Conclusion

47

48

References

[1] A. Thakur, P. Kumar, P. Singh, and P. Devi, "Chapter 7 - Photocatalytic

degradation of petrochemical pollutants," in Nano-Materials as Photocatalysts for Degradation of Environmental Pollutants, P. Singh, A. Borthakur, P. K. Mishra, and D. Tiwary, Eds.: Elsevier, 2020, pp. 127-141.

[2] M. J. Economides and D. A. Wood, "The state of natural gas," Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2009.

[3] N. Linares, A. M. Silvestre-Albero, E. Serrano, J. Silvestre-Albero, and J. García- Martínez, "Mesoporous materials for clean energy technologies," Chemical Society Reviews, 10.1039/C3CS60435G vol. 43, no. 22, pp. 7681-7717, 2014.

[4] D. Hu, V. V. Ordomsky, and A. Y. Khodakov, "Major routes in the photocatalytic methane conversion into chemicals and fuels under mild conditions," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 286, p. 119913, 2021.

[5] Y. Chen, X. Mu, X. Luo, K. Shi, G. Yang, and T. Wu, "Catalytic Conversion of Methane at Low Temperatures: A Critical Review," vol. 8, no. 8, p. 1900750, 2020.

[6] W. Taifan and J. Baltrusaitis, "CH4 conversion to value added products: Potential, limitations and extensions of a single step heterogeneous catalysis," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 198, pp. 525-547, 2016.

[7] B. Ruscic, "Active Thermochemical Tables: Sequential Bond Dissociation

Enthalpies of Methane, Ethane, and Methanol and the Related Thermochemistry,"

The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 119, no. 28, pp. 7810-7837, 2015.

[8] A. Mosayebi and M. Nasabi, "Steam methane reforming on LaNiO3 perovskite- type oxide for syngas production, activity tests, and kinetic modeling," vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 5500-5515, 2020.

[9] B. Christian Enger, R. Lødeng, and A. Holmen, "A review of catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas with emphasis on reaction mechanisms over transition metal catalysts," Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 346, no. 1, pp. 1- 27, 2008.

[10] X. Cai and Y. H. Hu, "Advances in catalytic conversion of methane and carbon dioxide to highly valuable products," vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 4-29, 2019.

[11] K. R. Parmar, K. K. Pant, and S. Roy, "Blue hydrogen and carbon nanotube production via direct catalytic decomposition of methane in fluidized bed reactor:

Capture and extraction of carbon in the form of CNTs," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 232, p. 113893, 2021.

[12] S. Mokhatab, W. A. Poe, and J. Y. Mak, "Chapter 1 - Natural Gas Fundamentals,"

in Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing (Fourth Edition), S.

Mokhatab, W. A. Poe, and J. Y. Mak, Eds.: Gulf Professional Publishing, 2019, pp. 1-35.

49 [13] F. Wang, Y. Shuai, Z. Wang, Y. Leng, and H. Tan, "Thermal and chemical

reaction performance analyses of steam methane reforming in porous media solar thermochemical reactor," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 39, no.

2, pp. 718-730, 2014.

[14] F. Farshchi Tabrizi, S. A. H. S. Mousavi, and H. Atashi, "Thermodynamic analysis of steam reforming of methane with statistical approaches," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 103, pp. 1065-1077, 2015.

[15] N. Habibi, Y. Wang, H. Arandiyan, and M. Rezaei, "Effect of substitution by Ni in MgAl2O4 spinel for biogas dry reforming," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 38, pp. 24159-24168, 2017.

[16] M. U. Rashid, W. M. A. W. Daud, and H. F. Abbas, "Corrigendum to “Dry reforming of methane: Influence of process parameters—A review” [Renew Sustain Energy Rev 45 (2015) 710–744]," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 133, p. 110329, 2020.

[17] A. M. Ranjekar and G. D. Yadav, "Dry reforming of methane for syngas production: A review and assessment of catalyst development and efficacy,"

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, vol. 98, no. 1, p. 100002, 2021.

[18] A. Abdulrasheed, A. A. Jalil, Y. Gambo, M. Ibrahim, H. U. Hambali, and M. Y.

Shahul Hamid, "A review on catalyst development for dry reforming of methane to syngas: Recent advances," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.

