HIGH-LEVEL DESIGN OF A LEBANESE HIGH-SPEED NETWORK
Hassan Diab*, Ali EI-Haij, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N.Haddad
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
American University ofBeirut . P. O. Box 11-0236
Beirut, Lebanon
- 1... ,...i U~
..::• .:it.
.A .:: ~iL:. - -
L ~'iW\ t '-Ai·
~.J\ tulc. -'-q
~~....
r-""..
~J"""'-- . ~i...JA ~ .. ~ • ~': LUl\
'-~..
~ ~'il.:.J\ ~W\ _....
-~'\ ~\ .).lJ\i1\
\1\ ...~'il.:.J'i\~ ~~ ~
. r
~.J .
r~w--tJ '-; t"J~ ~~~lc.~J~..>AJl.:.J\~~\ w--):i~ w~~~\
.l+i\j ~\ J~ ~L...,w.\ ~1.il.
JL..u.JiJ
~~W\J ~\JJl.:.J'i\
'.lu;,,'.!,...i.tJW\ '\lJ~\.::..\.::..~ L.. ~,~\i ~~.1\ .~\. t('t~J.4~;;·i~
"".. w. . ..
t.s-:..J!J .. !jI W i...JA ~ .. • W I :')J~~J~~\w~\~\~(WAN)~\J~~~\.J~rfoW\\rl'~'il.:.J'i\
. ~,.y.J\ ~~\ ~\ 0Jfl ~ ~~\
ABSTRACT
The emerging field of high-speed networks is one of the most challenging and ambitious concepts in data communications. This paper proposes a high-level framework for a broadband high-speed network covering all vital areas of Lebanon. The network will provide users with a universal end-to-end high-speed transport, and integrated services access (where users will be able to talk, teleconference, and exchange large files of data over the same physical interface providing access to the network). Although a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) solution for major Lebanese cities is feasible, and possibly able to cover Lebanon's immediate needs in data communications, this paper proposes a high-speed Wide Area NetwQrk that will integrate the LMAN (Lebanese MAN) as well as other types of network access to form the Lebanese High-Speed Network (LHSN).
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.
April 1998 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number 1B.
83
Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shah wan Khoury, and N. Haddad
HIGH-LEVEL DESIGN OF A LEBANESE HIGH-SPEED NETWORK
1. INTRODUCTION
Designing a network in the decade of the 1990 should undertake an extensive and comprehensive study exhausting the new wide range of possibilities that are now available and did not exist only a few years ago. A network designer should be more careful in hislher network specifications because of the multiplicity of options that are available for a particular networking need. Some of the factors impacting the decision-making process of a network design are:
• Expected traffic rate and size of the network.
• Network security (depending on the level of security required. different network architecture would be proposed).
• Network management.
• Interconnection and integration with other networks.
• Amount of capital available and time to deploy.
• Network architecture: centralized/distributed, fault-tolerant, etc.
• Allowed or available communications technologies.
• Ability to expand (with minimal cost).
Given that not all the preceding factors are well defined at this time, the study presented in this paper will assume some of the factors, and suggest an architecture that will accommodate different alternatives to the remaining factors with minor changes in the high-level design. The proposed LHSN is based on existing or expected hardware/software technologies, and will not require any new major hardware/software development. Proprietary technology development is costly and will not adhere to international standards. A network designer should be careful in hislher specifications so that international staudards and recommendations are followed where appropriate, and no new major hardware/software development is required.
The network access, proposed in this paper, will use the most recently defined User Network Interface (UNI) set by the CCITT Study Group XVIII. Study Group XVIII sets the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) recommendations. BISDN interface model, shown in Figure 1, is in principle the same as that of Narrow-band ISDN (N-ISDN).
Section 2 describes the proposed high-speed network architecture. In Section 3, the main network components are introduced. In Section 4, deployment locations and requirements are described. Section 5 discusses performance issues pertaining to the proposed network architecture.
2. HIGH LEVEL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
The proposed high-level network architecture (Figure 2) is based on Lebanon's current, near future, and year 2000 needs in telecommunications. The following is a list of some of the potential traffic sources that the proposed LHSN will accommodate:
• Fixed and variable rate coded voice and video.
