Egypt. J. of Nutrition. Vol. XXVI. 1, 2011, 49-68.
THE COMBINED HEALTH PROMOTION OF PROTEIN AND ANTIOXIDANT, A RAT’S IMMUNE
MODEL TRAIL
Aml A Abd Elbaky; Amera A Shetewy*; Neven A Mahmoud And Fathia S Abozied
Special food and nutrition dept. Food Technology Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt. *Fac. Specific edu. Alex Univ. Egypt.
Abstract
The relationship between nutritional status and the immune system has been a topic of study for much of the 20th century, hence poor nutrition increases susceptibility to infectious diseases leading to immunological dysfunction and metabolic responses that further alter nutritionalstatus. Aged rats sensitivity to protein source in combination with antioxidant (AO) consumption was investigated. Because immunity is the most complex process in our body, its real function associates the collective body biological function.
According to the present study, protein has been recognized to be health promotion that actually further improved in the presence of adequate supplies of AO. It seems that the reverse effect of animal protein on immunity is related to its reverse effect on cholesterolemia. Concurrently, soy protein of good amino acid profile is richer in containing glutamic acid;
the preferable fuel for immune system, meanwhile sunflower addition is a good source for fat of biological significance, Se and more other plant protein. The positive effect of some protein more than others is due to their degree in controlling body weight gain, especially with fatty diet managing blood levels of TC, TG, stimulating protein metabolic crossroad that increases the intracellular concentration of glutathione, antioxidants and anticarcinogenic tripeptide. Plant proteins in particular, may offer considerable protection to the host against inducer
relative to an up-regulating effect at level of gene expression and expansion of specific cells. The dietary AO can affect gene expression in metabolic cross-road protein function and help in protecting against hypercholesrolemia, formation of mutagens, obesity, etc. This study concluded that moderation in animal protein consumption in combination with various plant protein intakes and AO is a dietary solution.
INTRODUCTION
Adequate human nutrition is essential to maintain all normal physiological function including defense of the self. Impaired immune responses are a frequent finding in the elderly with nutritional deficiency.
Immunodeficiency contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in the aged population (Bradley and Xu, 1996). It is strongly belived that most immundysfunction results from a vitamin and/or mineral shortage rather than protein deficiency, wherein uncooked food can be seen as a useful adjunct in the treatment of altered or weakened immune system. Yet, it was found that a 16mg/d of carotene appears to be optimal to strengthen immunity and lymphocyte response (Peretz, et al, 1991). Moreover, prospective studies indicate that tomato consumers, for instance, are protected against prostate cancer. Lycopene has been hypothesized to be responsible for tomato health benefits. Circulating lycopene concentration increased only afterconsumption of red tomato paste and purified lycopene. Dietary lycopene can affect gene expression whetheror not it is included in its food matrix (Talvas, etal, 2010). Much more nutrients or nonnutrient substances that may support immune system are continually appeared at the present (Peretz et al, 1991). The so called up and down- regulation of AO or proteins in food is associated to some metabolic activity. Actually, intake of calories, protein and various micronutrients to optimize a level
of transcriptional and translational control of specific gene are not fully known. In order to use these regulatory pathways to clinical advantage, additional information will be required impact of nutritional status on cytokine responses (Keusch, 1991).
Therefore, to test biological changes in immundysfunction, paraquat dichloride at 250 ppm was fed continuously for 10 days and rats showed several symptoms such as diarrhea, anorexia, epistaxis, and hypokinesia or may die. The biochemical examination of plasma components revealed appreciable changes in the concentrations of an acute-phase reactant protein and some vitamins that act as antioxidants. The -cysteine proteinase inhibitor increased as well as vitamin C and its radical increased, whereas 1 proteinase inhibitor decreased slightly (Minakata, et al, 1995). The relation of both protein and AO to immunity is not yet fully clear. However, the Experimental Biology 2003 symposium entitled "New Technologies for Nutrition Research" was organized to highlight new and emerging technologies, including nanotechnology, proteomics, and tosuggest ways for their integration into nutrition research. Speakers focused on topics that included techniques for examining protein expression, as well as potential applicationsfor nanotechnology in the food sciences.
