Do Global Regulators Hold the Key to Production of Bacterial Secondary Metabolites?
5. Conclusions and Future Outlook
Secondary metabolites confer a competitive advantage to bacteria in a hostile environment, including the inhospitable environment that is created by host defenses, yet the mechanisms that regulate their production have not been completely deciphered. The gene clusters that encode enzymes responsible for the production of these secondary metabolites, whether being harmful virulence factors or novel compounds with potential clinical activity, such as antibiotics, generally remain silent or cryptic to conserve cellular resources. Understanding how the expression of these gene clusters is elicited could shed light on mechanisms of pathogenicity as well as advance the discovery of novel beneficial compounds. The identification of global regulators, which control cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters, has opened a possible path towards achieving these goals.
Global regulators have previously been shown to be involved in the regulation of specialized genes, such as those that are involved in pathogenesis, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation. Increased biofilm formation, which also aids in bacterial antibiotic resistance, is a characteristic of theΔscmR strain. In a similar vein, increased anaerobiosis has been reported for theΔmftRstrain, a metabolic state that is critical for the survival of bacterial species in an oxygen-deprived environment, such as the interior of a biofilm and abscesses that are caused by infection. A role for both ScmR and MftR in virulence is further supported by their regulation of genes encoding enzymes that are responsible for the production of siderophores, which become critical in the iron-deficient environment inside a host [16,17,99,100]. These findings not only suggest that global regulators can control bacterial fitness in a host environment and increase their antibiotic resistance, but they also suggest global regulators as suitable targets for drugs. A recent study inP. aeruginosashowed that the global regulator MvfR (also known as PqsR), an LTTR, is involved in biofilm formation. A drug (M64) targeting MvfR interfered with biofilm formation of P.aeugronoisaand increased the antibiofilm activity of other antibiotics when used in conjunction with M64 [101].
The secondary metabolites that are discussed above likely represent just the tip of the iceberg and additional, novel secondary metabolites isolated fromBurkholderiaspp. await characterization.
Inactivation of the global regulators ScmR and MftR is associated with remarkable changes in secondary metabolite production and a corresponding induction of biosynthetic gene clusters. Based on these observations, we predict that identifying global regulators in other bacterial species and understanding their regulatory mechanisms through a combination of genome-wide transcriptomics, metabolomics, and ChIP-Seq may enhance our chances of discovering potentially bioactive compounds as well as novel drug targets for pathogenic strains.
Author Contributions: S.S.T., writing—original draft preparation; S.S.T. and A.G., writing—review and editing, visualization.
Funding: Research in the authors’ lab was supported by National Science Foundation award MCB-1714219 (to A.G).
Conflicts of Interest:The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
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