Health Indicators
objectives
By the end of this lecture students should know the:
1-Definition of health indicator.
2-Types of health indicators.
3- Tools of disease measurement.
4-Disease incidence.
5-Disease prevalence.
An indicator is defined as a measure of disease , death or any other event of life. It is also used to compare the occurrence of disease ,death or any other event between targeted communities or countries.
Indicators of health:
1.Mortality indicators.
2.Morbidity indicators.
3-Natality indicators.
4.Disability indicators.
5.Nutritional status indicators.
6.Health care delivery indicators.
7.Utilization indicators.
8.Indicators of social & mental health.
9.Environmental indicators.
10.Socio-economic indicators.
11.Health policy indicators.
12.Indicators of quality of life.
13.Other indicators :-
Health for all indicators.
Social indicators.
Basic needs indicators.
• 1-Rate
• 2-Ratio
• 3-Proportion
• 4-Counts
• 5-Percentage%
Tools of Measurements: سايقل ااا تااودا
The three main measures we use are : -Rate Ratio and proportion.
Diseased
Not Diseased
1
) How many people have a disease?
2) What proportion of the population has
disease?
Example of disease
measurement
RATE
• The rate measures the occurrence of
disease or death or any other events in a population during a given time period .
• Example of Rate :-
1-Death Rate = Number of deaths in one year x 1000 Mid-year population
2-Birth Rate = Number of live births in one year x 1000 Mid-year population
It comprises these elements :-
• Numerator
• Denominator
(the numerator is a component of the denominator)
• Time specification (usually a calendar year.)
• Multiplier
RATIO
• Ratio is a relation in size between two quantities .
• The numerator is
not component of
the denominator
Examples of Ratio
= 5 / 2 = 2,5 / 1
What is the ratio of females to males (sex ratio) ? Number of Females = 2,5 : 1
Number of Males
It is expressed in the form of : X : Y OR X / Y
For example:
The ratio of WBCs relative to the RBCs is 1 : 600 or 1/600
Example (2) of ratio :-
The number of children with scabies at a certain time
The number of children with malnutrition at a certain time x 100
Other examples of ratio :- Doctor – Population ratio.
Child – Woman ratio.
--- = 0.5 = 50% 2
4
Proportion
The proportion is a relationship between a part from the whole
Numerator IS INCLUDED In the denominator
Quantities have to be of the same nature
The proportion is usually expressed as a percentage.
Example of proportion :
The number of children with scabies at a certain time x100 The total number of children in the village at the same
time
1- Morbidity Indicators
Morbidity indicators measure the occurrence of disease in a population.
Incidence Rate
Prevalence Rate
Incidence
Recovery Death
Prevalence
Prevalence and Incidence
Incidence
Measure of new cases of disease (or other events of interest) that developed in a
population during a specified period of time.
Incidence Rate =
Number of new cases of specific disease during a given time period
_____________________________ ×1000 Population at risk during that period
Example of incidence rate : -
The number of new cases of an illness is 500 in a Population of 30,000 in one year.
Incidence Rate is : - 500 /30,000 × 1000 = 16,7 per 1000 per one year
Prevalence
Number of all existing cases of disease( old and new cases) in a population.
Point prevalence: number of all cases ( old and new cases) that exist at a given point in time
Period prevalence: number of all cases ( old and new cases) that exist in a population during a
specified period of time
Types of Prevalence
Point prevalence :- number of all cases(old + new) of specific disease during a given point in time
_______________________________ × 1000 population at risk during that period
Period prevalence :- number of all existing cases(old + new) of specific disease during a given period of time interval _______________________________ × 1000 population at risk during that period
Relationship between prevalence and incidence
Prevalence =Incidence × Duration P =I × D
I = P / D D=P / I
Example :- Incidence = 10 cases per 1000 per year
Duration of disease = 5 years
Prevalence = 10 × 5 = 50 per 1000 population
2- Mortality Indicators
Mortality indicators measure the occurrence of
deaths in a defined population during a specifiedperiod of time.
Examples of mortality indicators(crude + specific) :-
1- Crude Death Rate =
number of deaths in one year ×1000 Mid – year population
It measure the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population.
Example of specific death rate :-
2- Specific death rate due to tuberculosis :-
Number of deaths from tuberculosis in one year ×1000 Mid- year population
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) :- IMR =
number of deaths amongchildren under 1 year of age in a given year ×1000
number of live births during the same year
It measures the efficacy of health care services in a country.
Maternal Mortality Rate ( MMR) :- MMR =
Number of maternal deaths due to causes related to pregnancy ×100,000 Number of live births during the same time period
MMR measures the mortality associated with pregnancy. It is less common than IMR , so it is expressed per 100,000 .
E.g. 20 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