108, pp. 175-193, 2019.

[19] I. Alirezaei, A. Hafizi, and M. R. Rahimpour, "Syngas production in chemical looping reforming process over ZrO2 promoted Mn-based catalyst," Journal of CO2 Utilization, vol. 23, pp. 105-116, 2018.

[20] M. B. Bahari, N. H. H. Phuc, B. Abdullah, F. Alenazey, and D.-V. N. Vo,

"Ethanol dry reforming for syngas production over Ce-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst," Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 4, no. 4, Part B, pp. 4830-4838, 2016.

[21] H. R. Gurav, S. Dama, V. Samuel, and S. Chilukuri, "Influence of preparation method on activity and stability of Ni catalysts supported on Gd doped ceria in dry reforming of methane," Journal of CO2 Utilization, vol. 20, pp. 357-367, 2017.

[22] Z. Zhang, L. Liu, B. Shen, and C. Wu, "Preparation, modification and

development of Ni-based catalysts for catalytic reforming of tar produced from biomass gasification," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 94, pp.

1086-1109, 2018.

[23] Z. Mosayebi, M. Rezaei, A. B. Ravandi, and N. Hadian, "Autothermal reforming of methane over nickel catalysts supported on nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 with high surface area," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 37, no. 2, pp.

1236-1242, 2012.

50

[24] N. Muradov, F. Smith, C. Huang, and A. T-Raissi, "Autothermal catalytic pyrolysis of methane as a new route to hydrogen production with reduced CO2 emissions," Catalysis Today, vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 281-288, 2006.

[25] T. Muto, M. Asahara, T. Miyasaka, K. Asato, T. Uehara, and M. Koshi, "Methane pyrolysis characteristics for the practical application of hydrogen production system using permalloy plate catalyst," Chemical Engineering Science, p. 117931, 2022.

[26] H. Mahmoudi et al., "A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation," vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 11-31, 2017.

[27] G. R. S. Santos, O. M. Basha, R. Wang, H. Ashkanani, and B. Morsi, "Techno- economic assessment of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and direct methane-to-

methanol processes in modular GTL reactors," Catalysis Today, vol. 371, pp. 93- 112, 2021.

[28] T. V. Choudhary and V. R. Choudhary, "Energy-Efficient Syngas Production through Catalytic Oxy-Methane Reforming Reactions," vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1828- 1847, 2008.

[29] L. Sun, Y. Wang, N. Guan, and L. Li, "Methane Activation and Utilization:

Current Status and Future Challenges," vol. 8, no. 8, p. 1900826, 2020.

[30] E. Yilmaz and M. Soylak, "15 - Functionalized nanomaterials for sample

preparation methods," in Handbook of Nanomaterials in Analytical Chemistry, C.

Mustansar Hussain, Ed.: Elsevier, 2020, pp. 375-413.

[31] D. Bokov et al., "Nanomaterial by Sol-Gel Method: Synthesis and Application,"

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2021, p. 5102014, 2021.

[32] J. Escobar, J. Antonio De Los Reyes, and T. Viveros, "Nickel on TiO2-modified Al2O3 sol–gel oxides: Effect of synthesis parameters on the supported phase properties," Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 253, no. 1, pp. 151-163, 2003.

[33] M. Boroujerdnia and A. Obeydavi, "Synthesis and characterization of NiO/

MgAl2O4 nanocrystals with high surface area by modified sol-gel method,"

Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. 228, pp. 289-296, 2016.

[34] P. Munnik, P. E. de Jongh, and K. P. de Jong, "Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Supported Catalysts," Chemical Reviews, vol. 115, no. 14, pp. 6687- 6718, 2015.

[35] J. E. Bailie, G. J. Hutchings, and S. O’Leary, "Supported Catalysts," in

Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, K. H. J. Buschow et al., Eds.

Oxford: Elsevier, 2001, pp. 8986-8990.

[36] J. I. Villacampa, C. Royo, E. Romeo, J. A. Montoya, P. Del Angel, and A.

Monzón, "Catalytic decomposition of methane over Ni-Al2O3 coprecipitated catalysts: Reaction and regeneration studies," Applied Catalysis A: General, vol.

252, no. 2, pp. 363-383, 2003.

