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Health Care Insurance
Insurance
Insurance Definition
Principle of insurance contract
Insurable & Uninsurable Risks
Introduction
Insurance is closely related with economic theory, since the insurance depends on the mathematical and statistical sciences to measure risk, loss and cost, at the same time, economy is applied area for insurance through legal contracts.
The most important goals of insurance is predicting and preventing economic loss, whether for individuals or for society.
تاودأك ةيئاصحلإاو ةيضايرلا مولعلا ىلع دمتعي نيمأتلا نأ ذإ ، ةيداصتقلاا ةيرظنلاب ًاقيثو ًاطابترا نيمأتلا طبتري ىلع ةظفاحملا فدهتسي ثيح هقيبطت لاجم وه داصتقلاا ربتعي تقولا سفن يفو ، هتفلكتو ةراسخلاو رطخلا سايقل يرشب يوق تناك ءاوس ةيداصتقلاا دراوملاو تاورثلا يوق وأ ضرلأا رصنع يأ ةيعيبط يوق وأ ، لمعلا رصنع يا ة
لاملا سأر رصنع يأ ماخلا داوملاو تادعملاو تلالآا يف جاتنلإا يف هتنواعمل ناسنلإا اهعنصي .
عمتجملل وأ دارفلإل ةبسنلاب ءاوس ةيداصتقلاا ةراسخلا عنمو ؤبنتلا هفدهو هعوضوم نيمأتلا نأ يأ .
Insurance Definition
— The Law Definition: : نوناقلا ملع فيرعت
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is a contract between insured and insurer , insured pays premium in return the insurers pay the financial losses suffered by the insured as a result of the occurrence of unexpected events.
This definition: Demonstrates the legal basis of the insurance
ةجيتن نمؤملا اهدبكت يتلا ةيلاملا رئاسخلا عفد لباقملا يف نيمأتلا طسق عفدي نمؤملا ،نمؤملاو نمؤملا نيب دقع وه ةعقوتم ريغ ثادحأ عوقو .
فيرعتلا اذه :
نيمأتلل ينوناقلا ساسلأا حضوي Insurance definition
—All insured who are equally exposed to the same loss ,sharing few whom suffering from financial losses from a common fund
— This definition: Demonstrates the mechanism of the insurance
— كرتشمقودنص نم مهضعبل ثدحت يتلا ةراسخلا ، رطخلا سفنل نوضرعتي نيذلا مهيلع نمؤملا عيمج مساقتي
— نيمأتلل ينفلا ساسلأا حضوي : فيرعتلا اذه
X n
ا لقي يا ،ةعقوتملا رئاسخلا نم ةيلعفلا رئاسخلا رتقت فارحن
رئاسخلا نع ةيلعفلا رئاسخلا
رطخلل ةضرعملا تادحولا ددع ةداي ب ةعقوتملا standard
error for a sample
X n
35068 . 110
00 . 35
068 .
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50 . 3 10
100 1000 10000
n
The most important goals of insurance is predicting and expected loss.
Expected loss will be close to actual loss if number of unit exposures large or an infinite unit number ,this known as Law of Large Numbers
The standard error of the sampling distribution, can be reduced by increasing the sample size , the prediction is more accurate
X
Standard deviation For a population
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Contract of insurance
Policy : is a contract between the insured and the insurer specifying the terms of the insurance arrangements.
ةقيثو : مأتسملا نيب نيمأتلا دقع قافتلاا دونب ددحي نمؤملاو ن
Policyholder: A natural or corporate person in whose name the policy is issued.
ةقيثولا لماح :
ةسايسلا هذه ردص يف همسا يرابتعا وأ يعيبط صخش .
Insured : is the person who is being insured
هيلع نمؤملا :
لا ةكرش لبق نم ةاطغم صخشلا نوناقلا هلمشي يتلا وأ ،نيمأت
نيمأتلا ةكرش للاخ نم
There is a difference between the insured and the policy holder, although the policyholder(policy owner) and the insured are often the same person.
For example
if Joe buys a policy on his own life, he is both the owner and the insured.
But if his wife(Jane) buys a policy on Joe's life, she is the owner and he is the insured.
The policy owner will be to pay for the policy.
The insured is a participant in the contract, but not necessarily a party to it.
Also, most companies allow the payer and owner to be different
The beneficiary : a person who is chosen to receive a benefit from insurance policy
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The owner designates the beneficiary, but the beneficiary is not a party to the policy.
