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Data Reduction, Extraction and Collation

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Number of participants

3.4 Data Analysis Process and Summary

3.4.1 Coding

3.4.1.1 Data Reduction, Extraction and Collation

To facilitate the codification process, each transcript was read several times and key responses highlighted. These highlighted responses were based on comments which reflected the identification of an answer to any of the key interview questions relating to barriers and drivers. Extraneous information regarding personal information had already

been logged using the check boxes in the Interview protocol sheet. The extracts from each transcript where copied from the Microsoft Word document and pasted in a Microsoft Excel file. An initial collation of comments was done to group these comments based on perceived association. As shown in Figure 3.3 (barrier extracts), and Figure 3.4 (driver extracts) below, highlights from the original transcripts, were extracted to organize the data to specific and needed information which guided the codification process.

Figure 3.3: Results extracts from transcript suggesting a barrier of BIPV adoption

Figure 3.4: Results extracts from transcript suggesting a driver of BIPV adoption These extracts, from each of the 68 interview transcripts were grouped into separate Microsoft Excel files for each participant. Eight (8) different files were then created, one for each stakeholder group, within which different spreadsheets were used to collate separately the extracts related to barriers, and drivers. Figure 3.5 shows samples of collated extracts on barriers for the Other Consultants (OC) stakeholder group, while samples of collated extracts on drivers for the group are shown in Figure 3.6.

Columns represent different codes

Rows represent different participant comments All

Participants R01 to R68

Stakeholder Environmental Impact on BIPV

Knowledge and Awareness R32OCE The biggest challenge of

solar is soiling especially in the UAE. Initially we did monthly cleaning but we found that it was not sufficient because we did not get the expected output. So we increase to cleaning every 15 days.

The other issue is that when the rains come, the first comes with mud because of the dust and this makes it worse.

About using solar panels on walls, the technology has not

developed to that point yet. We have panels and flexible films but all is still in the research stage. In the future, yes, buildings will have solar panels on the walls and windows.

R33OCE …I have this idea that the dust can be a problem.

For big projects, the cost of maintenance is small compared to the cost savings. For small projects, maybe not.

Cleaning.

…No awareness of the best solution and new technologies which are needed for new building projects

Figure 3.5: Sample collated extracts on barriers for Other Consultants group

Columns represent different codes

Rows represent different participant comments All

Participants R01 to R68

Stakeholder Government Knowledge and awareness R18PVE We need codes and

regulations and then people will start to use it;

Let me also add that not here in the UAE but in all countries, we need to find different ways to reach people. We need awareness R22PVU Incentives. Take the

Shams Dubai project for example, they’ll put solar on your roof and then you’ll have incentives in your bill, to save in cost.

We also need to do awareness campaigns in schools and universities.

R23PVU Incentives are needed to encourage people to use it.

Another thing is awareness.

Figure 3.6: Sample collated extracts on drivers for PV Specialists group 3.4.2 Theme Building and Summary

Braun and Clarke (2006) wrote a detailed guide for the process of conducting a thematic analysis; noting this as the identification of patterns or themes within qualitative data. The goal is to identify important or interesting themes to address the research question while systematically seeking to make sense of the data collected.

The overall objective in qualitative analysis has been described as both a structured/linear and creative/iterative process which the coding facilitates by breaking the data into meaningful and manageable parts aimed at rebuilding it into a storyline (Stuckey, 2015). The steps taken to identify the themes and build the narrative presented next in Chapters 4 and 5, as well as the guiding questions, are tabulated as a detailed overview of the process in Appendix 4. The table is extracted from Braun and Clarke (2006). In summary, the focus is given to three core steps; these include, searching for the themes, defining and naming the themes, and finally, reviewing the themes.

The results of the theme building process produced multiple themes for barriers, and drivers respectively. The seven barrier themes were identified are:

1. Knowledge: this relates to issues which indicate or promote limited knowledge or its effects such as skepticism

2. Design: this relates to limitations of the PV technology, the design process and considerations, and the BIPV product, such as poor aesthetics

3. Economic: financial and cost-related concerns such as the high cost, and Return on Investment (ROI) are listed here

4. Social: broadly covers related aspects of UAE social life such as home ownership 5. Environmental: aspects of the weather due to the UAE desert climate such as the

impact of sand and dust, and its maintenance are listed here 6. Policy: covers policy setup, approval and regulation aspects 7. Industrial: covers issues which relate to the professional practice

The five driver themes include:

1. Knowledge: this relates broadly to codes and comments which indicate drivers which might promote knowledge such as awareness campaigns or built examples 2. Government: this broadly covers suggested actions which the Government may

take such as mandatory policies

3. Design: this relates to the design process, and the BIPV product design aspects such as improved aesthetics

4. Economy: relates to suggestions with the potential to ease the financial burden directly or indirectly such as cost reduction of the BIPV price

5. Others: these drivers do not fit in any specific theme such as after-sales services

Under each theme, for both barriers and drivers, multiple sub-themes were identified which frame the narratives based on comments made by study participants.

The use of numbers to count the frequency of comments was suggested by Hsieh and Shannon (2005) as a type of content analysis of qualitative data. In the current study, a simple count of the number of participants who commented on each driver and barrier was added as a secondary guide to deduce the emphasis on the themes. All barrier and all driver themes which were identified from the theme building process are shown in Table 3.3 and Table 3.4 respectively, along with the sub-themes under each theme.

Table 3.3: Identified barrier themes and sub themes

BARRIERS

ENVIRONMENTAL

Impact of sand, dust and humidity Maintenance

Impact of high regional temperatures Environmental impact

DESIGN

Technological complexities and limitations Poor aesthetics

Lack of available space Lack of examples Extra studies needed Nature of design practice

Safety concerns Architectural bias Lack of creativity

KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS

Limited knowledge and awareness Misinformation

Skepticism

Lack of necessary education Limited knowledge about design tools

ECONOMIC

High cost considerations Long ROI

Subsidized energy alternatives Priority of economic benefits

POLICY & REGULATIONS No BIPV Policy and codes

SOCIAL

Ownership issues Challenges of expat living

Competing alternatives Lack of interest

Conflict with heritage /local building styles Maintenance responsibilities

High energy demand High income level

INDUSTRIAL Conflicting PV versus Building industry drive Complexity of design team coordination

Table 3.4: Identified driver themes and sub themes

DRIVERS

GOVERNMENT Mandatory regulations

Incentives and support

KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS

Community examples and Peer effects Demonstration projects

Marketing and awareness campaigns Professional development PV-related research and development

Trail project

Formal/University education Social media

DESIGN-RELATED

Improved product design features and aesthetics

Early stage integration Personal interest

Improved product efficiency and output Ethical design motivation

Maintenance planning Manufacturer-led design solutions ECONOMIC

Reduction in electricity bills Cost savings

Cost reduction

OTHERS

Good business models Collaborations

Warranty Image and prestige After-sales services Long-term expatriate visa

Considering the volume of data collected under each theme, Chapter 4 focuses on the barriers identified, while Chapter 5 focuses on drivers identified. These two chapters present the comments of the study participants built into a narrative that explains the impact of each on BIPV adoption in the UAE.

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