!
"
# $!
%&
' ()*+
,-).
/ 0 1(1!
2!3
4 1 6
%&
' (
) *+ , 10
09 1437
;
*+ /0,1 )
19 01 1438
7$893 2 :
340 25 67 ,8 9 :;<
=&
(1
>??@
A&%
BCD /E F GE%
H1I ,7J ,KL MNK1
O7 P1L ) :;<
=&
Q0@
>+(
RST ,U+1
?VK%W1 X0+5 O%
:;<
=&
F GE%
H1I ,7J KL
>??@(
YA5A&%
BCZ /E [
\E]1 +?7 340 , Q^% 53
E
? KL P_
9+
>+ 1
`a1 9+
>+ 1 [ Y@1 b?0c@
Ed,
e
− f1g :;<
,=&
h?i%1
>??@(
A&%
BCD /E [
\LN;1 jd5+
O7 :
&1 ,87
>I l
?dmnW 9 :;<
=&
>??@(1 A&%
BCD /E F ,9E
&11 P1o
>I l
?dmnW )
>??@(
A&
F 9E Fp@
U+
9E%
>^%
qm ,>^
l1
&@
P1o
>I l
?dmnW )
>??@(
A&%
BCZ F 9E Fp@
>+(
,RST OKE1 X0+5 O%
:;<
=&
F GE%
H1I ,7J KL Yr??@(
) A&%
BCD /E [
;$*
<+3 X0+5: :;<
,=&
bo5 ,G7^5&l s+
GL?t [
_________________________________________________________________________
________
Emotional intelligence and its relationship to Strategies in Facing Work Stress by Teachers of Students with Intellectual Disabilities
Ibraheem A. Almuaqel(1) King Saud University
(Received 15/06/2016; accepted 10/10/2016)
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between emotional intelligence and strategies in facing work stress by teachers of students with intellectual disabilities, and detect differences in emotional intelligence depending on the years of experience, gender, and predictability of work stress methods. The research sample included 53 teachers (29 male, 24 female), at The Intellectual Education Institutes (east and west of Riyadh). Participants were assigned to complete the list of Bar-On of emotional intelligence scale:
translated and preparation by (Ajwa, 2003), and strategies in facing work stress scale (as perceived by teachers of students with intellectual disabilities) Prepared by the researcher. Results showed that: there were significant differences at the Results showed that: there were significant differences between emotional intelligence and strategies to cope with the pressures of work. In addition, there were significant differences in emotional intelligence among teachers of students with intellectual disabilities attributed to differences in gender; for female.
There were no significant differences in strategies to cope with pressures of work attributed to the years of experience. The implications of these results and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Key words: Prediction of Emotional intelligence, Social Harmony, Career Success.
_________________________________________________________________________
________
1 ( ' %& ,? ?; ,ueN vT ? I5(g
, w ? KE ,
` "
380785 , HS p%
11345 (1) Associate Professor, Department of Special Education, College of Education,
King Saud University.
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box (380785) , Postal Code: (11345)
=1KJ S :
muaqel@ksu.edu.sa e-mail:
2 : +A%
e5 y
@ FnW OA
?7^5&l
QzVcaZ R{K
r?|w%
r0c5%1 R}1
Ad07g G5 /~
9(e
a 9De O7
YA5+A%
a1 9+|Ec%
67 Yr?n YA0i5w%1
;G+A
fK x e
?0(
67 YAdc7 Yr:L;1 )
:
[
IW1 f;
%
67
<
4+
0w+
9EE
Y?5 f o
%
fK {;g Rn 0w+
GE
?
;vT IW
Hc+
Y?@
L
H1I ,7J
67
>
> v1 R0;
, A&Eo
>&?5nl
?E?5
?LVl1 vT1
L
H1I ,7J
Q?%
/~
YAE?@
+A%
00w%
BCZ ,
1 /i@
O%
?o
;Y / OKE fg HX@
W
>@
?0(
E?1
(Brownell, 1997)
IW
>;g O%
>(e fg
GE%
? vT fD5 BCZ
S;g O%
GE%
Y?5
(Fimian, 1983;
Trendal, 1989; Kasyoki, 1996)
,