The owner hold can change the beneficiary
Insurer ; Insurance Company: A qualified insurance company licensed to operate in the insurance field .
نيمأتلا ةكرش ؛نمؤملا :
نيمأتلا لاجم يف لمعلاب اهل صخرملا ةلهؤملا نيمأتلا ةكرش
Premium – the money paid to the insurance company
نيمأتلا طسق :
نيمأتلا ةكرشل عوفدملا لاملا
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نيمأتلا دقعل ةيرهوجلا ئدابملا
Principle of Insurance Contract
The general principles of Insurance
ةصاخلا هتعيبطل ًارظن ، اهريغ نود دوقعب طبترت ئدابم يهو
لاوأ : ةماع ئدابم :
نيمأتلا ةحلصملا أدبم ةي
Insurable Interest
ةينلا نسح يهتنم أدبم Utmost Good Faith
بيرقلا ببسلا أدبم Proximate Cause
قوقحلا يف لولحلا أدبم
Subrogation
ًايناث : ةيلوئسملاو تاكلتمملا تانيمأت صخت ئدابم :
ضيوعتلا أدبم
Indemnity
ةكراشملا أدبم Contribution
—
لاوأ : ةماع ئدابم :
General principles ةينيمأتلا ةحلصملا أدبم Insurable Interest
ةينلا نسح يهتنم أدبم Utmost Good Faith
لا أدبم قوقحلا يف لولح
Subrogation
. ةينيمأتلا ةحلصملا أدبم
Insurable Interest
حيضوتلاب لوانتنس :
ةحلصملا ينعم
Concept of Insurable interest
اذه نم ضرغلا طرشلا
Purposes of an Insurable Interest
ةحلصملا تاقيبطت (
تاكلتمم –
هايح How to apply insurable interest )
ةحلصملا طورش
Condition of insurable interest
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ةحلصملا رفوت تقو When insurable interest must exist
— Concept of Insurable interest ;
— The principle of insurable interest is important legal principle
— A person has an "insurable interest “in subject of insurance ,will suffer a financial loss when risk occurs.
— Subject of insurance :person or property exposed to a loss or some potential liability.
— The principle of insurable interest states that the insured must lose financially if a loss occurs, or must incur some other kind of harm if the loss takes place.
— ةحلصملا ينعم
— ققحت دنع ةيلام رئاسخ لمحت نم يناعيس ، نيمأتلا عوضوم يف هينيمأت ةحلصم هل يذلا صخشلا هب دصقي رطخلا .
— ةيلامتحا هيلوئسم وأ ةراسخلل ضرعملا كلتمملا وأ صخشلا هب دصقي رطخلا عوضوم
— رارضا نم يناعي وا ، ةراسخلا ققحت اذإ هيلام رئاسخ نم يناعي نمأتسملا نأ رقي ةينيمأتلا ةحلصملا أدبم يرخأ .
— Purposes of an Insurable Interest
— To be legally enforceable, all insurance contracts must be supported by an
insurable interest. Insurance contracts must be supported by an insurable interest for the following reasons.
— To prevent gambling
— To reduce moral hazard
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— To measure the loss
First, an insurable interest is necessary to prevent gambling.
If an insurable interest were not required, the contract would be a gambling contract and would be against the public interest.
For example,
You could insure the property of another and hope for an early loss.
You could insure the life of another person and hope for an early death.
These contracts clearly would be gambling contracts and would be against the public interest.
لولأا : رامقلا دوقع نم نيمأتلا نوكي نأ عنمت ةينيمأتلا ةحلصملا .
دقع نوكي ،ةينيمأت ةحلصم كانه نكت مل اذإ
ةماعلا ةحلصملا دض دقعلا نوكيسو ،رامقلا دقع نيماتلا .
نييرخلأا تاكلتمم ىلع انمأ اذإ ةراسخلا يف لمأن دق ،لاثم .
ىنمتنو رخآ صخش ةايح يلع نمؤن نأ نكمي ةركبملا ةافولا هل
.
نيلماعلا ءلاوهل ضرملا لمأنو رخا عنصمب نيلماعلا ةحص يلع نمؤن نا نكمي ةماعلا ةحلصملا دض نوكتسو ،رامق دوقع نوكت فوس دوقعلا هذه .
Second, an insurable interest reduces moral hazard.
