and Pe(E) =
E
e=0
∞
d=0
p(e−d) =pe(0) +pe(e)1[e >0] =p(−1) +p(0) +
E
N=1
cϕN
= 1−cϕE+1 1−ϕ.
Thus, we can conclude that the system with unlimited storage capacities is always stable with respect to data packets and unstable with respect to energy packets, as expected.
Energy Consumption Model for Data Processing and Transmission in EHWS 123
Fig. 3.Transmission error probability vs number of sensor nodes
is expected to be very small. On the other hand, if the number of transmitting sensor nodes exceeds α, some of the transmitters is forced to use a frequency channel already used by others, so that it will cause an additional interference Ii2 =κiM−α
M 1[M > α], whereκi is very close to 1 since interference is direct to the channel. Thus the total interference is:
Ii=Ii1+Ii2=ηiξi
2κ0i(M −1) +ηiξi
2(M−α
M )1[M > α]. (13) If we assume that all nodes are identical, we can replace (12) by:
1−e=f( ηKt
ηξ2κ0(M−1) +ηξ2(M−αM )1[M > α] +B). (14) Obviously, transmission error will raise with increase in number of sensor nodes in the network due to greater effect of the interference over the transmis- sion. On the other hand, after a certain number of sensor nodes, αthe system will face an additional interference, I2 so that the error values will get higher values. We observe these effects in Fig.3, where we assume that single bit trans- mission with Λ= 10, λ= 10, μ= 1, E= 100, B= 0.1, η= 0.5, κ0= 0.05, α= 20 and several values ofM. Also, we assume BPSK transmission, so that:
1−e=Q(
ηKt
ηξ2κ0(M−1) +ηξ2(M−αM )1[M > α] +B), (15) where Q(x) =12[1−erf(√x
2)].
4 Conclusions
This paper analyses wireless sensor nodes that gather both data and energy from the environment in random manners, so that they are able to operate
autonomously. The energy consumption in a node is divided in two operations:
for the data transmissionKt, and for the node electronics (sensing and process- ing) Ke that is the main novelty of this work. We modeled data transmission scheme as one-dimensional random walk and we express stationary probability distributions as a product form solution. We then study on the excessive packet rates and the system stability. We also consider the probability of a transmitted bit is correctly received by a receiver node that operates in a set ofM identical sensor nodes with the existence of noise and interference. A numerical result show the effect of number of sensors in the network on interference values and transmission error probability.
Acknowledgments. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the ERA-NET ECROPS Project under EPSRC Grant No. EP=K017330=1 to Imperial College.
Open Access. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Com- mons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, a link is provided to the Creative Commons license and any changes made are indicated.
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ACM (2016)
G-Networks with Restart
Jean Michel Fourneau1(B)and Katinka Wolter2
1 DAVID, UVSQ, Versailles, France [email protected]
2 Frei Universitat, Berlin, Germany
Abstract. We show how to model system management tasks such as load-balancing and delayed download with backoff penalty using G-networks with restart. We use G-networks with a restart signal, multiple classes or positive customers, PS discipline and arbitrary PH service distri- bution. The restart signal models the possibility to abort a task and send it again after changing its class and its service distribution. These networks have been proved to have a product form steady-state distribution.
Keywords: Performance
·
G-Networks·
Phase-type distributions·
Product form steady-state distribution
·
Restart1 Introduction
Since the seminal papers [2,5,6] published by Gelenbe more than 20 years ago, G-networks of queues have received considerable attention. G-networks have been previously presented to model Random Neural Networks [7,8]. They contain queues, customers (like ordinary networks of queues) and signals which interact with the queues and disappear instantaneously. Due to these signals G-networks exhibit much more complex synchronization and allow to model new classes of systems (artificial or biological). Despite this complexity, most of the G-networks studied so far have a closed form solution for their steady-state.
For most of the results already known, the effect of the signal is the cance- lation of customer or potential (for an artificial random neuron) [1]. Recently, we have studied G-networks with multiple classes where the signal is used to change the class of a customer in the queue [4]. Such a signal is denoted as a restart because in some models it is used to represent that a task is aborted and submitted again (i.e. restarted) when it encounters some problems (see [9,10] for some systems with restart). These models still have a product form steady-state solution under some technical conditions on the queue loads.
Here we present some examples to illustrate how this new model and theoret- ical result can help to evaluate the performance of a complex system. We hope that this result and the examples presented here open new avenues for research and applications of G-networks. The technical part of the paper is organized as follows. The model and the results proved in [4] are introduced in Sect.2 while the examples are presented in Sect.3.
c The Author(s) 2016
Some Applications of Multiple Classes G-Networks with Restart 127