&@1 BCZ
G5 5
fE )
? vT
O%
,em A+%
: LV
@1 , ,1
>oK ,
R}1 :
GL?t ,
Ea1 e1
, U1
e1 , LV1
?o
<?%85 H1I
,7J 4V
340 , v1
0D Mm , ,1
"o G,
GL?t ,
LV1 Y7
G7^5&l ,
,81 5
De
%
:8%p ReJ1
9A&1 ,
71
;eN )
>ei
?(e ,
VK1
?7^5&l
?V5 , 2p+5(l1
LVl Hw1
(Fimian,
1983; Fimian, & Michel, 1983; Vilma, &
Martha, 1985; Trendal, 1989; Capehart, 1990;
Bunch, 1992, Mace, 1992; Toodle, 2001;
Plichta, 2014)
[
z+1
W
>??@(
A&
67
g
>?E7 cNV
o 1 7w@
67 /@
j@V
BCZ ,A&
^;
/E@
67 M?K@
L
%
<
M, caZ
%W } jd5+
?0w 0@
O7
&1 ,1
A+%
1g AL?L
1g
5n
0, O%
8
M?K5 A%
3?n S5 M?K5
?5V A
A&
,L
< 1 A
L G /;
% KL
x?o o
/%5
%
M, 1g
KN A&
.(Curry & Russ,1985, p. 61)
e]g1
G&K?w
W fg :;<
=&
YAw ) s+
G+A
&e @ PL
zV
:;<
,GE;
IW1 f;
:;<
GE;
YAw
0w+
%20
X0+5 s+
G+A
− Q;e@
0wV %80
G,0
>C5 F
− xV o O%
,5 fg YAw :;<
=&
0w+
R0;
) s+
,G+A Q8Zo O7
@
) +5,87
?7^5&l :8%p
/E 1 :,v
[[[
[
IW1 f;
:;<
GE;
>eA1
?o
%}l
m4 67
L?t1 ,%
f o :;<
=&
/E 67
s+
G+A L f^{7 ,P}e1 , 2001
"
35
^;
e]g
(Brown, Swigart, Bolen, Hall &
Webster 1998)
W fg :;<
=&
OEZ5 95+
O%
>ei EA
s+
G+A
: Re, L 67
G7 x@<
'<;1 7N%
O
,YrlLV1
Rei1 67
5(
>%
/
>7
/n1
>8KN b?i1
>87L5
%
O
[
i1
\iL@
O%
>(e i w
67
?g :;<
=&
) :g L xE xi?i1
s+
,GL?t io
e]g l
(Lam, 1998)
W fg
/;
V&
:;<
=&
0@@
:
) ,/E
v1 ) n :;<
=&
,L@
^;
fg :;<
=&
0+5 :
YAL51 wo+1 [
21 f&
Goleman (1995)
:;<
=&
xV : S O7 Rei 67 25 67
V7N%
vT 7N%1
,O
p?L1 ,+@1I
ReW1 +@lLV )
,><
)1 +@,87 O
¡
(Goleman, 1995, p. 160)
[
21 e
f1g–
Bar-On (1997)
:;<
=&
xV
: Y?z+@
O%
>eA
>LK1
,?mN V&1
,?
?7^5&l1 G5
X@
) Re,
L 67 /%5 s+
%
>0c5%
|?0 ,ACD1
Y@1
>e, :;<
=&
) y¢
>e,
?((g
¡
(Bar-On 1997, p.3)
[
2@1 O+wK?W
Elksnin (2003)
:;<
=&
xV
: Rei 67 zn8 i?,
Y??i51
051 O7 ,f&
1 '<;
Rei 67
05
O7 f&
H<
/Aw
?E7 ,KL5 YAo1
,f&
o1 ,?V&
Y?z+@1 f&
O%
/&g
?N@
E+
=&
,G;eJ1 )1
:D
% ,b0(
f o :;<
=&
OKE z+
x?W 67 xVg h?,
&e sV ,L 1g xNo )
?E7
l5(l
;>1 2£
,xL7 1g
5(l
7NE G5
x i@
) M,
?E
¡
(Elksnin,
2003, p.45)
[ ,1 n f&
fg u+
w¢
g :;<
=&
G :
− 1
G7
><
: /{E5 ) Rei 67 :^5Vl
ueJ1
?
>lLV8 1
7N
?@<
Own1
p??E5 ,A+?
G71 ,8 9
eKo
n1 [
− 2
%
V
?V&
:
N
W Rei
67 YK45 )
>lLVl ,?0w
w;1
\,
YK45 A?o
A1
>lLVl ,? ¤W
Ep 1 bi
,`|5;l1 (e1
R?
?7L [
− 3
?o :
fW
?o Qe1HX@
Q^A%
)
Y?z+@
>lLVl 7N1
AA?&@1
W b?i
}VJ
,bo51
^5(1 7N
>lLVl1 )
+v
/Zog ,>ei YAo1
M?;
/7L5 f1
>lLVl ,L5
M?;1
45@
>lLVl O%
n%
W Fg [
− 4
YAL5 : /{E Rei 67 ueW
>lLV
O
n51 ,Q?LVYA%
YAo1 Y 7N%
YrlLV1 Ya+51
YA%
m@l1 Y£
f1 fg fK
uw Q8E¥
>lLVl
?mN [
− 5
>eA
?7^5&l :
N@
W
5
¦¤J
Hi1 )
O
O7 b
ueW YrlLV
,Y 7N%1 o%1
5%
i@
5%1
05@
O
Y Vw@1 251
YA%
ic idl ) p+ 1e
,>K(1 , 2000
"
"
− 67
; 70
,f^{71 , 2001
"
"
− 174
[175
251 67
,8 9
:;<
=&
?(1
?7o
\LN;
jd5V 34
?
Pellitter
(1999)
O7
&1 0@e B 9
>e, :;<
=&
ueJ1
§
?(g1 A&
[ l1
&
B0@e
9
?(
?7o
>VK%1 :;<
=&
,ue
\c0@e1
?(
?7o
?L?K5
%
o
?L
io
<
) e057l
?00w
?o [
251 67
,87 :;<
=&
p;E
YK45 :(
¨
1g G&eT F&g
R&
2001
{4 MN;
xd5V O7 :
&1 P1o Q?dmnW
)
:;<
=&
9 H1I YK45
¨
G&eT1
qm H1I YK45
¨
[ l1
&@
P1o
Q?dmnW 9
9w+
,e;<
VJ )
:;<
&
= [ 251 67
,8 9
:;<
=&
>??@(1 bo5
G7^5&l
\LN;
jd5V 34
fN@
Chan (2003)
xVg l
&@
P1o 9 9w+
)
:;<
,=&
p?L1 :;<
=&
+7 9i
9 1g
Yr7w%
) pp@
YAd;I
=&
^ e
Y 7w )
pp@
Yre, 67 bo5
%
>8KN
G5 Az@
0w Y;
9 % [
1 /ZL
1
) c@
AL%
>??@(
A&
W ©/;
O%
f^Ko h1e}l1
Folkman and Lazaurus (1984)
3?n D1 QL@
Q8%]
>??@(l A&
67
g :
?C@
E5w%
)
A
?o
?;w1 YK45
)
,>0c5
1g
>&
?