If an insurable interest is not required, a dishonest person could purchase insurance contract on subject someone else, and then deliberately (with intent ) cause a loss to receive the proceeds.
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You could insure the property of another and deliberately cause a loss to receive the proceeds(benefit).
You could insure the life of another person and deliberately cause a loss to receive the proceeds.
But if the insured stands to lose financially, nothing is gained by causing the loss. Thus, moral hazard is reduced.
ةحلصملا ، ايناث ةينيمأتلا
ةيونعملا رطاخملا نم للقي .
صخي عوضومل نيمأتلا دقع ءارش نيمأ ريغ صخش يلأ نكمي ، ةدجاوتم ريغ ةينيمأتلا ةحلصملا تناك اذإ
ةراسخلا ققحت يف ادمع ببستيو رخآ صخش ةدافتسلال
نيمأتلا نم .
ةيلام ةراسخ نم يناعي نمؤملا ناك اذإ نكلو
حبرلاو ، ةراسخلا يف ببستلا للاخ نم
. ةيونعملا رطاخملا نم ليلقت كلذ يف نإف .
نييرخلأا تاكلتمم ىلع انمأ اذإ ةراسخلا يف قيقحتل ىعسن دق ،لاثم .
هل ةافولا ثودح دمعتنو رخآ صخش ةايح يلع نمؤن نأ نكمي علا ءلاوهل ضرملا ثودح دمعتنو رخا عنصمب نيلماعلا ةحص يلع نمؤن نا نكمي نيلما
رطخلا ققحتل ةجيتن ةراسخ لمحت لب ، حبر نمأتسملا ققحي مل اذإ نكلو .
رطاخملا نم ليلقت كلذ يف نإف
ةيونعملا .
Finally, an insurable interest measures the amount of the insured's loss.
In property insurance, the loss payment cannot exceed the amount of one's insurable interest because most contracts are contracts of indemnity.
هيلع نمؤملا ةراسخ رادقم سيقي ةينيمأتلا ةحلصملا ،اريخأو .
تاكلتمملا ىلع نيمأتلا .
ةينيمأتلا ةحلصملا رادقم زواجتي نأ ضيوعتلا نكمي لا .
ضيوعت دوقع دوقعلا مظعم نلأ ، .
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How to apply insurable interest
For the property:
• The owner has an insurable interest in the property he owned
• The owner of the goods has an insurable interest in the goods.
• The owner of the car has an insurable interest in the car
تاكلتمملل ةبسنلاب :
- كلاملا اهكلمي يتلا تاكلتمملا اميف هينيمأت ةحلصم هل
- هتعاضب يف ةحلصم هل عئاضبلا كلام
- ةيدام ةراسخل ضرعت لاأو ، كلاه نود راقعلا لظي نا يف هينيمأت ةحلصم هل راقعلا كلام
For person
• The person has an interest in his life, his wife, his children.
• The person has an interest in his health.
• The owner of the company or factory has an interest in his worker’s health.
صاخشلأل ةبسنلاب
هدلاوأ ، هتجوز ، هتايح يف ةحلصم هل صخشلا هدلاوأ ةحص ، هتجوز ةحص ، هتحص يف ةحلصم هل صخشلا هلامع ةحص يف ةحلصم هل صخشلا
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When insurable interest must exist : for property and life insurance:
The insurable interest must exist at:
Purchasing the policy
Occurrence of loss.( at the time of the loss. )
— Failure to have an insurable interest converts the policy to Gamble
نيمأتل ةحلصملا رفوت تقو تاكلتمملل
صاخشلأاو :
دقاعتلا دنع ةحلصملا دجاوت طرتشي رطخلا ققحت دنع ةحلصملا دجاوت طرتشي .
رامق يلإ ةقيثولا لوحي ةينيمأت ةحلصم دوجو مدع Case Application: property insurance
If Ahmed sold his hospital to Susan, and a fire occurred before the cancellation of insurance contract on the hospital.
Who had the right to get indemnity Ahmed or Susan
Ahmed can't get the benefit of insurance, where he no longer has an interest in subject of insurance(hospital).
Susan can't get the benefit of insurance, where her name has not been designated in the policy as the insured.
لاثم : يفشتسملا يلع نيمأتلا ءاغلإ لبق قيرح عقوو ، نازوس يلإ اهكلمي يفشتسم دمحا عاب اذإ .
نازوس وا دمحا ضيوعتلا يف قحلا هل نم .