• Distributed computing.
Network
~B_T_E~~----~---~ BNT ~---
I I
SB
BNT: Broadband Network Termination BTE : Broadband Terminal Equipment SB Broadband S interface
Figure 1. BISDN Interface Model.
84
The Arabian Journal/or Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number 1B. April 1998Multimedia Workstation
or Super computer
150 Mbps
150 Mbps or 600 Mbps
I I
Exchange I I I I I I I I
Exchange
Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
• High perfonnance workstations:
Scientific computing and visualization
~edicalimaging.
• High speed facsimile.
• Home shopping.
• Lowlhigh-speed LANs.
For the foreseeable future, transmission speed will be much faster than switching speed, thus presenting new challenges to the architecture and the design of high-speed networks. Some of the challenges facing the realization of high-speed networks include: network signaling; the need for fast and simple protocols; high speed switching; congestion control; and intemetworking. These new challenges are a function of transmission speed; they increase with the increase in transmission speed.
It is essential, in high-speed packet switched networks, for tandem switches to do as little processing on the received packets as possible. Tandem switches, in the LHSN, will have minimal functionality, mainly checking for errored packets and forwarding the error free packets toward the destination Signaling Point (SP). The destination SP will be fully compatible with the originating SP ensuring sequenced error free data to be forwarded to the destination user. Signaling functions and architecture should be enhanced to meet the new challenges presented by high-speed networks and the advancement in new
Local Local/transit
UNI NNI
Figure 2. LHSN High Level Architecture.
April 1998 The Arabian Journal/or Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number lB.
85
Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
services definition. The LHSN should be able to accommodate existing supplementary services as identified by CCITT and include the following:
• Number identification • Conference calling
• Calling line identification presentation • Three-party service
• Malicious call identification • Community of interest
• Call offering • Closed user group
• Call transfer • Private numbering plan
• Call forwarding on busy • Charging
• Call completion • Credit card calling
• Call waiting • Calling collect
• Call hold • Additional information transfer
• Multiparty • User-to-user signaling.
While it is preferred that all network nodes have high speed switching capabilities, it is essential that, as a minimum requirement, the nodes constituting the backbone network (type A nodes) provide these capabilities.
The proposed LHSN architecture (Figure 2) will support both connection-oriented (virtual circuit based) and connectionless (datagram) services. The User Network Interface (UNI) is based on the B-ISDN standards [1, 2]. B-ISDN is an evolutionary network based on asynchronous fixed size packet transfer. B-ISDN supports existing interfaces and services, and switched or permanent Point-to-Point or point-to-multipoint connections. It is based on a layered structure approach and uses the current N-ISDN (Narrow-band ISDN) access reference configuration. The network access is based on fixed cells (packets) at a base rate of 155.520 Mbps. At this access rate, most of the existing and foreseeable future services will be accommodated.
The proposed network architecture will provide an end-to-end broadband packetized transport services with low delay, high throughput, and integrated access for the following class of services:
• Continuous Bit Rate CBR for circuit emulation
• Variable Bit Rate VBR (bandwidth on demand) for video and audio
• Smooth data
• Moderately Bursty Data
• Very Bursty Data.
2.1. Signali~g Functions
B-ISDN services include, but are not limited to, interactive and distributional services. Multimedia, multiparty connections such as video telephony and video-conferencing, document browsing, messaging services for voice-mail systems, etc., pose new constraints on existing signaling protocols and architecture thus, requiring additional signaling schemes. The main signaling functions of B-ISDN include call control (e.g. circuit switching) and connection control for both interactive and distributional services, database access, network management, and supplementary services.
The separation of call control functions from the connection control functions is a relatively new issue, that is being addressed due to its applicability to ISDN, Intelligent Networks, Universal Personal Telecommunications, etc. This concept has emerged mainly from the following signaling functions needs:
1. The capability of adding, deleting, or modifying to a call in progress.
2. The capability of defining signaling procedures for existing or newly defined services independently of call control procedures.