1g
?&eT G51
ei@
67
g
F5@
>e, L
(In Campas, 1987, p. 395)
[
21 f%?
y?o&1
(Lohman & Jarvis,
2000, p.17)
>??@(
A&
:
>?E7
?di5V Ri%
C5@
ALv t1
L?
>i5
?mN )
BCZ ,?L,
^;
OEZ5@
A
?;w
?o1 cN+
;L oDJ
W
g
?E7
?K?%+
C5@
wn
?0
M, caZ
¡ [
,1 27 Owg fw?%1
>e% 1
(Aysan,
Thompson and Hamarat, 2001, p. 403)
>??@(
A&
: Re07 O7
c
og1 /%5
%
M,
|?
BCZ /?i5
O%
@5
¡ [
Yw,1 f%?
yo&1
(Lohman and Jarvis,
2000, p.18)
g
>??@(
A&
BCZ
W
8
g w?de
1 :
??@(
A&
cN+
OEZ5@1 :
?c5
?d, ,
\0;1 cNV
,?wo+5 Gw1
RVwE
?7^5&l [
??@(1
A&
a cN+
OEZ5@1 :
`1
+51
,N+
`11
+51 ,G0w
??@(1
A&
vT
0i R7W1
wL5 [
O71
?VK%W
,@
:;<
=&
> 5(l
o
BCZ
?%m
\LN;
jd5V 34
\+
yVLW1
Hunt and Evans (2004)
fg
nª
Q@?%m 67
:w+
S;g O%
&
3?n fg
&
Y«
:;I
=&1 67g O%
:w+
[
^?o
>;g
jd5V 34
Limoner, Tomas, Joaquin, & Bentio.
(2004)
fg Rg
=@
O%
>5w%
CD 67g O%
/&
0w+
CZ ,G+A
&1
@
M5¬
/K fK%
O%
>VK%
:;<
=&
ue
%
CD /E [ o1 F%
A(W g :;<
=&
67
Ed, e
− f1g ) X0+5
?(
A&
%5w
>Atg (e
/?
H1+N1
&1 2005
>0@e
? ¤W 9 g :;<
=&
?(g1 A&
,?L?K5
>0@e1 0(
%
?(g A&
a ,?L?K5 M51
>VK%
:;<
=&
|0+
/K
`(g O%
?(g ,A&
l1
&
/7L@
9 y+
g1 :;<
=&
)
5 67
?(g ,A&
l1
&@
P1o 9
e;<
VJ1 67
>c(5%
>&e
>VK%
:;<
=&
7%
/E
iN
?(g1
A&
% 7 s [ 251 67
,8 9
:;<
=&
?(g1 /%5
%
BCZ F
`8
%
\LN;
jd5V 34
Noorbakhsh, Besharat,
& Zarei, (2010)
g f :;<
=&
0@e
? ¤W
%
p?;
67 KN
? ¤ L
3?n
>p;e
67
?(g
C5 ,A?7
?0(1
\c0@e
?0w
,L
;g1 9{n0 67
fg :;<
=&
@
67
>??@(
A&%
BCZ [
671 Ya O%
285
OA io
\V;
u+
,8 9
:;<
=n
>??@(1 A&%
>DE
;BCZ
io
\LN;
jd5V 34
Por, Barriball, Fitzpatrick
and Roberts, (2011)
O7 B0@e :;<
=&
/KN
¦¤W
%
Rei 67 A&%
,BCZ
N@1
jd5+
W fg R}
7N%
Rc?w R:LK1
&
?V
7w@
®`8cE5 67
G+0@
>??@(
A&
cN+
L1 +7 /%5
%
BCZ [
^+?
MN;
34
&g
Mayuran, (2013)
O7
&1 ,87
? ¤W 9 :;<
=&
ReW1 BCZ F
GE%
he [
1 b0(
qZ5@
?g :;<
=&
H<
bi¯
L s+
G+A ) ,xE7
%
R7%
fg 'I
M5°
O%
+A%
,F
3?n fW Mdt L5
±5
B^V
L5¬
O%
:;<
=&
[
$*=
>?0 :
x&
E%
H1I ,7J KL O%
,BCZ O%1
A+?