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ةيكلملا يف ةينيمأت ةحلصم هل دعي مل هنا ثيح ، نيمأتلا ايا م يلع لوصحلا يدجم عيطتسي لا .
نيمأتلا ايا م يلع لوصحلا نازوس عيطتست لاو هل نمؤملا اهنأ يلع ةقيثولا يف اهمسا نيعي مل ثيح ،
.
Personal Insurance:
Case Application: : If Mary has life insurance policy for her husband, later she divorced, after that her ex-husband died.
Does she have the right to obtain the sum insured based on the death of her ex- husband.
No, because the condition of insurable interest :at the time of purchasing policy and at the time a loss occurs. so when he died she was not his wife .
هايحلا يلع نيمأتلا :
ا تقو يف سيلو ، طقف ةقيثولا ءدب دنع ةحلصملا طرش ققحتي ةايحلا يلع نيمأتلاف ، ةافول
هيلع نمؤملا ةافو ةلاح يف ددحم غلبمك عفدتو ةميقلا ةددحم ةقيثو نكلو ، ضيوعت دقع سيل .
لاثم : يلع لوصحلا يف قحلا اهل لهف ، اهقلاط مت كلذ دعبو ، اهجوز ةايح يلع ةقيثو لمعب ميرم تماق اذإ
قباسلا اهجوز ةافو يلع ءانب ةقيثولا دئاع .
نوكي لا دنع سيل ةحلصملا طرش نلأ قباسلا اهجوز ةافو يلع ءانب ةقيثولا دئاع يلع لوصحلا يف قحلا اهل
ةافولا تقو يف نوكي نا بجي نكلو ، طقف ةقيثولا ءدب
Utmost good faith
An insurance contract is based on the principle of utmost good faith.
This means that a higher degree of honesty is imposed on both parties to an insurance contract more than other contracts.
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Utmost good faith
The insured and the insurer are bound by a good faith of honesty and fairness, therefore all material( fundamental) facts must be disclosed.
ةينلا نسح يهتنم أدبم :
نيمأتلا بلاط مزتلي دب لا (
نمأتسملا )
فاصنلإاو قدصلاو ةينلا نسح نم نمؤملاو .
قئاقحلا نع فشكلا متي نأ بجي
ةيرهوجلا .
What we mean by material facts:
Material facts are the facts that have a direct effect on the decision or that refer to the legal relationships between the parties.
All facts about subject of insurance
All facts about materials of policy (clauses……..) Purposes of Utmost good faith
This facts which, if known by :
— Insurer :
Configure a clear idea of units of risk data through the insured.
May affects the value of the premium.
May reject the request for insurance
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• Insured :
May refuses to complete the request of insurance.
ةيرهوجلا قئاقحلاب دوصقملا :
نيمأتلا عوضومب ةطبترملا قئاقحلا
مأتلا دقعب ةطبترملا قئاقحلا ني
ةينلا نسح أدبم ةفيظو :
اهفرع ول يتلا قئاقحلا يه :
نمؤملا :
نمؤملا دنع رطخلل ةحضاو ةركف نيوكت يلا يدؤت
طسقلا ةميق يلعرثؤت دق
نيمأتلا بلط لامكتسا ضفر يلا يدؤت دق
نمأتسملا :
نيمأتلا بلط لامكتسا ضفري دق .
How we can get material facts
we can get material facts through Representations: تانايبلاب ءلادلإا
Representations are statements made by the applicant for insurance .
Applicant's answers to insurer’s questions are called representations
General Insurance:
Fire insurance: Data about building and how using it.
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Theft & Burglar Insurance : Data about Machinery ,Stock in trade - Furniture.
Car Insurance: Data from the vehicle, the owner and driver of the car . يلع تاقيبطت اهراهظإ بجاولا ةيرهوجلا روملأاو قئاقحلا
:
هماع تانيمأت :
يمأت قيرحلا ن :
همادختسا ةيفيكو ءانبلا ةيعيبط .
ةقرسلا نيمأت :
ةيريدقتلا هتميقو نوزخملا ةعيبط
تارايسلا نيمأت :
ةرايسلا دئاقو كلاملاو ، ةرايسلا نع تانايب
— Representations :تانايبلاب ءلادلإا Life and Health Insurance
For example, if you apply for life or health insurance, you may be asked questions concerning your;
1. Age 2. Weight 3. Height 4. occupation 5. state of health
6. family history(the historical disease of insured’s family )
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7. and other relevant questions(Marital status – habits……) Your answers to these questions are called representations.