51 [37] S. M. S. Hosseini, H. Hashemipour, and A. Talebizadeh, "Syngas production

through methane oxy-steam reforming over a Ni/SiO2 nanocatalyst prepared by a modified impregnation method," vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 890-895, 2016.

[38] A. E. Nelson, "Fundamentals of Industrial Catalytic Processes, 2nd Edition. C. H.

Bartholomew and Robert J. Farrauto John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 966 pp., 2006," vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 127-128, 2007.

[39] I. V. Yentekakis et al., "Stabilization of catalyst particles against sintering on oxide supports with high oxygen ion lability exemplified by Ir-catalyzed

decomposition of N2O," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 192, pp. 357- 364, 2016.

[40] A. Khaleel, S. Jobe, M. a. Ahmed, S. Al-Zuhair, and S. Tariq, "Enhanced

selectivity of syngas in partial oxidation of methane: A new route for promising Ni-alumina catalysts derived from Ni/γ-AlOOH with modified Ni dispersion,"

International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 44, no. 14, pp. 12081-12099, 2020.

[41] H. Sun et al., "Insight into the role of CaO in coke-resistant over Ni-HMS catalysts for CO2 reforming of methane," Applied Surface Science, vol. 521, p.

146395, 2020.

[42] Z. Bao and F. Yu, "Chapter Two - Catalytic Conversion of Biogas to Syngas via Dry Reforming Process," in Advances in Bioenergy, vol. 3, Y. Li and X. Ge, Eds.:

Elsevier, 2018, pp. 43-76.

[43] S. Yu, Y. Hu, H. Cui, Z. Cheng, and Z. Zhou, "Ni-based catalysts supported on MgAl2O4 with different properties for combined steam and CO2 reforming of methane," Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 232, p. 116379, 2021.

[44] N. Hadian and M. Rezaei, "Combination of dry reforming and partial oxidation of methane over Ni catalysts supported on nanocrystalline MgAl2O4," Fuel, vol.

113, pp. 571-579, 2013.

[45] S. Sengodan et al., "Advances in reforming and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons for hydrogen production and fuel cell applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 82, pp. 761-780, 2018.

[46] R. Ma, B. Xu, and X. Zhang, "Catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of natural gas and renewable hydrocarbons/oxygenated hydrocarbons—A review," Catalysis Today, vol. 338, pp. 18-30, 2019.

[47] B. Meng, H. Zhang, Z. Zhao, X. Wang, Y. Jin, and S. Liu, "A novel

LaGa0.65Mg0.15Ni0.20O3–δ perovskite catalyst with high performance for the partial oxidation of methane to syngas," Catalysis Today, vol. 259, pp. 388-392, 2016.

[48] R. Horn et al., "Methane catalytic partial oxidation on autothermal Rh and Pt foam catalysts: Oxidation and reforming zones, transport effects, and approach to thermodynamic equilibrium," Journal of Catalysis, vol. 249, no. 2, pp. 380-393, 2007.

52

[49] V. LaParola, G. Pantaleo, and A. Venezia, "Effect of active and inert oxide on catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of methane over supported Ni catalysts,"

Inorganica Chimica Acta, vol. 531, p. 120710, 2022.

[50] F. Wang, W.-Z. Li, J.-D. Lin, Z.-Q. Chen, and Y. Wang, "Crucial support effect on the durability of Pt/MgAl2O4 for partial oxidation of methane to syngas,"

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 231, pp. 292-298, 2018.

[51] M. M. Alvarez-Galvan C, Ruiz-Matas L, Eslava JL, Navarro RM, Ahmadi M, Roldan Cuenya B and Fierro JLG, "Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas Over Nickel-Based Catalysts: Influence of Support Type, Addition of Rhodium, and Preparation Method," Front. Chem., vol. 7:104, 2019.

[52] T. J. Siang, A. A. Jalil, M. Y. S. Hamid, A. A. Abdulrasheed, T. A. T. Abdullah, and D. V. N. Vo, "Role of oxygen vacancies in dendritic fibrous M/KCC-1 (M = Ru, Pd, Rh) catalysts for methane partial oxidation to H2-rich syngas production," Fuel, vol. 278, p. 118360, 2020.