BCD /E
1
% x@;g
O%
40
>(e1
? ,?0+&1
u+ 1 O%
/%
>C51 G5
YAw@
)
e]
GE%
H1I ,7J KL
BCZ /E
G51 b0(
O%
40 fg
A51+@
,340
OK1 ² { 3n0 )–
1n xE7 O7–
4
\LN;
O7 ,8 9 :;<
=&
F GE%
H1I ,7J KL
>??@(1 A&%
BCD
,/E O%1 +
>:&
RKo 340
[
@ -A
>?0 :
³5@
2 g 340
) Bi+
?5 :
− 1
25 67 ,8 9
:;<
=&
x5,871
>??@(
A&%
BCD /E
F
GE%
H1I ,7J KL [
− 2
MNK O7
P1L )
>??@(
A&
Q0@
>+(
RST U+1 [
− 3
?VK%W X0+5 O%
:;<
=&
F
GE%
H1I ,7J KL
>??@(
YA5A&%
BCZ /E
[
$BA
>?0 : O7 &J xo g b?i45 340 1n :
− 1
/
&@
,87 9 :;<
=&
1
>??@(
A&%
BCD /E
F GE%
H1I ,7J
?KL
− 2
/
&@
P1o )
>??@(
A&%
BCZ F
GE%
H1I ,7J KL
Fp@
?U+
− 3
/
&@
P1o )
>??@(
A&%
BCZ F
GE%
H1I ,7J KL
Fp@
?RS
− 4
/ OKE X0+5 O%
:;<
=&
F
GE%
H1I ,7J KL Yr??@(
) A&%
BCD
?/E CD
>?0 :
) :D 2 G5
w Ai?i45 340
io
5(
3n0 jA+
GLv G0@el
25 67 ,8 H®C5%9
,340 P1L1
)
>??@(
A&
Qio1
>C5E
?o&E [
E F
>?0 :
fK@
E5 340 O%
GE%
>^%1
?
vT )
% j% 1
? KL )
+%
µ01 Y 7 Q^% 163
[
D
>?0 :
>5
+?7 340 ic E
O%
E5
,340 3?n
\VK@
+?
O%
Q^% 53
;E%1
YA+%
, Q^% 29
1 E% 24
heE
? KL [
\7}@1 +?
) eg % G A%
? KL
9+
P_
, A%1
? KL
>+
P_
, A%1
? KL 9+
`a ,
A%1
? KL
>+
`a [
G 4 61 H I3 J0)3 D!
>?0 H
I3 ,92
K !
−1
>+(3 18
− 3
>+(6
16 RST>+(7
>+(6 {;o 19
e;I
29 U+
VW 24
KA
>?0 :
−1
M N
− OA
$ P :
QP()!
K P.
4 ,S 62003
<
Edi ,
+0 Ad
(Bar –On ,1997
M5@1
<
Edi O%
Re07133
7}%
67 w¢
,Q *7 Y51 5(l A?7
ic
>K?
O%
y¢
>5w%
^d
{;– V?ng– eV–
g–
−5
−4
−3
−2
v1 1
b?0c5 67
>+?7 ) O(
16
+(
,{;o
1
&e ,?;
y¢1
>&e ª
,w?d y¢1
R*7
&e
?7o oDJ
&e
?K h?iE [
bi451 O%
Pv Edi ,
`%
Edi
5(
Pv '4 ,G%}85 'I1
O%
8
`wn /%%
B0@el 9
Edi h?i%1 :;<
=&
@
71 ,R&
Ai?0c@ 1999
67 +?7 VK%
% O Q0 65
,01 ,1 µ /%%
B0@el
0.519
1
+7 F5w%
[0.01
^;
Y@
`w5n /%%
B0@el 9
Edi
H® 1
?0m fp@l1
LVl O%
Ed, 'VpW
?mN 7W
: &
07
?E
, &
E¥1
o
,8(l
` [
>
, h?i%1 '?
`|5;8 7W
a 07 s5L ,a Ai?0c@ 1999
67
71
Q0
,01 3?n
\C
>8%%
B0@el
− 0.276 ,
− 0.449
1 9 +7 F5w%
[ 0.01
^;
,
`%
h?i
`w4
>0
Edi
ic R7W ,b?0c5 'I1
67 +?7 VK%
O%
62
Q0
,01 ,1 µ /%%
>0{
Edi
0.736
[
b0(
qZ5 fg Ed, e
− f1g :;<
=&
5E5@
&e L@%
O%
Pm
>0{1 [
−2
T2
P ! 4
;P
N ( $!
%&
' ()*+
6 K . :
><0
34
?LT z+
BCZ G5
5
E%
? vT /KN
7 E%1 H1I
,7J KL 67 x&1 ,"mT
&1 3n0 fg
>??@(
A&%
BCD /E OKE A+?EZ@
)
O 9w?de
:
UVA : 3 J=D
:
OEZ5@1 O
:
−1
!+
WP03 PX
*=P3 :
G+@1 Re, Y%
? L K 67
D1 /d0
e?51
>1
Rp;E5
n KN
?C5
,8 R@5 x+?
9 1 x5|?
[
−2
PP
#!9PP , PP$
+@1 : F%
o@
em
?&eT
>%E R7w
Y
? ,KL G51
OKE
^57l A?7 +7 A&%
M, caZ RL5(l1
O%
>S
O
>I
?
)
m
67 n
?wL+
?V01 [
UYZ : 3 I[
J=D :
OEZ5@1 O
:
−1
GP!+YV
\P+D G+@1 :
1e
o
?V&
F Y%
? KL G51
nm@
>0c5%
/n ,KN 1g
A0+~
Gw1
R7J Y?z+5 M,E
aZ /?i5
@5 A&
[
−2
QPD
G+@1 : A&
Y%
? KL 5 8 O7 em%
CZ BVl1
) cNVg
>(e1 x55N@
Q?+ I x&5 O%
eN
&
KN%
[ ,1
¶v 3n0 Re07 24
7}%
67 O
E
>e07 6
/K , G 1 GcC@
>??@(
A&%
BCZ
^;
A;e E%
H1I ,7J
KL
%g1 /;
A+%
eg
>e?5
&·
G :
,QV?ng,{;
Q g,eV
`c1 e?5
&W
Rn1 A+%
/K Re07
c@1
>&e
, 4 , 3 , 2 1
67
?@
[ 1 bi45 O%
?n8v h?i
b?0c5 F&g
3n0
>cT
?5 :
R:L;
h?i :
fg
A5V 3n0 O%
>cT
>:&J1 G5
A0@
) 7W Y?Em@1
;h?i g
)
>:&J vT
9+i5 h?i
xc0D1 q0m?
