႃ цᵹቭ܊
═٦تݗ⸌┨⺯ᖣ 栾࡚ዷᄣ⃞ჽダ῎ࢯ㔖ዷᎁ⃞ⓙ≌ 栾९
ாس⏯⃞ল⎷ㆧἪ⼻㘖 ᔷᔷ㕦㦼 ັᎁ㊡ цᤴ೩ᵹቭ܊╁
়ᔷِᔷỂᄣڜᔷ㞓ᔷ⏜٩ళᙥس⏯⃞تݗᏰႵ 栾℩‧
ᕧ⒮┃ᕧٳ┓ᔷዷỂᄣ⛓ цীᗆᵹቭ܊ᙄᎁٳ┓ᔷᴸ⎔┙
⃞៷ᅡমڞᏰႵᕧڜᔷ㞓ᔷ 栾1 ဓ┌ᕞ %DJDQDV ዷ⺯ᖣ⃞
㓊ᕧڜᔷ㞓ᔷ⃞تݗᗣㅺຖἱ९ᖺࢯΌڒዷຖ⚉⃞ᴸ⎔┙⛘Ểᄣ
⃞ ц1956 ၣᵹቭ܊ዷ໎⃞ໝ⦰㛘ᤄ⓼╚◮╁٦ڜᔷ㞓ᔷ⃞ഃ
ᙘᚲ┌ἱ⹐ 栾மࡐ೩ীⲟდΌਘ⍄ㆀ ц
㓊ᕧࡑ┓ᔷਘٳ┓ᔷ⃞㊟ݽ ц㛘࠻ & ॥ፕഔ೬㊞
&DUDWKpRGRU\ ਘ⧙ᩍᷱΌ⾰ᵃ⃞ᕥᨷ═٦ᄞ܊╲⃞ຖ ἱ ц࡚ᄞㅚݗક㙃খ῎ࢯ㔖 х$ ယᩨ⾞ %ORFK ਘഃᙘᚲ
┌⏯ڂ⃞Ꮻⷉ⼋⛘㛋ᙌ⠜⿄⃞╁ᚶٹⳝỂᄣ цᵹቭ܊ா >11@ ف 栾ாდࡏዷ⹐ᔷ⃞ᔷ⃞ᇭᨦرࢯΌഃᙘᚲ┌⃞ᕥᨷㅪتᤵ
ᬂࡏ⇩⍭ㅚݗક㙃 栾ؿỂᄣ⢵ၡⓙ┨⃞╁ᚶ 栾९᪵ঘ㊟ݽ⃞ᆙ
⏯سম❫ᆄຖἱ хḝ᪵㊟ݽᗆᔷᕴ⃞ᤳຖࣁਘ೩ݽ⃞╁
ᚶ ц⹐ᕄ >11@ ঘ࡚ف╁ᚶ೬ᤄமࡐ೩ীⲟდΌਘᏰႵ ц
ᕧۗலࡐ⃞ࡑ┓ᔷਘٳ┓ᔷ⃞⇩⍭ᵹቭ܊ٹސ٦⼽
ỉ цڒ═٦⢵ၡ॥௳ຖἱ ц
ᵹቭ܊ࡘ⃘ⲯ⹐ᕄٯ॒೬ 栾ாڒ⃞೬⹐ᕄف⽅⍴تݗ㊟
⃞ላᨷ 栾९ᛖٲళᙥ㙃 栾‧ዷ⹐ᔷᙥゎዷࣺ⃞ᛖٲڧ ヷฃࢲᔷ⃞ᔷ ዜ⍕࢛ ᗆ㙃ڎ⎧ цாᤴᅼላউࣁᎁرڒ ᄣࢲت⓼ࢧᬂࡏ⃞ᄚ࡛Ḛ⡥⃞╁ᚶ 栾ীᗆᐋت⓼ࢧݽᄣ⇩⍭⃞ક 㙃 цᵹቭ܊⸟Ⴣ⎧⓼╚⃞ἱ 栾ⶫ᧳ᔷ㕜㙃 栾✷ຖዜຖ⦰
ু⃞Ẇላڞঘ܃ত⛐⃞ἱ㊟ᔏ‥ᄂ 栾९ऺ➘ᙲ⊾ംㇺᖺݽᄣ⍄
ㆀ⃞ᔷᚶ 栾ےীᗆ⇩⍭ဉۦᅃ㘙ᄨ࡛㞓ક㙃ࡏጀ ц
ᵹቭ܊ᖺتۗफ़⾲⃞ᔢ✹ວ 栾⃘།ዘமᔢ✹٨ސ㊟ೲ
⼽ỉ цᖆா٩॒⠌د॒ၣڜڒ࠻ᄞࣝㄔᚑॠೲਘᬑ⥩ೲᔷ
⓼ 栾ک✓ᙛ㒙ㆧ⠍ࣸᕧდㅪㄩڜᔷ 栾ᩆ㊟⠛ம೩ᔷວ⃞ٷ ᪉ цد॒ၣڜமࡐᔷ⃘།ダᅚ 栾ᵹቭ܊೬ᤄক⠛ㆣ⹈ਘᏮᄗ
೩ம⛓܊⥩⺋ 栾ഫᄹம⃞ : ယፕᕨ࠽ %ODVFKNH х♶ம
⃞ * ۄ࠽㕷 %LUNKRII х1 ▂┌ :LHQHU ਘᨷம⃞ - 㓨ㆁί
+DGDPDUG цㅚٲⲣ᪃ऑسے܃‧ᗆ✖⺋⃞ဳῳೲ㒑⅗‐ 栾ٜ
ᄞ܊㖤ၣڂமᬂㅡᐋܚ٦ᕥܨਘ 栾ഫ⥩♭ၻঔ⢿மࣰ
፧ * ڜ +DUG\ ဳ 栾㔉ℯゎঔᄹமᯔᄣࢲယፕᕨ࠽⃞ᎁ
栾ড়ᕟᄨᕧ㓨ㆁί⏯ㇺᄣ℉ᕧذㄼ᪃ऑ ц1937 ၣᵹቭ܊
ک㕤ॠೲᜉ㒆 栾ڒⓙ㆛ᔢဳ 栾Ⴡ⹈೬⇉ু⛓ࢲ㕤ॠೲک ᔢ 栾ഫড়㗿 х៙ழॠ⏯ᙄኩㆣா㕤ॠೲک✓ 栾ڂݜ⍄ڒᙌ ³
ᔉؿຩ´ ⃞㙣ႃ цங㕤ॠ⬧ㆬ‱ 栾ڧダဎ 栾ڒ೩ℯᔢဳ