3. The capability of defining look ahead procedures that could be invoked before call control procedures.
4. The capability of independently routing the connections for a particular calL 2.2. Signaling Architecture
Two signaling modes will be used in the LHSN, associated signaling and quasi-associated signaling. The LHSN will integrate different types of user access equipment. Figure 3 depicts the interoperability. The hard lines in Figure 3 are examples of where the signaling messages use associated signaling mode, and the dashed lines are examples of where the
86 The Arabian }oumalfor Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number lB. April 1998
Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
signaling messages use quasi-associated signaling mode. The STPs (Signaling Transfer Points) transfer signaling messages between network Signaling Points. These signaling messages will include call and connection control information.
An Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switch receiving a call request checks if all the information to complete the call is available and carries out the following: if available it uses associated signaling mode, otherwise it uses quasi-associated signaling mode. In the first case, all signaling interaction is done on the same physical link connecting a source switch with a destination switch. In the second case, signaling interaction is done via the STP network. A combination of associated and quasi-associated signaling modes should be studied and implemented in the LHSN. While most signaling will be done via the STP network, associated signaling will be used in some cases like backup for failure conditions, congestion, etc. Figure 4 illustrates one scenario where both associated and quasi-associated signaling are used.
2.3. Signaling Protocols
Figure 5 depicts the B-ISDN protocol stack. At the physical layer, B-ISDN will use SONET at a base rate of 155.520 Mbps. SONET is a SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) standard [3-5]. Layer two will have the ATM and AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer) sub-layers.
B-TA: Broadband - Tenninal Adapter STP : Signaling Transfer Point AJS : A TM / SONET
NCP : Network Control Point (Database)
Figure 3. UlSN Signaling Architecture.
April 1998 The Arabian Journalfor Science and Engineering. Volume 23. Number lB. 87
Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
The backbone network consists of five type A switches interconnected, as shown in Figure 8, via optical fiber links. One type A switch will be deployed in each of the five regions. At least one route should exist between each of the five type A switches. Eventually, the goal is to fully interconnect all five type A switches via fiber optic lines. All five type A switches should have a physical interface to the Operation Administration Management and Provisioning (OAM&P) center(s). The backbone network will carry all user access traffic generated in one region and destined to other region(s).
The signaling network consists mainly of four Signaling Transfer Points (STPs) and one Network Control Point (NCP) used to store network signaling infonnation. The STPs will be fully interconnected, as described in Figure 8, via either microwave or other links. Each type A switch will be connected to two STPs. Two of the STPs, the one deployed in Quomet es Saouda and the one deployed in Jabal el. Chaikh, could be used as signaling Gateways to other regional networks.
The local networks are sub-networks that cover local users in each of the five main regions fonning a total of five local networks. The local networks consist mainly of the existing Lebanese PTT switches deployed throughout the country.
These switches will be complemented by additional switches as needed to fully cover Lebanon. All switches deployed in local networks are classified in this study as type B switches. At least one type B switch, in each of the five regions, will integrate the necessary interface to connect to the backbone network via a type A switch.
Higher Layer
AAL
HDR HDR
(BaM) Payload T (COM) Payload
ATM Payload Payload
HDR
T ... (EOM) Payload
Payload T
CS . Convergence Sublayer
SAR Segmentation And Reassembly BOM: Beginning Of Message
COM: Continuation Of Message EOM: End Of Message
PDU Protocol Data Unit T . Trailer
Pad Padding (to ensure a multiple of 44 octets each)
Figure 7. AAL Structure.
90
The Arabian Journalfor Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number lB. April 1998Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
3. MAJOR NETWORK COMPONENTS
The following describes major network components. This list is not an exhaustive list, it represents the major components referred to in the "High-Level Network Architecture" section.
Qornet es Saouda
BMAN
Jabal
EJ : Network Control Points (Database) Chaikh el
® : Type A Switch
IZI :STP
~
: Microwave Link _ _ : Optical Fiber Link
Figure 8. Network Topology.
April 1998 The Arabian Journalfor Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number lB.
91
Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shah wan Khoury, and N. Haddad
3.1. Network Nodes
High performance expandable ATM switches will be deployed in phase one in major cities. The switches will also have low delays, high throughput, and low cell loss rate. The deployed switches will have two types of functions: (a) forming the backbone network; and (b) extending from the backbone network. Type A switches will consist of the backbone network.