These technologies may particularly useful in obtaining accurate spatial information and low-level detection of essential and nonessential bioactive food components both nutrients or metabolites. This is enhancing the understanding of the impact of nutrient/metabolite and biomolecular interactions (Ross, et al, 2004). Some mechansmes have been launched. For example, emerging science has shown the effect of oxidationproducts and inflammation on atherogenesis and carcinogenesis. It is recently showed that calcitriol, rather than cholestrolemia, increases oxidative and inflammatory stress that inhibite calcitriol with high-calcium diets decreased both adipose tissue and systemic oxidative and
inflammatory stress in obese mice, whereas dairy milk exerted a greater effect. However, these findings may be confoundedby concomitant changes in adiposity. Dietary proteins influence lipid metabolism in humans and animals (Brandsch et al, 2006), meanwhile, lipimea interacts most regenerative diseases. The triacylglycerol- lowering effect of pork protein compared with casein is suggested to be caused by decreased hepatic fatty acid synthesis (Brandsch, et al, 2006). Moreover, the impact of different dietary protein sources (whey, casein,soybean, red meat) on the incidence, burden and mass index of intestinal tumors induced by dimethylhydrazine inrats was assessed in relation to protein metabolic crossroad. Intracellular concentration of glutathione, the antioxidant and anticarcinogenic tripeptide, measured in liver, was greatest in whey protein- and casein-fed rats and lowest in soybean-fed animals. For some other tissues, eg, spleen, colon and tumor, the differences were not significant. Whey is a source of precursors (cysteine-richproteins) for glutathione synthesis and may be important inproviding protection to the host by stimulating glutathione synthesis. Whatever the mechanism(s), dairy proteins, whey proteins in particular, offer considerable protection to the host against dimethylhydrazine-induced tumors relativeto the other protein sources examined (McIntosh, et al, 2003). Using modern biological techniques, protein energy malnutrition (PEM) found to increase the incidence andseverity of infection, causing morbidity and mortality in malnourished populations. Viral- specific cells are an important component of protective immunity. It is hypothesized that reduction in theexpansion of viral-specific cells and the microenvironment of the PEM host leads to increased incidence and severity of infections. On the other hand, phytonutrients from plant foods provide numerous antioxidants andthis caninfluence indicators of oxidative stress, immunity, and illness.
Immunity and antioxidant capacity in humans, in
generl, is enhanced by consumption of a dried, encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice concentrate.
The daily consumption of fruits and vegetables is a common dietary recommendation to support health.
They support functional indices of health due to increased intake of various phytonutrients.
Therefore, the connection between metabolic action of protein, its origin, and AO on health, in particularly immunity, was the state goal of this study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental diets:
All protein sources, materials and chemical used were locally obtained. Soy low fats extrudates is available at Soy Pilot Project, FTRI, ARC, Cairo; Sunflower at the FCRI, ARC; from which plant protein (PP) and plant protein mixture (MPP) were prepared Meanwhile both parsley curly and garden rocket are regular leafy food cheap plants in the Egyptian market. The green extracts as mixture of both two leafy crops was prepared similar to that method used by Ibrahim and Ahmed (1990), while texturized soy and soy 20% sunflour were a modified rich plant protein product first produced by Ahmed et al (1999). The combinations of these prepared food materials to prepare AO-protein diet was fixed at level 5% V/W for extract solid material of 30%. Beef protein was isolated from fillets obtained from a local supermarket. After removing all visible fat and connective tissue, the fillets were chopped into small pieces, boiled for 30 min, and then chilled overnight at 4°C. The meat mash was homogenized, dried, and ground. The resulting meat powder was washed twice with 60% ethanol, washed, dried, ground and stored at --20°C. Casein was obtained from Meggle, Wasserburg, Germany) and was not further processed. For further purification, the soy protein isolate was similarly washed for 2 h to remove most of the isoflavones from the protein and then filtered, dried, and ground.The proximate analysis
including dry matter, crude protein, fat, ash, and CHO were measured according to AOAC (1984). The meniral ion Se has been determined using Pye Unicom SP atomic absorption according to the same reference. Likewise, were carotenoids as well as vitamins C and E. Data are seen in Table 1.The animals: To test the biological effect of these food formulations, a number of fourty two male Sprague-Dawley aged rats of initial body weight 398+/- 8g in a 7 X 6 group system were conducted. The animals fed on basal diet for 10 days for adaptation, then divided into those groups taking casein as positive (PC) control.
Rats have been kept individually in plastic cages orinted to the experimental procedures described followed established guidelines for the care and handling of laboratory animals. Rats were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 20%
proteins: casein, proteins isolated from beef with or without AO extract or soy protein as discribed earlier. The composition of PC was that used by Bowman et al, (1990) diet contained that protein ingredients; sucrose 20%; fat 10%; cellulose 5%;
corn starch 40%; vitamin and mineral mixture 6%; DL-methionine 0.2%; and cholesterol 1%.