Rg
?E7
5w@
) 25 67
>??@(
A&%
,BCZ 'I1
67 4+
5 : ]9<
^ _ T23 :
Pv F54 : b?i45 O%
Pv F54
E57 3n0 67 :e
w¢
9EK¥
O%
:Z7g
|?
ye5 Ywi
? vT
?K
?
%&
'
( Y?mi1 ,Mdc1
'I1 : J Hg ) F%
0(+%
,>e0 F%1
sD1
>e0 ,A5,1
F%1 Re, h?i 67
UV
>??@(
A&%
BCZ G5
A?W E%
H1I ,7J KL
[ ,1
i05(
3n0 67
>e0 G5
\v1
wV PL@l A?7 % 85
,{;o ,1
>L(g
<
RcT O7 /@
) a?v ,>e07 7
2<n1
@e07 9 [
]9<
0Z T23 :
Y@
`wn
>0
>0{1
¨K h?i
>??@(
A&%
BCZ
^;
A;e E%
H1I ,7J KL
;95ic
1
G
`wn
/%%
Lg
¸0V1;
¡,
?V{1 G
`wn /%%
>0{
ic dp5
?Lm+
f%0(
f1
¡,
VKo
\ jd5+
^;
)
1
[2
G 4 62 H
! 0Z K!`
0a b*
T2 $ H
!
0a KPP!` c
+A P d0Y) M1
+eD
??@( 1 /n
>8KN 0.75
0.78
??@( 2 Gw Y7 0.86
0.83
??@( 3
LVl
§L+
0.83 0.81
??@( 4
+5 0.72
0.79
>0{
¨K h?iE 0.80
0.79
qZ5 O%
1
fg 2
>8%%
>0
>0{1
¨K h?i BCZ
^;4 A;e E%
H1I
,7J KL 95ic
Lg ,¸0V1;
dp5
?Lm+
f%0(
f1 L@%
7 6
>0
&e1
?K h?iE [
^9V bf :
, 3n0
`w4 Pw@l
,¨
'I1
¤ /%%
B0@e /;
Re07 UE
¨K 0
5(
/%%
,f(
qD1 'I
1
[3
G 4 63 H
! 0N SK)+3 N
$*
T2 $
#)+
4 !0 6 H
!0 G`
,N SK)+3
! !0 0NV ,N a
SK)+3
! !0 0NV
>a ,N
SK)+3
! !0 0NV ,N E)
SK)+3
! 0NV
1 0.63 2
0.78 3
0.68 4
0.66
5 0.73 6
0.76 7
0.85 8
0.72
9 0.65 10
0.65 11
0.75 12
0.84
13 0.78 14
0.62 15
0.79 16
0.78
17 0.68 18
0.56 19
0.80 20
0.65
??@(
/L _0 21
0.82
??@(
Gw Y7 22
0.71
??@(
LVl
§L+
23 0.76
??@(
+5 24
0.71
g+
h?e TP2
iP 4
;P N P(
$!
()*+
H6
fK5 h?i ) x@ev
?dA+
O%
Re07 22
7}%
^;
)
1
[4
G 4 64 H g+
h?e T2 P P
iP 4
;P
N ( $!
()*+
6 H
K!A T23 cNA
N0!
K N0!
??@(
/L _0
/
>8KN , 1
, 5 , 9 , 13 5 17
??@(
Gw Y7 , 2
, 6 , 10 , 14 , 18 6 21
??@(
LVl 3 GL
, , 7 , 11 , 15 5 19
??@(
+5 , 4
, 8 , 12 , 16 , 20 6 22
O%
>:&J i w
;@
3n0
>0
Pv1 h?i%
>??@(
A&%
BCZ
^;
A;e E%
? KL , x5?n8v1
5(8
) 340
h?i BCZ [
CMY
>?0 :
CMY j)+
G`
kI9+
:
³+
L
1
67 xVg :
&@
,87 9
:;<
=&
x5,871
>??@(
A&%
BCD /E F GE%
H1I ,7J KL
¡,
bi451 O%
?5V L Y@
`wn /%%
B0@el
f(
9
&e
?K :;<
=&
1
&e1
?K h?i
>??@(
A&%
BCD
/E [
^;
x4D
1
67 5
4+
5 :
G 4 65 H ]9<
! 0NV l PN P$*
P$
P
K!`
N
$*
T23
P
! O = 53
K!`
N
$*
V
! ! 0NV
??@(
/L _0 /
>8KN 0.623
**
??@(
Gw Yd 0.564
**
??@(
LVl
§L+
0.507
**
??@(
+5 0.140
&e
?K h?i
>??@(
A&%
BCD /E 0.639
**
**
GK D
"9 4 6 0.01
qZ5 O%
1&
xVg 5
&@
,87
?0@e
Q?dmnW
+7 F5w%
9 0.01
>&e
h?i%
:;<
=&
F GE%
,7J KL
9 1
8{
1
1
&e
?K h?i
>??@(
A&%
BCD ,/E
^+?