The goal is to fully interconnect type A switches. Type B nodes will extend from type A nodes as needed. Performance requirements on type B nodes will be less constrained than on type A nodes. Each of the type B nodes will have an immediate access to at least one type A node (eittter direct access or via another type B node).
Type A switches will be modular and expandable. A type A switch will have low delay, high throughput, and low cell loss rate, could incorporate photonic switching technology. Photonic switching technology is not far from reality; e.g0' Lucent Technology (formerly AT&T Network Systems) has announced that its prototype photonic switch would be available to the market by the year 2000. A high-level description of a type A switch is shown in Figure 9.
3.2.BMAN
BMAN (Beirut MAN), shown in Figure 10, will be deployed in the current highest concentration of users. Some of the functions that BMAN will provide include:
• Interconnection of LANs
• Interconnection of mainframes (channel-to-channel)
• Interconnection of PBXs (for private network application)
• Medical imaging transfer
• Digital (most likely compressed) video teleconferencing.
High Rate Gbps Signals
Multimedia Workstation
or
Super computer
B-ISDN Access
DEMUX
DEMUX
150 Mbps
ATM SW
MUX
Gbps Signals Outgoing MUX
Figure 9. LHSN Node Type A.
92
The Arabian Journalfor Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number lB. Aprill998Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
The most ideal MAN architecture that will reduce interworking with the high-speed network switches will be ATM/
SONET based. The BMAN should meet the delay requirements for voice applications. Also, since more than one group of users will share the BMAN, security becomes an issue that should be taken into consideration. Although it is possible to integrate different types of MAN(s) into the LHSN, we strongly recommended to deploy a MAN built to the IEEE 802.6 Distributed Queue Dual Bus technology (DBDQ) standards with erasure nodes. The IEEE 802.6 standards [9, 10] will provide integrated services such as data, voice, and video over a metropolitan area. A DQDB MAN will provide connectionless and connection-oriented services.
3.3. STPs and NCPs
The STP network will carry the signaling traffic induced by the backbone network. Type A switches will integrate a separate interface to connect the backbone network to the STP network. A highly reliable signaling network will increase network efficiency (processing and bandwidth) and signaling capabilities.
The NCP is a database containing information pertaining to network functions like routing, customer information, etc.
The NCP is a Signaling End Point that will connect to the signaling network via an integrated interface. The architecture of the NCP will be detailed in a future release.
Finally, the LANs, MAN, routers, and gateways will be mainly configured, deployed, and maintained by private users.
These systems should follow the LHSN access requirements and should pass a certification test before accessing the LHSN.
4. HIGH LEVEL DEPLOYMENT REQUIREMENTS
The deployment, location, and type of network equipment will be largely dependent on the following criteria:
• cost,
• access demand and concentrations,
To/From Network
April I 998 The Arabian Journal/or Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number lB.
93
MAN 802.6 Access
DQDB subnetwork
MAN 802.6 Access
Figure 10. Beirut MAN High level Description.
Hassan Diab, Ali EI-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
• the nature of the terrain in Lebanon,
• interconnection to other network(s),
• communities of interests (large groups, and sub-groups),
• security requirements (privacy of user data), and
• liability and performance of the network.
A MAN will be deployed covering the capital Beirut and its suburbs. The BMAN will initially be connected to the backbone LHSN via the type A switch deployed in Beirut.
4.1. Deployment of Type A Switches
For the deployment of type A switches, the entire country will be divided in five main regions. One type A switch will be deployed in each of the following regions:
• Beirut and suburbs (Preferably in one of the high-rise building)
• Bekaa (Zahle/Chtaoura)
• South (Saida)
• North (Tripoli)
• Mount Lebanon and Kissirwan (AleylBhamdoun).
At least one route should exist between each of the five type A switches. Eventually, the goal is to fully interconnect all five type A switches via fiber optic lines. All five type A switches should have a physical interface to the OAM&P center(s).
4.2. Deployment of STPs
The STPs could be deployed in one of the two ways. Option one is to deploy the STPs on top of the mountains and connect them to the backbone network via microwave links. The second option would be to deploy the STPs close to the type A switches and connected to them via fiber or copper links. In both cases digital microwave links will interconnect the STPs.