تانايبلاب ءلادلإا :
يرخا ةلئسا ، ةيحصلا ةلئاعلا خيرات ، ةيحصلا ةلاحلا ، ةنهملا ،لوطلا ، نزولا ، نسلا
—Case Application :
— Assume that you are asked if you have high blood pressure when you apply for health insurance, and you answer no to the question.
— If the insurer later discovers you have high blood pressure.
He May affects the value of the premium.
He May reject the request for insurance
Makes the contract voidable
كمد طغض ناك اذإ امع كلاؤس متي هنأ ضرتفا ، لاثملا ليبس يلع ، يحص نيمأت بلطب مدقتت تنك امدنع ًاعفترم
لاؤسلا نع يفنلاب تبجأو .
عفترم كمد طغض نأ كلذ دعب نمؤملا فشتكا اذإف :
رثؤت دق طسقلا ةميق يلع
يدؤت دق
يلإ نيمأتلا بلط لامكتسا ضفر
ةلطاب ةقيثولا لعجت
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Case Application
Scott may apply for life insurance and state in the application that he has not visited a doctor within the last five years. However, he may have undergone surgery for lung cancer six months earlier.
If Scott dies shortly after the policy is issued ,his beneficiary has the right to get the benefit of policy or not?
The company could refuse the death claim on the basis of a material misrepresentation.
سمخلا تاونسلا للاخ ًابيبط رزي مل هنأب بلطلا يف رقأو ،ةايحلا يلع نيمأت ةقيثو بلطب مدقتلاب توكس ماق ةئرلا ناطرس ةحارج ءارجإب ماق دق هنإف كلذ عم، ةريخلأا رهشأ ةتس لبق
.
نمؤملا بناج نم نلاطبلل ةلباق نوكت ةقيثولاو ، يرهوجو فيزم رارقإ لمعب ماق دق هنإف ، ةلاحلا هذه يف .
ةبلاطم ضفرت نأ ةكرشلل نكمي لهف ، رهشأ ةثلاث ًلاثم ، ةقيثولا رادصإ نم ةريصق ةرتف دعب توكس تام اذإ ةيرهوج تانايب فيرحت ساسأ يلع ةافولا .
ubrogation nciple of S
Pri
To subrogate means to "put into the place of others.“
Definition of Subrogation : is the right for an insurer to pursue a third party that caused an insurance loss to the insured.
This is done as a means of recovering the amount of the claim paid to the insured for the loss.
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An example of subrogation is when an insured driver's car is totaled through the fault of another driver. The insurance carrier will reimburse the covered driver under the terms of the policy and then pursue legal action against the driver at fault.
This means that the insurer is allowed to recover from a negligent third party any loss payments made to the insured.
The principle of subrogation strongly supports the principle of indemnity
لولحلا أدبم
لولحلا أدبم هب دصقي
نيرخلآا ناكم يف هعضو .
للاحلإا فيرعت ةراسخلاب هتبلاطمل ةراسخلا يف ببستملا يلع عوجرلا يف هل نمؤملا لحم نمؤملا لحي نا
ينعي اذه :
اهيطغي يتلا ةراسخلا نع لوئسم ثلاث صخش نم ضيوعتلا ةميقب ةبلاطملل نمأتسملا ناكم نمؤملا للاحأ
نيمأتلا .
شل قحي هنأ ينعي اذهو ةراسخ تاعوفدم يلأ ثلاث فرطلا لامهإ نع ةجتانلا ةراسخلا دادرتسا اهل قحي نيمأتلا ةكر
نمأتسملاب تقحل يتلا .
يف ببست امم ،دمحا ةرايس مطحيو رمحلأا ءوضلا دنع فقوتي مل لمهم ةرايس قئاس نأ ضرتفا ،لاثملا ليبس ىلع
غلبم رارضأ 0555
$ ( . مادطصلاا رطخ يطغت ةقيثولا .)
. Health Insurance Subrogation - What Is It?
— Medical insurance subrogation means that: Health insurance subrogation allow your insurance company sues(take legal action) against the guilty person , or against his insurance company to recover their expenses.