N@
jd5V
1
xVg l
&@
,87
?0@e Q?dmnW
9
:;<
=&
1
??@(
+5 n;
g
h?i%
>??@(
A&%
BCD /E [
1
% bL5
%
4v L
1
F<1
³+
67
&1 ,87 9 :;<
=&
>??@(1 A&%
BCD /E
F GE%
H1I ,7J KL
¡ [ ,1
\iL@
'@
?5+
%
jd5V 34 ©/;
O%
34 /?
H1+N1 ,2005
07
?
;2001 Hunt & Evans (2004);
Limoner, et al. (2004); Mayuran, (2013);
Nabrady (2002); Noorbakhsh, et al. (2010); Por, et al. (2011)
[
;I1 :0
f?VwL+
: fW Yz%
`mV x
O%
A&W j5+
O%
+@?;(
,?i ,?L1 H<o
+05 y?
/E
w4o /
7 eN
nl , …
1g ,U<
,bi1 O4+o
^VW
5V f
+L7 j5+@
) +%w&g Q@@
Q?0m7 / ,G+;
, 2002
"
"
[
−401
[402
'<1
&1 +?7 fg
5wV V:;I
=&
A&
BCD R?
^o +0?m
O%
A&W ,CD1 fio1
eN
+E R?
r&1 y?
0w /E 1g 21z M,1
caZ ,io
OK1 7 +@e, 67 M?t@
d;I +
=&
) A&%
+d07g L5
[
MN;1 34 H&
Geery (1997)
f
H%
he GL@%
:;<
LVl f1p?E5
Y
:
f%5w YAoe%
ºL4 67
,:1
YK451 )
,>lLVl fEK451
) Yr 5(
?0w
5n
,1»«
f1¯1 O&
¤W
n
>7
>8KN1 :1£
,LV
^;
f1N+
YAo
> 5(
O
?LVl Rc?w
67
?m@
>7
[
F1 3n0 fg
"]
H1I :;<
=&
L@
fK5E
??@(
EA%
) A&%
,BCZ
?7L1 3?n
fW :;<
=&
OEZ5
7E O%
, G 1
:;<
,¼N
,G7^5&l1 Re,1
67 M??K5
%
21t ,R?
ReW1 BCZ
?7L
%
ºL5nl 4
?&p%
,Ri5w%
1¥1
v
W :w
§L+
5n )
]g ,21z
1 ']l x?o fg
&e :;<
=&
M5
O%
o ,
^;1
>}
<
&e }
sV L ) A&%
BCD
|?0 Ad07g1 [
:;<1
=&
ReA%
OKE
£w;W oª
O<
;1i5L f
'I ,
&
W /%7 ,?e1
1g 21t
?|?
y?
Y
,A?o Y51 'I
8
j%S ,]eJ O%1
Y
YAo b4 f&5¯
W
;R7w Y
Q{;fV +7
% fA&
BCD
,R?
,1 /m Y£
%
W n O%
`cDl
=&
[
,
=&
L O%
OKE fg /KN
Qic+%
??@(l Y5
O%
8
A&%
BCZ
Ad5n1 ,
O%1 pd;e
<
??@(l
<C5
&
G5
o@
>+%
L , p@1 O%
x5 8v
?wL+
)
A&%
21z
>451 1g
>{%
CZ ,
^;
fg
O%
pd;
e5 67
:(l +?VEc1
)
A&%
21z caZ
[ AL%1
><
ng
+
&
AoA5(
?C5 +7 R}
>eA%
/7L5
=&
+7 L , 'I fg Rem G5 AE¯
L
n x@I
X@
)
?L?K G5 /7L5 O%
8
%
21z ,
^;
g YAw@
)
?7V 1e /L
Rem O%
L 4V
<
>{
[ fW em@
L xVg
e, 67 YK45
^?o xn O%
>C5%
YAw@
)
?L
F5w%
CZ ,
^;
fg em@
L 7 x@e, 71
p7 w YA )
oe F5w%
CZ , oDJ
W /&
?i )
D1
a i5w%
a1 G?0
[ '<;1
> ~ L
4V /E
|? 1 /E 4V1 :8%}
/E O%
OKE fg fK@
Rp?;e Fg ) :+0
=&
L , F<1 OKE O%
x8
A&%
CZ , 'I fg
&1
> ~
?0(
+7 L 4V
/E 1g 4V Hg
+7 O%
+7 /E /?(
L
) n X?r ReW1
CZ ,+7 fW
?C@
> ~ L
? ¤·
Ql O%
?0w OKE?(
L O%
LV
F5w%
BCZ x
[
CMY j)+
a kI9+
:
³+
L
={
67 xVg :
&@
P1o
>I
l
?dmnW )
>??@(
A&
F GE%
H1I ,7J KL Fp@
U+
9E%
>^%
qm
>^
¡ [ bi451 O%
?5V L Y@
`wn l P1L 9 G®c(5%
>&e 9E
–
>^
H1I ,7J KL ) :;<
=&
^;
x4D
1
67 6
4+
5 :
G 4 66 H VK
^)+
l
#J NK 4 l $!3
;$!3– 6
%&
' ()*+
o 3
O = 1 , 29 O = 2 24
O $!