For the second option, the STPs will be deployed mainly on top of the highest mountains forming "Western and Eastern Serial Mountains of Lebanon" (e.g., El-kneisseh, Quornet es Saouda, Sannine, etc.). Thus, covering via microwave links all of the five main regions of type A switches. All STPs should have a physical interface to the OAM&P center(s).
4.3. Deployment of Type B Switches
Type B switches will be deployed in each of the five main regions. Each one of the five main regions will have one Type A switch and a number of interconnected type B switches. At least one type B switch in each of the five main regions will be connected to a type A switch of the same region. For the first phase of deployment, the type B network will be composed of the existing upgraded switches owned and deployed by the Lebanese PTT. New type B switches will be deployed to complement the existing Lebanese PTT switches to cover the following cities in each of the five main regions (the following is not an exhaustive list, but will be used as an example in identifying major concentrations of potential users).
Mount Lebanon and Kissirwan Bekaa South North
Zaarour BaalbecklEl-hermel Tyre Jbeil
BaskintaiSannine Chtaoura Nabatia Zghorta
Bikfaya Bar-Elias Jezeen El-batroun
Hammana Kousseir/Fourzol Bcherry
Bhamdoun
4.4. Deployment of Transmission Line Systems
Three major types of transmission lines will be deployed:
• Copper: Coaxial Cables
• Microwave: Digital Microwave
• Optical Fiber: Single mode, multimode.
94
The Arabian Journal/or Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number lB. April 1998Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
Coaxial cables will be mainly used to interconnect type B switches that are currently deployed by the Lebanese PTT (Post, Telegraph, and Telephone). Not all type B switches will be connected via copper, some of these connections will be fiber optic lines, depending on distances and cross-section bandwidth requirements.
Microwave links will be used to efficiently connect the following:
• All type A switches to the STP network
• Some type B switches to other type B switches in the same region
• Some type B switches to type A switches.
Efficiency here refers to the cost of the transport system and the time needed for deployment. The Lebanese terrain makes it less costly and faster to deploy microwave links than the other transmission systems such as coaxial cables and optical fibers.
Two major corridors of fiber optic lines will be deployed. These two corridors of fiber optic lines will interconnect type A switches as follows:
• Coastal line from Saida through Beirut to Tripoly
• Central line from Beirut through Aley to Zahley.
The above three proposed types of transport systems cover all the LHSN transmission needs. As indicated above, each type is selected to suit the specific needs as well as to integrate the existing Lebanese telephone network into the LHSN.
5. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
The desired characteristics of high-speed networks are low latency and high throughput. These characteristics require new switching techniques, new interworking capabilities with existing networks, and will impact the protocol architecture, flow control, and congestion control.
This section clarifies some of the major performance issues as related to high-speed networks in general and to the LHSN in particular. Some of the major performance issues of concern to a network designer are addressed in this section. Also, included in this section is a summary of high-level simulation results of the LHSN backbone.
5.1. Reliability
Network Reliability is calculated using many factors like network components' availability and dependability, network topology, and failure recovery mechanisms. The backbone of the LHSN consisting mainly of type A switches, the STP network, and the transmission systems interconnecting them should be designed with a high level of reliability.
The availability objectives could be summarized by:
• total downtime of each type A switch should not exceed 10 min/year
• total downtime of a path (a path is two end nodes and the transmission system between them) should not exceed 25 min/year
• total downtime of a possible path from a type A switch to the STP network should be negligible less than 1 min/yr.
The dependability objectives could be summarized by:
• 10-10 or not more than one in 1010 of all signal unit errors should be undetected.
• 10-7 message loss
• not more than 10-10 out of sequence messages
• not more than 10-6 transmission bit error rate.
The stringent requirements on reliability insures a grade of service that is important to high-speed networks. The above
indicated proposed availability and dependability requirements are used in the simulation model. These limits are not incorporated in the model as variables, rather as fixed requirements (refer to the Appendix).
April 1998 The Arabian Journal/or Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number lB.
