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A Very Small Introduction to Research Methods (Day 3)

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(1)

A Very Small Introduction to

Research Methods (Day 3)

Prepared for the Brilliant Fourth Year FRMS Students

Ahmed A. Mirza

(2)

Literature Review

(3)

Why Review the Literature?

1) What's been done so far

⚫

Should provide you with the following:

–

The latest trends in your topic

–

Available databases that you can think about using

–

Any gaps that you may answer

–

A concept for how you will answer your question

(4)

2) Level of Existing Knowledge and theory

⚫

Determine the level of knowledge - Descriptive

- Explanatory - Predictive

⚫

How knowledge is generated

⚫

The methodology applied to gather data

⚫

Boundaries of the study being reviewed

⚫

How relevant to your topic

(5)

3) Relevance and rational to your investigation

⚫

A will written lit review should

⚫

Very good story, that...

⚫

Flows directly into your research plan, and...

⚫

Supports your choice of topic due to its relevance and

choice of study design due to its innovation

(6)

How to Conduct a Lit Review

⚫

When?

⚫

Start early to get an idea or to fine tune one that you already have.

⚫

Keep searching while conducting research

⚫

In case using databases and previous results it can be part of your results

⚫

And always remember, three months in the lab

will save you one hour in the library.

(7)

What?

⚫

Databases: Good to direct your thought, find gaps and can be used as part of the results

⚫

Journals: Latest work and techniques

⚫

Books: Basic fundamental concepts

(8)

How?

⚫

Set Parameters

⚫

Your topic

⚫

Related topics

⚫

Related methods

⚫

Start from a central point and branch off

⚫

Use good keywords

(9)

Organization makes a world of difference

⚫

You are not going to read everything at first

⚫

Abstract:

− directly related: good for latest findings

− Indirectly related: good for techniques, approach, sitting

⚫

Take short notes to remind yourself what's useful in that paper

⚫

Highlight key points

⚫

Periodically skim over the papers you thought useful.

⚫

Learn the names of the authors

(10)

Evaluate the paper critically

⚫

Be as harsh as you want

⚫

Ask your advisor if you are correct in your evaluation

⚫

When possible, contact the author

(11)

Write up

⚫

Start with an outline

⚫

Specific points

⚫

Smooth flow

⚫

Fill in the large details then smaller and smaller..

(12)

Efficient PubMed Search

(13)

Learning Outcomes

By the end of this session, the participant will be able to:

• Employ the PICO approach for searching a topic

• Use MeSH to search the literature for a topic

• Employ Boolean operators to narrow down a search in PubMed

• Use “truncation”, “quotation”, and “parentheses” to aid in literature search in PubMed

• Use the “advanced” search option in PubMed

• Employ filters to refine literature search

• Retrieve articles from the Saudi Digital Library

(14)

How do I start

PICO

• Focus on most important issues and outcomes

• Used to identify key terms for search

(15)

P I C O

Problem Population

Intervention Comparison Outcome

What is the problem in question?

Who is my subject?

Am I exposing them to

something?

Am I looking for something in them?

Who are they going to be compared with?

Controls?

What did it

affect?

(16)

• P atient (Problem)

• Patient or problem (patient population – such as COPD, CHF, Sickle Cell Anemia, asthma)

• I ntervention

• What are you considering (a medication, diagnostic test, gene, mutation)?

• C omparison

• What are your alternatives, if any? A different drug or therapy? No treatment? Different gene than normal?

• A comparison may not be required for your question

• O utcome

• What outcome are you hoping for?

• Decreased symptoms, improved test results, improved function, etc.?

(17)

Current example

P: PTH measurements I: tube type

C: effects of additives on the stability of PTH (compared at different tubes)

O: Identify the best tubes to draw for PTH

(18)

Exercise 1

Identify PICO for your research

P:

I:

C:

O:

(19)

Boolean Operators

• AND

• Myeloid AND PKI

• OR

• Duchanne OR Becker Muscular Dystrophy

• NOT

• Muscular dystrophy NOT Becker

(20)

Database Search tricks

• Best match sort order

• Truncation: using * at the end of the word

• Incubat* = incubate, incubation, incubating, incubated

• Quotation: using “ ” to specify a term

• “Acute Myeloid Leukemia”

• Parentheses: executing a command inside the paranthases before outside (similar to math)

• Leukemia AND (myeloid OR lymphoid) similar to 3  (3+5)

(21)

English vs. American English

• Leukemia vs. Leukemia

• Use OR

• “Similar articles” suggestion

• Great for early exploration of the literature

(22)

Exercise 2

Use PICO to plug in a search engines

Referensi

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