A Promising Technology Potentially Fueled with Mixtures of Gasoline and Biodiesel to Meet Future
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
6.1. Conclusions
This study has provided a review of studies on GCI engines fueled with biodiesel-gasoline blends in order to increase engine performance and decrease exhaust emissions. Based on a comprehensive review of the open literature, the present understanding of GCI engines fueled with biodiesel-gasoline blends research work includes the following contributions:
• A literature study of GCI engines potentially fueled with biodiesel-gasoline blends.
• The study on the combustion process and exhaust emission behaviors of gasoline CI engines using various injection timings in a single injection mode fueled with biodiesel-gasoline blends.
• The study about the effects of 5 and 20% biodiesel-gasoline blends on the efficiency and exhaust emissions in gasoline compression ignition engines under single injection mode.
• A study of the combustion and exhaust emissions of a gasoline CI engine fueled with biodiesel-gasoline through a double injection method which comprises of pilot and main injection.
• Experimental investigation of the combustion process and emission behaviors of CI engines fueled with biodiesel-gasoline blends in the early injection HCCI mode.
• An investigation on the effect of EGR and inlet boosting on the process of combustion and emission behaviors of a GCI engine using gasoline-biodiesel-blends.
6.2. Recommendations
Some valuable insights and new ideas were identified based on an experimental series and extensive investigation into GCI engines fueled with a mixture of gasoline and biodiesel. These have not been pursued more fully further within the current research. The following suggestions are provided for future research:
• Use of hot EGR to raise the inlet temperature and a smaller fuel injection pressure (to minimize too much mixing and cylinder wall-wet/impingement of fuel) is required for the GCI engine concept of volatile/vaporizable/less-reactivity and also low cetane-number fuels at smaller engine speeds or engine operating loads.
• Several issues related to the emission and combustion behaviors of gasoline CI engines using blends of biodiesel in gasoline need to be studied further, including stability under low and middle load conditions, cold start and idle conditions, operation in acceptable transient conditions, noise/engine sound quality and in-cylinder PRR at middle and big loads through injection of
147
fuel methods, exhaust emissions (especially HC, carbon monoxide, NOx and smoke emissions control), LTO and diesel particulate filters (DPFs).
• Several issues related to hardware optimization of gasoline CI engines using a mixing of gasoline-biodiesel also need to be studied further. In this case they include: the combustion chamber/cylinder-head/piston-crown design, injectors holes and angles, injection arrangement and injection method systems, cooled and uncooled EGR, turbochargers combined with superchargers or boosting to obtain higher intake pressures at big EGR ratio, subsequent/exhaust treatment, and quality of fuel (lubrication behavior, viscosity, and detergent-like properties). Thus, advanced additive technology has to be implemented for the various conditions come upon in gasoline compression ignition engines.
• More significant experimental, simulation and development studies and work are required to push gasoline compression ignition engine technology to the step of real application.
Author Contributions:Y.P. carried out the development of the concept of the paper, performed the literature study, prepare the paper structure, aim, objectives, research question, analyzed the data, and as well as writing the paper. O.L. supervised the research, advised on the research gap and objective, proofread the paper, and guided the writing process as well as reviewing the presented concepts and outcomes.
Funding:This research was supported by The Leading Human Resource Training Program of Regional Neo Industry through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by The Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2016H1D5A1908826).
Acknowledgments:Yanuandri Putrasari acknowledges support from the Program for Research and Innovation in Science and Technology (RISET-Pro) Ref. No. 61/RISET-Pro/FGS/III/2017, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia
Conflicts of Interest:The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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