95
Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
6. CONCLUSION
The proposed framework for a Lebanese high-speed network provides access to a variety of end users via their B-ISDN single access, LAN(s), or MAN(s) at a base rate of 150 Mbps. The proposed LHSN will represent Lebanon's gateway into the world of telecommunications of the year 2000 and beyond. The proposed network is ambitious but realistic. It will provide a wide variety of capabilities and services thus, putting Lebanon on the map of the most advanced telecommunication networks in the world today. The LHSN could be viewed as an overlay to the existing national PTT network. The proposed high-level definition is general enough to accommodate future enhancements and yet specific enough to be used as the framework for a complete and specific definition of a national broadband network.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research, and the Research External Program of the American University of Beirut. We would also like to the thank the reviewers for the useful comments.
REFERENCES
[1] S. Kano, K. Kitami, and M. Kawarasaki, "ISDN Standardization", Proceedings of the IEEE, 79(2) (1991), pp. 118-124.
[2] L. Kleinrock, "ISDN - The Path to Broadband Networks", Proceedings of the IEEE, 79(2) (1991), pp. 112-117.
[3] CCITT G. 707, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Bit Rates, 1992.
[4] CCn'T G. 708, Network Nodes Interface for Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, 1992.
[5] CCITT G. 709, Synchronous Multiples Structure, 1992.
[6] S.E. Minzer, "Broadband ISDN and Asynchronous Transfer Mode", IEEE Communications Magazine, September 1989.
[7] J.1. Bae and T. Suda, "Survey of Traffic Control Schemes and Protocols in ATM Networks", Proceedings ofthe IEEE, 79(2) (1991), pp. 170-189.
[8] T. Valovic, "Metropolitan Area Networks: A Status Report", Telecommunications, July 1989.
[9] P. Marsden, "Intemetworking IEEE 802IFDDI LAN's via the ISDN Frame Relay Bearer Services", Proceedings ofthe IEEE, 79(2) (1991), pp. 223-229.
[10] H.C. Salwen, et al., "DQDB, SMDS, B-ISDN and MAN", 17th Conference on Local Computer Networks, Minneapolis, 1992, pp.2-7.
[11] H. Diab, S. Hariri, A. EI-Hajj, K. Kabalan, S. Khoury, and M. Tarabah, "A Multi-Channel Protocol for Very High-Speed Optical Fiber Local Area Networks Using a Passive Star Topology", Lebanese Scientific Research Reports, 1(3) (1996), pp. 82-103.
Paper Received 24 December 1995; Revised 4 January 1997; Accepted 26 March 1997.
APPENDIX: SIMULATION RESULTS
The following figure shows the LHSN network deployment map.
The following tables include simulation results from the first model, namely the backbone network capacity, as an illustration. A copy of the full simulation results of the first and the second (i.e. signaling network) are available from the author upon request. As mentioned in the paper, all the results shown should be multiplied by a factor of 1000. The following results are provided for the first simulation model:
• Circuit Group Performance (Table AA).
• Transmission Queue Statistics (Table A.S).
• Node Utilization Statistics (Table A.1).
• Buffer Utilization (Table A.6).
• Summary (Tables A.2 and A.3).
The simulation time applicable to the results shown in Tables A.1 A.6 is from 0 to 0.3333 minutes. In addition to the message delay statistics shown in Table A.3, the network throughput obtained was 668.0 kilobits/sec.
98
The Arabian Journalfor Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number lB. April 1998Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
BMAN
Qornet es Saouda STP 1
EJ : Network Control Points (Database)
®
IZI
~
: Type A Switch :STP
: Microwave Link - - : Optical Fiber Link
Figure A.l. Network Deployment Map.
The Arabian Journal/or Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number lB.
99
April 1998
Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
Table A.t. Packet Switching Node Utilization Statistics.