The crude components of the dietary proteins, eg, protein, fat, and ash as well as the nutitive value of AO are listed in Table 1. The blood samples were taken and organs were separated and weighed when the trial has been terminated at the end of three weeks. The blood analysis:
These including total blood lipids, total proteins,
albumin, total cholesterol, hemoglobin, blood
cell count, and Igs assays were measured
according to Zollner and Kirsch (1963), Doumas
(1975), Doumas (1971), Allian et al (1974), Dacie
and Lowis (1984), Maree (2000) and Van Der
Zijpp and Leenstra (1980), respectively. Data have been expressed as main of six replicates.
Table 1- Some crude nutrients in the dietary proteins.
Protein origen Protein Fat Ash CHO
Casein 93.0 0.9 4.8 1.3
Beef protein 94.0 1.8 2.9 1.3
soy protein 90.3 1.2 5.0 3.5
Table 1 contenue: Chemical nutritive value of plant
protein mexture (MPP) and AO on dry matter base.
Nutrint level MPP MPP+AO
Dry matter 6.89 6.89
Protein 0.89 9686
Fat .98. ..8.
Fiber 986 489
Ash 487 48.
CHO 798. .989
Se ug% 9.8. 498.
B-Carotene’s ug % Traces ..9
VC mg% Traces .90
VE mg% 989. 9894
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The role of protein, AO or both together on health is an old scientific essence. However, researchers discussrd how specific nutrient can improve immune responses as an addition to quality of human lives or as a new therapeutic regimens for human diseases (Bradley and Xu, 1996). Here, Table 1 illustrated the proximate analysis and nutritive value of protein and AO sources used in this study. Table 2 show that animal protein is hypercholestrolemic whatever was its source, mainwhile, AO may slightly control the hyperlipemic effect. Concurrently, plant protein play another role. It is also clear that AO has stronger health promotion in presnce of that protein. Data most likely posses two different medical function to each of them, one of those might be their degree in
controlling body weight gain (BWG) especially with fatty diet, the other is managing blood levels of TC and TG.
Table 2- TG, TC and final body weight of rats (398+/-8g) as influenced by cholestrol, protein origin and AO in diet.
T# Diet TG
mg/dl TC mg/dl
FBW G
BWG g
BWG%
CONTROL
0 Control (ccasein) 67.8 89.3 408.3 8.6 100
1 Animal protein (beef) 101 111 416.3 14.3 166
2 Animal protein* (beef) 160 161 434.3 32.0 372
3 Animal protein (beef) + AO* 131 96.9 429.1 28.2 330
4 Plant protein* (soy) 75.8 96.8 414.3 13.1 152
5 Mixed plant protein (soy+sunflour)* 68.8 96.1 417.0 16.8 195 6 Mixed plant protein (soy+sunflour)+ AO* 68.9 88.2 411.0 10.8 126
* 1% cholesterol chalenge., FBW final body weight. All values is mean of six rats. WG weight gain.
As seen in Table 3, the two protein sources are clearly differ in their amino acid composition. Large differnces are seen in containig met, lys, ala and gly.
Surprisingly, casein is a highly good source for glut, prol and val even over beef protein, but poorer in containing ala, asp, cys and gly. Soyprotein has much more less met, lys, gly and ther but relatively richer in asp. However, amino acid content is important as protein in nutrition, but protein stracture and sequance is more importan concerning blood lipid control (Bloch (1988) and Ahmed et al, 1994). Table 4, recorded a significant increase for TL in aged rat’s blood due to animal protein, even with cholesterol free diet. Upon cholesterol challenge, beef protein moves this elevation to be more than 2 normes. Table 4 recorded also a lower value for TL in blood during AO intervention (T#3). A further lowering effect has been noticed for soy protein, this became much more greater in case of mixed plant protein (T#5). A magnifecant reduction for TL kept organs at an optimal shap and size. This was confounded for mixed plant protein combination with AO consumption, ie, no liver felteration, spleen larger dimention as appeared with animal protein, in addition to thymuse healthy enlargment. The
unconrollable lipimia most probaly conjugate or came behined these pathological disorder, eg oxidative and inflammatory stress.