[53] A. Moral, I. Reyero, J. Llorca, F. Bimbela, and L. M. Gandía, "Partial oxidation of methane to syngas using Co/Mg and Co/Mg-Al oxide supported catalysts,"

Catalysis Today, vol. 333, pp. 259-267, 2019.

[54] K. Han, W. Yu, L. Xu, Z. Deng, H. Yu, and F. Wang, "Reducing carbon deposition and enhancing reaction stability by ceria for methane dry reforming over Ni@SiO2@CeO2 catalyst," Fuel, vol. 291, p. 120182, 2021.

[55] N. D. Charisiou et al., "An in depth investigation of deactivation through carbon formation during the biogas dry reforming reaction for Ni supported on modified with CeO2 and La2O3 zirconia catalysts," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 43, no. 41, pp. 18955-18976, 2018.

[56] F. Wang, K. Han, L. Xu, H. Yu, and W. Shi, "Ni/SiO2 Catalyst Prepared by Strong Electrostatic Adsorption for a Low-Temperature Methane Dry Reforming Reaction," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 60, no. 8, pp.

3324-3333, 2021.

[57] Y. Ma, Y. Ma, J. Li, Z. Ye, X. Hu, and D. Dong, "Electrospun nanofibrous Ni/LaAlO3 catalysts for syngas production by high temperature methane partial oxidation," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 3867- 3875, 2022.

[58] M. A. Goula et al., "Syngas production via the biogas dry reforming reaction over Ni supported on zirconia modified with CeO2 or La2O3 catalysts," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 19, pp. 13724-13740, 2017.

[59] V. V. Thyssen, F. Georgetti, and E. M. Assaf, "Influence of MgO content as an additive on the performance of Ni/MgOSiO2 catalysts for the steam reforming of glycerol," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 27, pp. 16979- 16990, 2017.

53 [60] C. Mateos Pedrero, S. González Carrazán, and P. Ruiz, "Preliminary results on

the role of the deposition of small amounts of ZrO2 on Al2O3 support on the partial oxidation of methane and ethane over Rh and Ni supported catalysts,"

Catalysis Today, vol. 363, pp. 111-121, 2021.

[61] B. Rego de Vasconcelos, D. Pham Minh, N. Lyczko, T. S. Phan, P. Sharrock, and A. Nzihou, "Upgrading greenhouse gases (methane and carbon dioxide) into syngas using nickel-based catalysts," Fuel, vol. 226, pp. 195-203, 2018.

[62] A. Ballarini et al., "Platinum supported on alkaline and alkaline earth metal-doped alumina as catalysts for dry reforming and partial oxidation of methane," Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 433-434, pp. 1-11, 2012.

[63] R. L. B. A. Medeiros et al., "Ni supported on Fe-doped MgAl2O4 for dry reforming of methane: Use of factorial design to optimize H2 yield,"

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 41, no. 32, pp. 14047-14057, 2016.

[64] D. Mei et al., "Highly active and stable MgAl2O4-supported Rh and Ir catalysts for methane steam reforming: A combined experimental and theoretical study,"

Journal of Catalysis, vol. 316, pp. 11-23, 2014.

[65] A. V. Paladino Lino, C. B. Rodella, E. M. Assaf, and J. M. Assaf, "Methane tri- reforming for synthesis gas production using Ni/CeZrO2/MgAl2O4 catalysts:

Effect of Zr/Ce molar ratio," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 45, no. 15, pp. 8418-8432, 2020.

[66] J. Shen, A. A. C. Reule, and N. Semagina, "Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst for low-

temperature oxidative dry methane reforming with CO2," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 4616-4629, 2019.

[67] R. Jalali, M. Rezaei, B. Nematollahi, and M. Baghalha, "Preparation of Ni/MeAl2O4-MgAl2O4 (Me=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg) nanocatalysts for the syngas production via combined dry reforming and partial oxidation of methane,"

Renewable Energy, vol. 149, pp. 1053-1067, 2020.

[68] H. Li et al., "Synthesis and characterisation of

MgAl₂O₄ spinel nanopowders via nonhydrolytic sol–gel route," Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, vol. 125, no. 3, pp. 100-104, 2017.

[69] Y. Zhang, Y. Zhu, X. Ye, and L. Cao, "Chemical structure and interface reaction of LaCoO3/Si thin-film system," Surface and Interface Analysis, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 310-313, 2001.