Ḛࢭࠣሃ 栾হᕥ㖭═٧ᶒᇭৼࢲ⃞ᏮᄗਘຊᏞ 栾܃ڂᄣ㕤ॠ ೲᖺݗমڞຊゎ⎧⃞ᕥ ц㕤ॠೲாڒ⃞ⲯổۦΌر 栾
ᜉⲟᔐᢍᠫⓙၨ 栾ᔕổ`㞖 цாڒㄐज⛠⛣⃞॒٩ၣف 栾㕤ॠ ೲহᕥ㖭ㇺᄣࢲᄚೲ⃘། 栾மວల㚙٦ೲጟ㞖⽶㊡⃞ᙌΌ ڂጁ 栾ᔌ⻝㕤ॠᕄऺ⦝ᄞṊᨦސ㊟⼽ỉ цாጸᖃይᷧᙛ 㒙 栾ऻټೲ хᬑ⥩ೲਘॠ㒑ೲ㆚ᄔ㕤ॠ⎧ॠ✌়ೲ
栾‧ᗆک㕤ॠೲᜉ㒆⃞ᵹቭ܊ڞࢯ хڂਘ⃞ᙌࢯڧ═
ॠ✌ೲ೬ᕥ㖭⃞ᔆਘၛࣾ 栾ഫ㕤ॠೲᒣ࢛ᔆᐩॠ✌
ೲἱ㓾 栾✄⹈೬ॠ✌ೲ⃞ᔢဳࢲ㕤ॠೲکໝ✓ዜ✓ᔢ Ꮥ ц
ᵹቭ܊ᖺتۗᶒሬ⌋ хᶒሬᔢ✹٨⃞఼ᥲس፠⃞⛓ਘᔢ
✹ວ 栾ٜᖺتۗᶒᅞ⃞ሬமᅎೕ цڒدᤄம℠ᡞᖺت⠍⃞ 栾९ ዃ⦰⌋ᔛம⃞ຎ㙌 цڒ⏜٩ᤄமᗆထၣㄩக॒ 栾ڒڞ㘠შ⃞
ⓙ⊾ 栾╲ㅻࡒၣ⃞⡤⢶ဉۦ 栾ຌ٦ڒتῳᙆ㊟⃞⇩⍭ᚶؿ Ểᄣᨷமமວἱ⌋ॡೕۗ ц1950 ၣڒᄣ⁙⠍܃লख़ゎ⃒ₓ 栾ے ڒڞ៰ೲ⃞ᥲࣸਘ⁙㟪ۦ㟉ᷧ 栾ೳೳ▸⚫ڞညጀ໎ 栾╲ㅻتၣ
⃞ࣿࣸ໎⃞⠛লጀ໎⃞تᡥ цڒ఼⇩⍭ဉۦ 栾ڒ⃞ೲ೬ᔷ
⹐ᕄᖺ⁙ᥓڞᄞ໎܊⃞ цڒ⸟⌋ວ⃞ဉۦ⠛மວ⃞ㅹڹዞ
℩㓊 栾ڒ္Όᨷம㖤ၣဓᕞᄹாமວ╲ᱢೲᆞቋ⃞㓊ণ፹⇩⍭┨
⥌ࣹ 栾ᄨ⛘ᔛ٦‧ᗆᨷமⲎ х㉆➘ࡒೲ७ᢍ 栾܃ᨷமᙌ
㎓ࠛㆧᔴமይߌ⃞ᔓ٨܊थ㖤ၣ⌋ວ цٯ॒ၣڜࢩڒᕮ༁ᨷ மဓ㦯ᗆᥲᵃࢲऻټ 栾ጶゎᕧᕟفம⃞⌋٨ цڒாفம⌋
㓾ᔷ⇩⍭ዷᤱㄨڒம⃞ೲᙈذ⸲ 桌³ዘ㙌ா⊣ᙈى⚉⃞࠼⡺
ف№₈ᕧ⊸ம⃞ⲣჃⷝ٨ ц´ ؿⲯ⊡㙌ሣকࣺ⌋ㅪ゙⃞㔚 ڵ 栾◢س❫ذࣆⲪ㍛ 栾ாᄞᒴ㧠ٜᖺ॒࢛᠕ၧ⃞ ц٨້ذ 栾ڒ
மڞᄞா⌋⇩⍭ဉۦ भ፩ⲣ┺☀ဉۦ ਘల㚙㖤ၣ⇩⍭ڂ
ੌਘ⇩⍭ῳᕥ㖭ㇺސ⍕៰⃞⼽ỉ цഫڒ 1960 ၣਘ 1964 ၣா
فமᔷᙈᔷ⹐ᙈ⻍ذ 栾1961 ၣாऻټᔷᙈᙈ⻍ذㇺۦ٦㊟
⃞ⲣ৮ ц1962 ၣ⾨ڒ⠛ऻټ࢛㞖⏯ᜉ⃞ীⲟ┺☀ᔷ
⹐ⷉ⹐ 栾ࡒㅩㅪⲟتᤄ цாذㄼ᪃ऑف 栾ڒ⍕៰⃘ⲯⲣ
ⶫ 栾ᎁდ⇩⍭ᕥ ц㖤ၣڂாڒ⃞ⓙᅂᎁਘᶒᇭ㧠थرㅪᤵᄚ ᅚؿঝᄣম⃞◯ 栾ഫ់ᡍ хღႵঅ९ᖺڒᙆᄞᎁ⃞ࡒۗ⇩
⍭ῳ ц
ڞᵹቭ܊تῳ⃞ࣹ◯⛘ⷁ 栾⍄ዘமᔷ⇩⍭ਘᔷᔢ✹⃞࠻
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[1] ./ +LRQJ 6XU OHV IRQFWLRQV HQWLqUHV HW OHV IRQFWLRQV PpURPRU SKHV G¶RUGUH LQILQL - 0DWK 3XUH HW $SSO 141935 233 ± 308 [2] ./ +LRQJ8Q WKpRUqPH IRQGDPHQWDO VXU OHV IRQFWLRQV PpURPRU