Table 3- The amino acid concentration (mg/g dry protein matter) of some animal and plant origin proteins
Proteins Ala Arg Asp Cys Glut Gly His Ileu Leu Lys Met Phe Pro Ser Thre Tyre Val 1 casein 5.5 6.3 13.2 0.8 42. 3.4 6.4 8.8 18 15 5.3 9.7 20 10.8 7.9 8.6 12.1 2 Beef 11.6 11.5 18.3 1.5 31.6 8.1 7.0 8.1 15.8 17.5 4.8 6.7 6.5 7.3 8.6 5.4 8.8 3 Pork 11.7 11.5 18.5 1.7 30.4 8.9 7.4 7.9 15.6 17.3 4.7 6.5 6.9 7.5 8.5 5.0 9.0 4 turkey 11.8 11.0 18.4 1.7 29.2 8.0 10.4 8.6 15.6 17.3 5.1 6.6 6.0 7.0 8.2 4.8 9.4 5 Soy 7.6 11.6 19.5 1.8 29.0 6.9 5.7 7.6 14.8 10.1 2.5 8.6 7.5 8.6 6.2 5.5 8.1 (After Brandsch et al, 2006).
Table 4- Organ weight of rats as influenced by cholestrolemia, protein origin and AO in diet.
T# Diet Liver Spleen Thymus TL mg/dl
0 Control (ccasein) 11.4 g 1.2 g 0.76 g 179.5
1 Animal protein (beef) 127% 122% 109.2% 227.2 2 Animal protein* (beef) 131% 132% 98.8% 352.6 3 Animal protein (beef) + AO* 125% 133% 100.8% 318.7
4 Plant protein* (soy) 100% 82% 85.79% 297.6
5 Mixed plant protein (soy+sunflour)* 108% 92% 100.6% 162.2 6 Mixed plant protein (soy+sunflour)+ AO* 87% 111% 116.5% 163.3 * 1% cholesterol chalenge. Values is mean of six rats.
To evaluate the acute effects of a dairy-rich diet on oxidative and inflammatory stress in overweight and obese subjects in the absence of adiposity changes, dairy food intake produces significantand substantial suppress of the oxidative and inflammatory stress associated with overweight and obesity (Zemel, et al, 2010). Cholesterolemia, among lipimia, has some correlation with most degenerative diseases.
However, rats fed beef, pork, or turkey proteins did not differ in cholesterol concentrations of plasma, lipoproteins, liver and in composition of microtonal membrane from rats fed the casein diet and all groups fed a protein from an animal source. These had higher very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and liver cholesterol concentrations than did rats fed soy protein (Brandsch, et al, 2006). In some other wards, these proteins isolated from meats do not differ from casein in their effects on cholesterol metabolism but not compared with soy protein, likewise in someway
the presence data. A direct reverse metabolic effect has been reported for acute-phase reactant proteins and antioxidants in rats intoxicated chronically with paraquat. Paraquat, for instance, enhances the cysteine proteinase inhibitor level in some organs.
Among this inhibitor is T kininogen (Minakata, et al, 1995).
Moreover, it has been noticed that c
ooking hamburger meat can promote the formation of malondialdehyde that can be absorbed after ingestion. Therfore, the effect of an antioxidant spice mixture on malondialdehyde formation while cooking hamburger meat and its effects on plasma and urinary malondialdehyde concentrations was concluded (Li, et al, 2010).The immune system, as the most complex biologcal system, can be evaluated in terms organs, ie spleen and thymuse; or cells such as WBC, and the soluble protein secretions, e.g. Igs. Hence nutrition plays a central role both in the developing and maintenance of immune system; some critical notes have been recorded. It is obvious that organ weight most likely negatively correlates with the TL. Similar phenomenon has been confirmed earlier (Hamza et al, 2003) with particular emphasis to plasma cholesterol. Thymus gland may consider as an exceptional case that rats fed on AO were able to keep this organ at that actively forms. Take thymus glands as example, which is the most important immune organ starts to disappear at that age according to genetics and/or nutritional status, the gland seems to be more positively affected by the nutritional protein and AO system used (Table 4). In addition, immunological cells such as WBC are playing a great role to sustain normal aquaired immune action. As in Table 5, cellular immunity is affected by both protein origins and AO. This hypothesis has been tested using a mouse model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and an adoptive transfersystem using P14 transgenic mice cells bearing T cell receptorsspecific for the Db- restricted LCMV glycoprotein 33–41epitope. An equal
numbers of P14 cells was transferred from mice fed either an adequate, 18% protein or low, 0.6% protein diet into C57BL/6 mice that had been fed adequate- protein (AP) or low-protein (LP) diets for 2 wk, infected them with LCMV, and followed them 1 wk postinfection. During PEM, the expansion of primary viral-specific CD8 T cells diminished; in LP diet-fed mice, it was only 2–3% of that in the AP diet-fed mice.Furthermore, the diminished primary CD8 T cell response during PEM may in part have been due to low numbers of viral-specific CD8 T cells and an altered microenvironment (Chatraw, et al, 2007).