NODE Tripoly Beirut Aley Zahle/Chtaoura
Buffer Use (Bytes):
Average 9400.28 12143.89 17683.95 18079.30
Standard Deviation 11089.17 10819.87 11766.79 13525.31
Maximum 31959.00 31959.00 31969.00 39962.00
Packets Processed 16359 33284 43600 26872
Packets Blocked 2449 2819 9806 2051
Packet Switch Wait Time (ms):
Average 8.89 12.95 6.16 10.74
Standard Deviation 12.87 12.02 12.47 13.11
Maximum 63.81 59.57 75.83 78.28
Processor Utilization:
Processors per Node 1 1
Average Busy Processors 0.15 0.31 0.41 0.24
Utilization % 15.36 31.27 40.95 24.17
Table A.2. Virtual Circuit Call Statistics (All times shown are in sees).
Origin Call Calls Calls Calls Setup Delay Calls Avg.
Cos Call
Call Dest. Tried Blocked Rerouted Ended
STD Max
Beirut Bekaa TRU 3 0 0.69 0.00 0.69 1
Beirut Jabal TRU 3 0 0 0.18 0.00 0.18 8
Beirut North TRU 3 0 0.82 0.00 0.82 1 1
Beirut South TRU 2 0 0 0.48 0.00 0.48 0 0
Bekaa Beirut TRU 3 0 0 0.69 0.00 0.69 0 0
Bekaa Jabal TRU 2 0 0.52 0.00 0.52 0 0
Bekaa North TRU 3 0 1.49 0.00 1.49 0 0
Bekaa South TRU 2 1 0 1.15 0.00 1.15 1 15
Jabal Beirut TRU 3 3 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0
Jabal Bekaa TRU 2 1 0 0.52 0.00 0.52 1 1
Jabal North TRU 1 0 0 0.98 0.00 0.98 0 0
Jabal South TRU 1 0 0 0.64 0.00 0.64 0 0
North Beirut TRU 3 0 0.82 0.00 0.82 1 6
North Bekaa TRU 2 1 0 l.49 0.00 l.49 0 0
North Jabal TRU 3 2 0 0.98 0.00 0.98 0 0
North South TRU 1 0 0 1.26 0.00 l.26 0 0
South Beirut TRU 2 0 0 0.48 0.00 0.48 0 0
South Bekaa TRU 5 0 1.15 0.00 1.15 15
South Jabal TRU 3 1 0 0.64 0.00 0.64 0 0
South North TRU 2 0 0 1.26 0.00 1.26 6
100
The Arabian Journal/or Science and Engineering, Volume 23, Number lB. Aprill998Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
Table A.3. Message Delay Statistics
(1-20 correspond to message traffic, and 21-40 correspond to virtual circuit data messages).
MSGS Message Delay
Avg Size in % Above Total Avg Delay
ORIGIN DEST. COS MSGS SENT (Seconds)
Bytes 3.0 Secs Packets (ms)
BLOCKED & RCVD
Maximum
1 ATMI ATM2 SIG 4 13 53.00 0.41 0.41
o
26 4052 ATMI ATM3 SIG
o
2 53.00 0.49 0.49o
4 4853 ATMI ATM4 SIG 2 5 53.00 0.94 1.73
o
10 8374 ATMI ATM5 SIG 2 4 53.00 0.63 0.63
o
8 6255 ATM2 ATMI SIG 3 19 53.00 0.41 0.41
o
38 4056 ATM2 ATM3 SIG 3 15 53.00 0.08 0.09
o
30 847 ATM2 ATM4 SIG 3 12 53.00 0.34 0.34
o
24 3388 ATM2 ATM5 SIG 4 16 53.00 0.24 0.24
o
32 2349 ATM3 ATMI SIG 2 2 53.00 0.49 0.49
o
4 48510 ATM3 ATM2 SIG 11 14 53.00 0.09 0.09
o
28 8511 ATM3 ATM4 SIG
o
3 53.00 0.26 0.26o
6 25512 ATM3 ATM5 SIG 3 3 53.00 0.32 0.32
o
6 31513 ATM4 ATMI SIG 1 5 53.00 0.74 0.74
o
10 73714 ATM4 ATM2 SIG 5 18 53.00 0.34 0.34
o
36 33815 ATM4 ATM3 SIG 1 4 53.00 0.26 0.26
o
8 25416 ATM4 ATM5 SIG
o
3 53.00 0.57 0.57o
6 56817 ATM5 ATMI SIG 4 9 53.00 0.63 0.63
o
18 62518 ATM5 ATM2 SIG 4 16 53.00 0.24 0.24
o
32 23519 ATM5 ATM3 SIG 2 3 53.00 0.32 0.32
o
6 31420 ATM5 ATM4 SIG
o
4 53.00 0.77 1.39o
8 67021 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
1 51622.0 5.27 5.27 100.00 1975 576322 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
7 53878.3 2.57 4.51 28.57 9478 193823 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
54378.0 4.56 4.56 100.00 1403 289124 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
2 54537.0 5.53 7.10 100.00 3632 399725 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