;$! I3
p3
@)?YV 1
%N!3 p3 1
@)?YV 2
%N!3 q 2
"9 r V
>??@(
A&
106.000 11.461
123.332 20.344
3.905
**
0.000
**
GK D
"9 4 6 0.01
qZ5 O%
1&
xVg 6
&@
P1o &
>I l
?dmnW +7
F5w%
9 0.01
Gc(5%
>&e 9E%
>^%1 H1I
,7J KL
)
:;<
=&
'I1 qm
>^%
H1I ,7J
KL [ 1
% bL5
%
4v L
={
F<1
³+
67 xVg
&@
P1o
>I l
?dmnW )
:;<
=&
F GE%
H1I ,7J KL
Fp@
U+
9E%
>^%
qm
>^
¡[
N@
Yz%
40 i w
W fg e;<
{;g
%5(
>??@(l A&
G5 p;@
67
,KN 'I1
%+7 f&5¯
p O%
>%
1g
%+7 fK YA?7
0, Q0a1,M,
% fK 'I
) BCZ c0@
/E 1g ,(e
< 1
%
;g
f^Ko
¡ 1 h1e}l
¡
%+7 1984
e]g
W fg
e;<
fA5 4V
A&
nª
|?
,BCZ )
9n
VJ Y«
/?
{;g 4V
>??@(
:(l RVw1
;?7^5&l
y?L+5;
O7
><
,\5N51 QZg1
??@(
LVl ,GL
Lm 1
%7
;g
<
340 f
e;<
{;g QNV
?7o1 )
A&
O7 ,VJ
&eg1 'I
W fg
|N+5
?7^5&l e;<
YA~
Q%,W{;g 67 A&
/
KN /KN
1g ,G?0
½1
VJ Y5 OA5|N+@
¾OK?
Q0@{;g O%
?n+
?L
(in sigmon, et. al, 1995, p.566)
[
+71 34 P1L 9 9w+
+7 y51I ¡
(Thoits,1995, p.61)
;g LV y
~l b w f
e;<
Y«
/%7
CD ,RS%
`(g1 5(
,\
^;
fg
VJ O«
`(g
=&1 ,S%
fg1
e;<
Q^K{;g ) YAL7 +7
KN fCN+1
,A4 ) 9n
VJ O04w+
O05w1 O 7N
4V
>??@(
,?0+~
^;
Atg
<
340
&1
>:+{5(
+7
5(
e;<
A&E Rp;
67
KN
^57 67 ueW YK45 Rc?w1
67
,M, 6o /?0(
{
e;<
Q^K{;g )
GL?t
^+?
VJ Q^K{;g
)
R¿
[
OK H%
y?wVo
¡
(Mary and Frances,
1996, p. 1482)
qD1g f
VJ {;g
? I&
N,+E
? ?wV1 i1
yL+
)
>??@(
,A&
^+?
e;<
f?E
W
N5 )
>??@(
A&
[
,1 V(
<
~l f%
O( 1
(Herman
and Petersen, 1996, pp. 737-739)
^+?n 4D1g fg
>?5L fAz@
>l%
67g O%
:(
M?K5 O7
e;<
?5V
>C5
?V0
?wL+1 R5
G51
p@
OAD@
`cD8
CZ1 {;g
O%
;e;<
FX OA70@
>??@(
{;g
?7o A&
BCZ v1
) n%
i [
) 9n
\De@
jd5V 34
=
¡
(Anne,
1989, p.229)
^+?n
>Atg xd5V
&1 P1o
>I
l
?dmnW 9
e;<
VJ1
^?o b5
>??@(
A&
vT M?K5
%
M,
caZ qm
VJ [
^ e1
&
'I
%W 21z b?0c@
340 1g
ic h?i 1g x N5 e1
?7^5&l G5
i
£ og +?7 ,340
< 1
% 2(
x4D@
G5zV
|N+5
?7^5&l
?C@1 e1 f5 QwL@f4D@
Q% QzV P1L 9
9w+
)
?L?;
A&%
n
caZ [
Ql1g : zV
?C@
e1 :
< 1 z+
L@
fg P1L 4D
9 9w+
) A&
%
BCZ ,
Y5 wL@
O7 b
/C]
e1g
?7^5&
L5¬
nm@
/C]
e1 H<
i x /;
O%
e;<
,VJ1
^+?
]85@
<
P1L
%+7 /CN
/;
O%
e;<
VJ1 yLV
e1
?7^5&l 1g
e1g
?7^5&
£N5%
O%1
8
% x5Do
<
z+
V
g À0+@
:L5
P1L 9
9w+
)
YA%5(
>??@(l A&
IW /C]
/;
^A+%
yLV e1 G7^5&l 1g
e1g
£N5%
/K A+%
[ Q?V
: zV
|N+5
?7^5&l :
L@
fg
VJ Y5 OA5|N+@
?7^5&
ic OA~
Qp?A~/,g
%
B^Vg A&
,L
^;
Y5 OAE?@
05 O7
OAL7 /KN
QnD1{;g
OA¤
Q%,W/,g
67 ,A&
) 9n Y5 Y?@
e;<
`,l
A&1 1g
,J 67 A&
/KN {;g
?7o
Qp?;@1 67 KN ic
,?dg ,1
+0@
<
z+
~l H<
qD P1L 9
9w+
)
5(
>??@(
,A&
G51 bL5@
?01
e1
?7^5&l L5
+7 /;
O%
e;<
VJ1 [
F1 3n0
: fg 340 o p O%
67
&1 P1o 9 9w+
)
>??@(
,A&
^;
N
W xVg O%
?
fKE fg Y5
9EZ@
{;g O%
EV n1
>00w BCZ
+7
e?5
A&
vT
;i xV
^ e fK
285
0(
CZ A&
em1 n5
F
L +7 A&
%
/%7 Fg , fK@
?m]
1g
;?|?