SKHV HW OHXUV SULPLWLYHV & 5 $FDG 6FL 2421956 53 ± 55 ц [3] ./ +LRQJ 6XU OD FURLVVDQFH GHV IRQFWLRQV DOJpEURLGHV HQ UDS SRUW DYHF OHXUV GpULYpHV & 5 $FDG 6FL 242 1956 3032 ± 3035 ц
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[5] ᵹቭ܊ 栾ாفம⌋㓾ᔷ⇩⍭ዷᤱㄨೲᙈذ⃞⺋⸊ 栾 ъᔷ
ㅪ།ы 栾31957 栾⏜ 301 ± 302 㘒 ц
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ы 栾91959 栾⏜ 76 ± 85 㘒 ц
[7] ./ +LRQJ 6XU OHV IRQFWLRQV PpURPRUSKpV HQ UDSSRUW DYHF OHXUV SULPLWLYHV - 0DW 3XUH HW $SSO 391960 1 ± 29 ц
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།ы 栾61963 栾⏜ 307 ± 320 㘒 ц
[10] ./ +LRQJ 6HOHFWHG PDWKHPDWLFDO SDSHUV 6FLHQFH 3UHVV 1987 [11] ./ +LRQJ DQG +H <X]DQ6XU OHV YDOHXUV PXOWLSOHV GHV IRQFWLRQV
PpURPRUSKHV HW GH OHXUV GpULYpHV 6FL 6LQLFD 10 267 ± 285 ц
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& 5 $FDG 6FL 2301950 1728 ц
[13] ⤝ைᩍ 栾ᔷວᵹቭ܊࠻ῳ 栾 ъᔷㅪ།ы 栾41963 栾⏜
410 ± 412 㘒 ц