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أدبم يبطلا لولحلا :
نع لوئسملا صخشلا دض ىوعد عفرب كب ةصاخلا نيمأتلا ةكرش لولحب حمسي
ةراسخلا تاقفن ةداعلإ هب ةصاخلا نيمأتلا ةكرش دض وأ ،ةراسخلا Case Application:
— If Ahmed have health insurance policy ,he hurts on the job and need medical care . What insurance company must do?
— The insurance company can take legal action against your employer, with or without your permission.
ةكرشلل نكمي ،ئراوطلا ةفلكت يطغي كب صاخلا يحصلا نيمأتلاو لمعلا يف تبصأ اذإ ،لاثملا ليبس ىلع لمعلا بحاص دض ىوعد عفر نيمأتلا (
كلاملا ) مب ءاوس ، كتقفاوم نود وأ كتقفاو
.
Health insurance subrogation is often used in instances of automotive accidents and their resulting medical claims
كلذ نع ةجتانلا ةيبطلا مهتابلاطمو تارايسلا ثداوح تلااح يف يحصلا نيمأتلل لولحلا أدبم مدختسي ام ابلاغو .
Case Application:
Aml is in an accident that her car totally destroyed with a broken collar bone. She has automobile policy
Her automobile policy covers the repairs to her car and an injury in an automobile accident due to no fault of her own.
Later, police officials determine the other driver was at fault for the accident. That would make their insurance provider liable for damages and medical costs.
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However, company has the right sue against guilty person . since these were already paid by her automobile insurance company.
ةوقرتلا ةمظعل رسك عم اهترايس تكلهأ ثداحل تضرعت لما .
ةرايسلل نيمأت ةقيثو اهيدل ناك اذإو
ببسب نوكت لاأ طرشب اهل ضرعتت دق يتلا ةينامسجلا رارضلإا اضيأ يطغتو، اهترايس حلاصإ يطغت تارايسلا ةقيثو اهئطخ . قحت نع لوئسملا وه رخلأا فرطلا نإ ةطرشلا ريرقت ءاج
، ثداحلا ق .
نع ةلوئسم نيمأتلا ةكرش لعج ريرقتلا اذهو
ةيبطلا فيلاكتلا عفدو ةيبرعلا حلاصإ اضيأ
ةراسخلا ققحت يف ببستملا يلع ةيئاضق يوعد عفر مث لماكلاب .
— How to apply( Case Application ):
— Samy is injured in an automobile accident by a negligent driver.
— He has individual health insurance policy included subrogation provision
— Sum of Insurance (SI)=10000,
— Medical expenses =10000
c o v e ri n
Insurer
insured
10000
10000
How to apply
Sum of Insurance (SI)=10000, Medical expenses =10000
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c o v e ri n
Insurer
insured
10000
15000
Sum of Insurance (SI)=10000, Medical expenses =15000
Subrogation has three basic purposes.
First, subrogation prevents the insured from collecting twice for the same loss.
In the absence of subrogation, the insured could collect from the insurer and from the person who caused the loss. The principle of indemnity would be violated because the insured would be profiting from a loss.
ةراسخلا سفن نع نيترم ضيوعتلا يلع لوصحلا نم نمأتسملا عنمي لولحلا ،لاوأ .
ةراسخلا يف ببستملا نمو نمؤملا نم ةراسخلا يلع لصحي نأ نمأتسملل نكمي ،لولحلا بايغ يف .
كاهتنا اذهو
ةراسخلا ققحت نم حبر ققحيس نمأتسملا نلأ ضيوعتلا أدبمل .
Second, subrogation is used to hold the guilty person responsible for the loss. By exercising its subrogation rights, the insurer can collect from the negligent person who caused the loss.
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ةراسخلا نع لاوئسم بنذملا صخشلا نوكي لولحلا أدبم ةسرامم قيرط نع ، ايناث .
إ نمؤملل نكمي لاف لامه
ةراسخلا لامهإ ببست يذلا صخشلا .
Finally, subrogation tends to hold down insurance rates. Subrogation recoveries can be reflected in the rate-making
premiums , which tends to hold rates below where they would be in the absence of subrogation.
لا أدبم نيمأتلا راعسأ ديدحت يف سكعني لولح .
عنص ةيلمع يف لولحلا نم ةدرتسملا سكعنت نأ نكمي ثيح
هيلع ءانب طسقلا بسحي يذلا لدعم .
نوكتس تناك امع ،هدقع يف ررقم امم نم لقأ تلادعم ىلإ يدؤت يتلاو
لولحلا أدبم بايغ يف هيلع .
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