515569.0 5.42 5.42 100.00 3403 476026 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
1 52364.0 7.40 7.40 100.00 1976 407227 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
4 51370.2 9.60 13.55 100.00 4644 653928 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
2 53397.5 6.51 7.13 100.00 2015 261929 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o o o o o o o o
30 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o o o o o o o o
31 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
2 9540.0 1.29 1.52o
416 85932 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o o o o o o
174 75333 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
55862.0 4.56 4.56 100.00 1992 225334 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o o o o o o
144 79535 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
50615.0 5.65 5.65 100.00 1222 306336 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
1 53265.0 5.01 5.01 100.00 1530 372937 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
4 54152.8 5.37 7.92 100.00 4554 365838 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
3 53229.7 5.92 6.84 100.00 4483 262939 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
3 14981.3 2.88 4.21 66.67 1448 207040 Beirut Bekaa TRU
o
52576.0 4.50 4.50 100.00 992 2516Network Total 54 205 8146.7 1.14 13.55 13.17 45821 3422
April 1998 The Arabian Journal/or Science and Engineering. Volume 23, Number lB. 101
Hassan Diab, Ali El-Hajj, Karim Kabalan, Shahwan Khoury, and N. Haddad
Table A.4. Circuit Group Performance for Packet-Switched Traffic
Circuit Group ID Code F12 F12 F13 F13 F15 F15 FIN FIN
Transmitting Node ATMI ATM2 ATMI ATM3 ATMI ATM5 NORTH ATM1
Number of Circuits 16 16 16 16 16 16 64 64
% Availability 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Circuit Group Failures 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BUSY CIRCUITS (All traffic):
Average 0.66 0.50 0.63 1.69 0.48 0.36 1.05 1.06
Standard Deviation 3.07 2.73 2.98 4.71 2.70 2.34 7.24 2.94
Maximum 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 64.00 16.00
Circuit Group Utilization % 4.15 3.14 3.95 10.59 3.03 2.25 1.64 1.65
Frames Sent 4703 3559 4483 11991 3430 2547 7418 7491
Frames Resent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Packets Sent 2358 1789 2247 5999 1717 1278 7418 7491
Packet Queue Time (ms):
Average 12.71 14.93 12.03 2.49 16.08 19.29 2.16 0
Standard Deviation 10.20 9.71 10.48 3.83 11.81 11.88 2.24 0
Maximum 33.06 33.06 44.98 32.87 42.13 42.13 6.56 0
Table A.5. Transmission Queue Statistics.
Node ID Code ATM1 ATMI ATMI ATMI ATMI ATMI ATMI ATMI
Circuit Group ID Code F12 F12 F13 F13 F15 F15 FIN FIN
Min Queue Priority 100 2 100 100
Packets Transmitted 0 2358 52 2195 0 1717 0 7491
Packet Queue Time (ms):
Average 0 12.71 0 12.32 0 16.08 0 0
Maximum 0 33.06 0.03 44.98 0 42.13 0 0
Table A.6. ButTer Utilization by Outgoing Port.
Node ID Code ATMI ATMI ATMI ATMI ATM2 ATM2 ATM2 ATM2
Circuit Group ID Code F12 F13 F15 FIN F12 F23 F25 F2B
Buffer Use (Bytes):
Average 2842.62 3560.32 2940.87 56.47 2062.29 6936.67 3069.45 75.48 Standard Deviation 4497.32 6517.12 5113.42 156.91 4094.62 6002.29 4041.26 191.61 Maximum 17331.00 27083.00 17437.00 1484.00 10812.00 24009.00 17702.00 848.00