[70] G. P. Berrocal, A. L. M. D. Silva, J. M. Assaf, A. Albornoz, and M. d. C. Rangel,

"Novel supports for nickel-based catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane,"

Catalysis Today, vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 240-247, 2010.

[71] B. R. Strohmeier, "Magnesium Aluminate (MgAl2O4) by XPS," Surface Science Spectra, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 121-127, 1994.

54

[72] A. M. Tarditi, N. Barroso, A. E. Galetti, L. A. Arrúa, L. Cornaglia, and M. C.

Abello, "XPS study of the surface properties and Ni particle size determination of Ni-supported catalysts," Surface and Interface Analysis, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 521- 529, 2014.

[73] F. Wang et al., "Low Temperature CO2 Reforming with Methane Reaction over CeO2-Modified Ni@SiO2 Catalysts," ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol.

12, no. 31, pp. 35022-35034, 2020.

[74] K. Han et al., "Confining Ni and ceria in silica shell as synergistic multifunctional catalyst for methane dry reforming reaction," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 506, p. 230232, 2021.

[75] Y. Hao, Y. Zhang, and S. Wang, "Synthesis, structure and photoluminescence of sheet-like MgAl2O4: Cr3+," Inorganic Chemistry Communications, vol. 132, p.

108853, 2021.

[76] M. Tan, X. Wang, X. Wang, X. Zou, W. Ding, and X. Lu, "Influence of calcination temperature on textural and structural properties, reducibility, and catalytic behavior of mesoporous γ-alumina-supported Ni–Mg oxides by one-pot template-free route," Journal of Catalysis, vol. 329, pp. 151-166, 2015.

[77] J. J. F. Scholten, A. P. Pijpers, and A. M. L. Hustings, "Surface Characterization of Supported and Nonsupported Hydrogenation Catalysts," Catalysis Reviews, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 151-206, 1985.

[78] J. Zhang, H. Xu, X. Jin, Q. Ge, and W. Li, "Characterizations and activities of the nano-sized Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/La–Al2O3 catalysts for NH3 decomposition,"

Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 290, no. 1, pp. 87-96, 2005.

[79] B. Wang and G. Manos, "A novel thermogravimetric method for coke precursor characterisation," Journal of Catalysis, vol. 250, no. 1, pp. 121-127, 2007.

[80] D. Xu, Y. Xiong, J. Ye, Y. Su, Q. Dong, and S. Zhang, "Performances of syngas production and deposited coke regulation during co-gasification of biomass and plastic wastes over Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst: Role of biomass to plastic ratio in feedstock," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 392, p. 123728, 2020.

[81] K. Han, S. Wang, N. Hu, W. Shi, and F. Wang, "Alloying Ni–Cu Nanoparticles Encapsulated in SiO2 Nanospheres for Synergistic Catalysts in CO2 Reforming with Methane Reaction," ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 14, no. 20, pp.

23487-23495, 2022.

[82] H. Chadli, A. Rahmani, K. Sbai, and J. L. Sauvajol, "Raman active modes in carbon peapods," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol. 358, no. 1, pp. 226-236, 2005.

[83] C. Alvarez-Galvan et al., "Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas Over Nickel- Based Catalysts: Influence of Support Type, Addition of Rhodium, and

Preparation Method," (in English), Original Research vol. 7, 2019.

[84] Y. Simon and P.-M. Marquaire, "A unified mechanism for oxidative coupling and partial oxidation of methane," Fuel, vol. 297, p. 120683, 2021.

55 [85] H. O. Seo, "Recent Scientific Progress on Developing Supported Ni Catalysts for

Dry (CO2) Reforming of Methane," vol. 8, no. 3, p. 110, 2018.

[86] W.-J. Jang, J.-O. Shim, H.-M. Kim, S.-Y. Yoo, and H.-S. Roh, "A review on dry reforming of methane in aspect of catalytic properties," Catalysis Today, vol. 324, pp. 15-26, 2019.

56

List of Publications

Khaleel, A.; El Alem, F.; Pillantakath, A.-R., (2022). Influence of the textural

characteristics and the preparation conditions of the support on coking resistance and performance of Ni/MgAl2O4 catalysts. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 292:126850. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126850