It seems that AO is critical factor that correct the immune protein function itself among a special metabolic adjustment with lipidemia or any other mechanisms, animal protein, as seen in Table 5, is needed for other blood parameter including immune system constraction. The blood proteins and RBC can be preferably regenerated with moderate consumption of this food type.
Table 5- Blood picture of rat fed various sources of protein, antioxidants and cholesterol in diet.
T# Diet TP AL GL RBC WBC LCC TL mg/dl
0 Control (ccasein) cell count 6.5 3.2 3.3 4.6 7.1 3.6 179.5
1 **Animal protein (beef) 131 115 131 112 109 102 128
2 **Animal protein* (beef) 122 119 124 109 101 98.1 198
3 **Animal protein (beef) + AO* 125 124 130 111 158 131 179
4 **Plant protein* (soy) 101 103 99 94 92 137 167
5 **Mixed plant protein (soy+sunflour)* 109 101 106 101 137 129 93 6 **Mixed plant protein (soy+sunflour)+ AO* 108 107 100 106 140 137 93
* 1% cholesterol chalenge. Value is mean of six rats. TP, total proteins; AL, albumines; GL, globulines; R and WBC, red and white blood cells; LLC, lymphocyte count cells; HG, heamaglotinine, **percent control
The immunological protein secretion, or immuno globulins appeared in Table 6, has administrated the necessity of AO in case of having diet with majority of plant proteins. Both past two Tables demonstrated that MPP + AO, but not APC, is most vulnerable food source for health. Actually, APC consumption in moderation is also necessary to prevent other diseases such as anemia. The combination effect is a sort of correcting nutritional need. For example, cooking of hamburgers with a polyphenol-rich spice
mixturecan significantly decrease the concentration of malondialdehyde, which suggests potential health benefits for atherogenesis and carcinogenesis (Li,et al, 2010). In humoral immunity, the Igs shows a remarkable response with each of APC+AO in case of IgM, meanwhile a slightly increase has been noticed with feeding on the MPP+AO for IgG (Table 6). These changes were coincidentally specific shifts in TL.
Table 6- Immunoglobulins of rats as influenced by cholestrolemia, protein and AO in diet.
T# Diet IgG** IgM**
0 Control (ccasein) 0.124 100.0 0.228 100.0
1 Animal protein (beef) 0.124 100.0 0.242 106.0 2 Animal protein* (beef) 0.128 103.1% 0.249 108.9%
3 Animal protein (beef) + AO* 0.133 106.8% 0.253 110.2%
4 Plant protein* (soy) 0.123 99.2% 0.209 91.9%
5 Mixed plant protein (soy+sunflour)* 0.122 98.7% 0.205 90.1%
6 Mixed plant protein (soy+sunflour)+ AO* 0.143 115.1% 0.245 107.8%
* 1% cholesterol chalenge. Value is mean of six rats.
Similar findings were noticed earlier about the effect of green food (Ahmed et al, 2005).
In general, combination of various food sources of different origin is a real need. Therefore, balanced diet contains almost all requirements of nutrients needed within an acceptable range of energy. This diet may support immune function by proper metabolic fuels. A similar approach has been applied to the cellular immune system, eg, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. This has provided, for the first time, evidence that these cells use glutamate and/or long chain fatty acids as energy. Indeed, these fuels could be quantitatively more important than glucose (Newsholme, 1991).
Actually, soy protein of good amino acid profile is richer in containing glutamic acid; meanwhile, sunflower oil is considered to be a good source for fat of biological significance, eg, the USFA and Se.
Therefore, dietary or pharmacological treatments that result in an endogenous increase in the rate of muscle glutamate release may also represent an
avenue for successful therapy of a number of pathological status (Newsholme, 1991).
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ىبرعلا صخلملا لا
ًجولوٌبلا لعف كرتشملا
ل اهجب ةدسكلاا تاداضم و نٌتوربلا عون ز
ةعانملا ًف
نارئفلا
يوٍتش ةرٍما و ًقابلا ذبع لما
* ذٌزوبا تٍحتف و دومحم نٍفٍن و
تيذغتلاو تصاخلا تيذغلأا مسق –
تيذغلأا ايجىلىنكت ثىحب دهعم -
ثىحبلا زكزم
ةزيجلاب تيعارزلا . * .
عىن تيبزت تي
- تيردنكسلاا تعماج