@
)
1n
<
P1L 9 ,9?w+
'<
¤
<
) e057l 21z
F
a
|N+5
?7^5&l 8K
9w+
[
OK Owg
¡ O1
(Aysan, et. al, 2001,
p.408-409)
&eg 285
9w+
)
>??@(
A&
W oi
E5 H<
GE5+@
x?W +?7 ,340
oDJ
W /%7 Ow RVw1
?7^5&l
%i ,Y
io e]g
<
340
W fg
VJ OZL {;g ®??@(
Gw RVwE
?7^5&l
??@(;
? ¤W ,A&E
) 9n OZL
??@(
><
\5N51
+5
1g eKVJ
??@(;
,?0(
) 9n /ZL e;<
G®5??@(
p;E5
n KN 1g
0i [
;X1
<
+ jd5 34 1;
¡
(Kao, 2000, p.
3921)
H<1 b0
67 +?7 A%, Q0 325
01
n ,V{
,g1
&
P1o 9 ,9?w+
+o Vei%
e;<
VJ
&1 fg ®OÁEVJ
W e?5
>??@(
A&
?o
Cognitive Coping
1g
> 5(
A&%
>I
4+%
GL7
Emotional approach
1g
>??@(
A&%
?0+~
Avoidance coping
[
'<;
>Atg jd5V 34 5w5
¡
(Baptista,
2000, p. 2614)
fg
VJ O%5(
>%p?VK?%
A&%
?0+~
?o%
{;g O%
e;<
[
,1
>:&
jd5V 34 /?V
¡ 1 O ;
¡
(Neill
& Kohn, 1999, p. 320)
)
<
~l Ya O%
285
?0
A&
O%
?n+
?KN A+K G+@
yLV ,fEZ io
>Atg jd5+
fg
VJ {;g
Q%5(
O%
e;<
>??@(l A&
?+
1g
,?n1 ®OÁÂE3?n
W (e
cNV
) w?+K
Q 4wV O%
E5
;
3?n
&1 fg
>(e^
?+
R8m1 oDJ
cNVª
?7^5&l F
vo
R?L%
eN Rw
`11 O%
/%5
%
>8KN
¿
>,81
%
:,v
[
CMY j)+
>a kI9+
:
³+
L 3{
67 xVg : l
&@
P1o
>I l
?dmnW )
(
>??@
A&
F
GE%
H1I ,7J KL Fp@
>+(
RST
−1
>+(3
− 3
>+(6
>+(6
{;o
¡ [
bi451 O%
?5V L Y@
`wn /?
O05
`w
l P1L )
>??@(
A&
F
GE%
H1I ,7J KL Qio1
>+w RST
[
^;
x4D
1
67 7
4+
5 :
G 4 67 H
$s /(0 ]9X VK
^)+
o 3
"
# $!
%&
' ()*+
U2t D9 Suv 4 w1 , 3 w3 , 6 )aA / D6 6H
N e /(0 x F
!)3 NK
()X p
q !)3
@
"9 r V
9
>7E 206.740
2 103.370
/
>7E 2560.543
50 51.211
2.019 0.144
* I[
UMe<.GK
qZ5 O%
1&
xVg 7
l
&@
P1o
>I
l
?dmnW 9
(5%
>&e
>??@(
A&
F GE%
H1I ,7J KL Qio1
>+(
RST
−1
,3
−3
,6
{;g O%
>+(6
[
1
% bL5
%
4v L 3{
F<1
³+
67 xVg l
&@
P1o
>I l
?dmnW )
>??@(
A&%
BCD /E F GE%
H1I
,7J KL Fp@
>+(
RST
−1
>+(3
−3
>+(6
>+(6
{;o
¡[
CMY j)+
) E kI9+
:
³+
L
67 xVg : OKE X0+5 O%
:;<
=&
F GE%
H1I ,7J KL
Yr??@(
) A&%
BCD /E
¡ [ bi451
O%
?5V L Y@
`wn /?
e4Vl GcT
`w
,8 X0+5
O%
:;<
=&
F
GE%
H1I ,7J L K YA5??@(
) A&%
BCD /E [
^;
x4D
1
67 7
4+
5 :
G 4 68 H
$s N ?YV
#Jv ]9X
! (y0D /
"
# $!
%&
' ()*+
, o
! H
I E I
29 R
B R2 q
@
"9 r V
>??@(
A&%
BCD :;< /E
=&
0.639 0.409
53.980 0.257 0.639
35.267 0.000
% e4Vl
y = 53.980 +.257 x
qZ5 O%
1&
fg 4
u+
,87
?0@e
9
C5%
:;<
=&
>??@(1
A&%
BCD /E
F GE%
H1I ,7J
,KL 3?n
µ0@
0wV
w%
:;<
=&
C5E;
/i5w%
% 41
) X0+5
>??@(
A&%
BCD /E
C5E;
, @ fg1 0w+
?i05
&@
/%
?dN7 Fg
[
^;
N@
jd5V
1
W fg Rp ) :;<
=&
eiE
&e Rn1 FX
W X0+5 Rp
Rei 67 A&%
BCD /E F GE%
H1I
,7J KL
?, 340 eiE
&e 0.26
[
1
% bL5
%
4v L
F<1
³+
67 xVg OKE X0+5 O%
:;<
=&
F
GE%
H1I ,7J KL Yr??@(
)
% A&
BCD /E
¡ [
3?n
\4D1g '@
?5+
fg :;<
=&