[14] Ⱥ Ⱥ Ƚɨɥɶɞɛɟɪɝ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɜɚɥɢɧɧɚɜɫ ɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɫɥɪɟɞɟɹɟɧɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɚɧɢɣ ɦɟɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɱɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɪɹɚɤɚ ³ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɪɨɛɥɟ ɦɚɦ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɱɢɣ ɤɨɦɥɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ´ ɩɨɞɪɟɞɚɤɰ ɢɟɣ Ⱥ ɇ Ɇɚɪɤɭɳɟɜɢɱɚ 1960 406 ± 418 ц
[15] ᙽமၢ 栾ख़┓ᔷ⃞✅Ω▤ἱ⹐ 栾⌋᷹⊣ 栾1958 ц
[16] & 0LUDQGD 6XU XQ QRXYHDX FULWqUH GH QRUPDOLWp SRXU OHV IDPLOOHV GH IRQFWLRQV KRORPRUSKHV %XOO GH OD 6RF 0DWK 61935 185
± 196 ц
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*DXWKLHUYLOODUV 3DULV 1932 ц
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[19] + 6HOEHUJhEHU GLH :HUWYHUWHLOXQJ GHU DOJHEURLGHQ )XQNWLRQHQ 0DWK = 311930 709 ± 728 ц
[20] ( 8OULFK hEHU GHQ (LQIOXVV GHU YHU]ZHLJWKHLW HLQHU $OJHEURLGH DXI LKUH :HUWYHUWHLOXQJ - UHLQH DQJ 0DWK 1691931 198 ± 220 [21] * 9DOLURQ 6XU OD GpULYpH GHV IRQFWLRQV DOJpEURLGHV %XOO 6RF
0DWK )UDQFH 591929 17 ± 39 ц
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